【每日逻辑练习第二季】【1-1】

icefiremin

1. Carl is clearly an incompetent detective. He has
solved a smaller percentage of the cases assigned to
him in the last 3 years—only 1 out of 25—than any
other detective on the police force.
Which one of the following, if true, most seriously
weakens the argument above?

(A) Because the police chief regards Carl as the
most capable detective, she assigns him only
the most difficult cases, ones that others have
failed to solve. Correct.
(B) Before he became a detective, Carl was a
neighborhood police officer and was highly
respected by the residents of the
neighborhood he patrolled. Good neighborhood police NOT relevant to lousy detective.
(C) Detectives on the police force on which Carl
serves are provided with extensive resources,
including the use of a large computer
database, to help them solve crimes. Support the stimulus.
(D) Carl was previously a detective in a police
department in another city, and in the 4 years
he spent there, he solved only 1 out of 30
crimes. May hold this choice as a contender. But detective better than before may still be a lousy detective compared to others.
(E) Many of the officers in the police department in
which Carl serves were hired or promoted
within the last 5 years. Other policemen’s hiring/promotion NOT relevant to Carl’s case solving.



22s

Premise: Carl solved 1 out of 25 cases in the last three years.

Conclusion: Carl is an incompetent detective.

Prephrase (weaken):

Carl was assigned with complicated cases.

1 out of 25 cases is good compared to most other policemen.



2.

Although fullerenes--spherical molecules made entirely of carbon--were first found in the laboratory, they have since been found in nature, formed in fissures of the rare mineral shungite.  Since laboratory synthesis of fullerenes requires distinctive conditions of temperature and pressure, this discovery should give geologists a test case for evaluating hypotheses about the state of the Earth's crust at the time these naturally occurring fullerenes were formed.

Which of the following, if true, most seriously undermines the argument?

(A) Confirming that the shungite genuinely contained fullerenes took careful experimentation. New information of premise. Irrelevant.

(B) Some fullerenes have also been found on the remains of a small meteorite that collided with a spacecraft. New background information. Fullerenes may exist both in meteorite and in nature. Irrelevant.

(C) The mineral shungite itself contains large amounts of carbon, from which the fullerenes apparently formed. Only repeat the background information.

(D) The naturally occurring fullerenes are arranged in a previously unknown crystalline structure. Correct. This choice undermines the conclusion that the laboratory result can indicate the formation of F.

(E) Shungite itself is formed only under distinctive conditions. New information of premise. Irrelevant.





49sec

Background: F consists of carbon. F exists in nature.

Premise: Lab can synthesize the conditions of forming F.

Conclusion: The lab can judge about earth at that time.

Prephrase(weaken): Laboratory form of F is different from that in nature.



3) Economist:On average, the emergency treatment for an elderly person for injuries resulting from a fall costs $11,000.A new therapeutic program can significantly reduce an elderly person's chances of falling.Though obviously desirable for many reasons, this treatment program will cost $12,500 and thus cannot be justified.

Which of the following, if true, most seriously undermines the conclusion of the argument?

(A) Among elderly people who had followed the program for only a few months, the number of serious falls reported was higher than it was for people who had followed the program for its recommended minimum length of one year. Not about cost of falls or new treatment. Irrelevant.

(B) Falls resulting in serious injuries are less common among elderly people living in nursing homes than they are among elderly people who live alone at home. Not about cost of falls or new treatment. Irrelevant.

(C) A frequent result of injuries sustained in falls is long-term pain, medication for which is not counted among the average per-person costs of emergency treatment for elderly people's injuries from such falls. Correct.

(D) The new therapeutic program focuses on therapies other than medication, since overmedication can cause disorientation and hence increase the likelihood that an elderly person will have a serious fall. Can not weaken the conclusion about financial costs.

(E) A significant portion of the cost of the new therapeutic program is represented by regular visits by health care professionals, the costs of which tend to increase more rapidly than do those of other elements of the program. Strengthen.

38sec

Premise: Seniors’ falls cost 11,000. A new treatment can reduce the chance of fall but cost 12,500.

Conclusion: New treatment is not worth.

Prephrase(weaken): Seniors’ falls have additional costs such as costs of training projects after the surgery.



4.

The prairie vole, a small North American grassland rodent, breeds year-round, and a group of voles living together consists primarily of an extended family, often including two or more litters.Voles commonly live in large groups from late autumn through winter; from spring through early autumn, however, most voles live in far smaller groups.The seasonal variation in group size can probably be explained by a seasonal variation in mortality among young voles.

Which of the following, if true, provides the strongest support for the explanation offered?

(A) It is in the spring and early summer that prairie vole communities generally contain the highest proportion of young voles. Different time frame. Weaken.

(B) Prairie vole populations vary dramatically in size from year to year. Additional information for premise. Irrelevant.

(C) The prairie vole subsists primarily on broad-leaved plants that are abundant only in spring. Different time frame. Weaken.

(D) Winters in the prairie voles' habitat are often harsh, with temperatures that drop well below freezing.

Different time frame. Weaken.

(E) Snakes, a major predator of young prairie voles, are active only from spring through early autumn.

Correct. Same time frame.

39sec

Background: Voles usually live in extended family including two littlers.

Premise: The size of family is big in fall and winter, but small in late winter and spring.

Conclusion: Mortality rate determines the size of family.

Prepharse(support): High mortality in fall/winter and low in later winter/spring. (just rephrase the conclusion)



5.

A popular beach has long had a dolphin feeding program in which fish are given to dolphins several times a day; many dolphins get as much as half of their food each day there.Although dolphins that first benefit from the program as adults are healthy and long-lived, their offspring have a lower life expectancy than offspring of dolphins that feed exclusively in the wild.





Which of the following, if true, most helps to explain the lower life expectancy of offspring of dolphins feeding at the beach compared to other young dolphins?



37sec

Premise 1: Dolphins are fed with fish several times a day with as much as a half of food they need.

Premise 2: Adults are healthy and long-live, but young are not as healthy as wildly-fed dolphins.

Preprase (explain): Young are not able to fight against adults for food when food is not enough.



(A) Sharks that prey on dolphins are less common in the open seas off the beach than in many other areas of the open seas where dolphins congregate. Not explain the difference.
(B) Many of the adult dolphins that feed at the beach are females that nurse their offspring there. Not explain the difference.
(C) The fish given to the dolphins at the beach are the same types of fish that dolphins typically catch in the wild. Not explain the difference.
(D) Many dolphins that feed at the beach with their offspring come to the beach only a few times a month. Not explain the difference.
(E) Adult dolphins that feed at the beach spend much less time teaching their offspring how to catch fish in the wild than do other adult dolphins. Correct. Explains the difference between adults and young.

MiaBing

1. 58s
Premise：He solve smaller percentage of cases
Conclusion：Carl is a incompetent detective
Q: weaken
Prephrase: 他因削弱  看见percentage，想到absolute value, 可能carl破的案件的总数比别人多
Analysis： A
Notice thatthis answer does not attack the premises and the focus is on the conclusion.
2. 47s
Premise：lab require distinctive temperatre andconditions
Conclusion：the discovery should give scientists testcase about the state of the earth the naturally has been found
Q: UNDERMINE
Prephrase: 两者conditions 不同
Analysis： E--?

3. 38s
B：emergency treatment for elderly people fromfailing cost 11000
P：New program can reduce chance of failing,cost 12500
Conclusion: thisprogram is not justifed
Q: UNDERMINE
P: reduce chanceand afterward therapy
A: C

4. 45s
P: V live in largegroups from autumn to winter
 Most V live in far small groups from springto early autumn
C: seasonal variationis because motarity among young
Q: support—explaination
P: 事实举例，的确有young die  或者 group living和死亡率的关系   或者  没有死亡就没有seasonal variation
A: E

5. 48s
B：dolphin feeding program in a beach, and theycan get half of food
P: although thesedolphin are healthy and long-lived as adult
C: but their OFFSPRINGlife expectancy is not as long as those who in wild
Q: explain
P: 失去机会锻炼
A：A E

srafcatt

【1-1】
18s
Carl is clearly an incompetent detective.（结果） He hassolved a smaller percentage of the cases assigned tohim in the last 3 years—only 1 out of 25—than anyother detective on the police force.（前提）
Weaken：案子一定很难。
选A
其他选项BC无关信息，D加强，E条件不充分。

50s
Although fullerenes--spherical molecules made entirely of carbon--were first found in the laboratory, they have since been found in nature, formed in fissures of the rare mineral shungite.（背景）  Since laboratory synthesis of fullerenes requires distinctive conditions of temperature and pressure,（原因） this discovery should give geologists a test case for evaluating hypotheses about the state of the Earth's crust at the time these naturally occurring fullerenes were formed.（结果）
Weaken：fullerenes肯定还有其他的形成方式
选B
A重复原文，CDE为无关信息。

39s
Economist:  On average, the emergency treatment for an elderly person for injuries resulting from a fall costs $11,000. （背景） A new therapeutic program can significantly reduce an elderly person's chances of falling.  Though obviously desirable for many reasons, this treatment program will cost $12,500 （原因）and thus cannot be justified（结果）.
Weaken：摔跤的频率会导致花费更多。
选C
A并非直接原因，B无关信息D加强E解释为什么这么贵，并非要选择治疗的直接原因

44s
The prairie vole, a small North American grassland rodent, breeds year-round, and a group of voles living together consists primarily of an extended family, often including two or more litters. （背景） Voles commonly live in large groups from late autumn through winter; from spring through early autumn, however, most voles live in far smaller groups.（结果）  The seasonal variation in group size can probably be explained by a seasonal variation in mortality among young voles（原因）.Support：成年vole的寿命很长，而且生存技能也熟练，不容易死。
选D
其他选项要么没说季节，要么没说导致vole死亡的原因。


46S
A popular beach has long had a dolphin feeding program in which fish are given to dolphins several times a day; many dolphins get as much as half of their food each day there.（背景）  Although dolphins that first benefit from the program as adults are healthy and long-lived, their offspring have a lower life expectancy than结果 offspring of dolphins that feed exclusively in the wild.原因support：野外的食物很少，也不好供应。
选A
BCD项是削弱，E无关信息

srafcatt

纠错——逻辑链部分第2题：
Although fullerenes--spherical molecules made entirely of carbon--were first found in the laboratory, they have since been found in nature, formed in fissures of the rare mineral shungite.  Since laboratory synthesis of fullerenes requires distinctive conditions of temperature and pressure, this discovery should give geologists a test case for evaluating hypotheses about the state of the Earth's crust at the time these naturally occurring fullerenes were formed.

Which of the following, if true, most seriously undermines the argument?
逻辑链：因为实验室温度和条件特别，所以天然的F一定也是在特定条件下形成的，可以暗示找到它的地方当时地球的环境。

(A) Confirming that the shungite genuinely contained fullerenes took careful experimentation. 确认一下包含F的古煤是经过了精确的实验的。无法推出F的确是在特定的与实验环境相似的天然条件下形成的。

(B) Some fullerenes have also been found on the remains of a small meteorite that collided with a spacecraft. 这是说F还可以存在于meterite，但是不耽误它在天然条件下形成。
(C) The mineral shungite itself contains large amounts of carbon, from which the fullerenes apparently formed. 重复题干。无用。

(D) The naturally occurring fullerenes are arranged in a previously unknown crystalline structure. 这个说的是天然F和实验F结构不同，因此，天然中形不成试验中的F，无法说明当时的地球环境。

(E) Shungite itself is formed only under distinctive conditions. 这个是加强，即如果在天然中找到F那么一定是实验室中这么形成的。起码，无法削弱题干中的逻辑。


The prairie vole, a small North American grassland rodent, breeds year-round, and a group of voles living together consists primarily of an extended family, often including two or more litters.Voles commonly live in large groups from late autumn through winter; from spring through early autumn, however, most voles live in far smaller groups.The seasonal variation in group size can probably be explained by a seasonal variation in mortality among young voles.

Which of the following, if true, provides the strongest support for the explanation offered?

(A) It is in the spring and early summer that prairie vole communities generally contain the highest proportion of young voles. Different time frame.

(B) Prairie vole populations vary dramatically in size from year to year. Additional information for premise.

(C) The prairie vole subsists primarily on broad-leaved plants that are abundant only in spring. Different time frame.

(D) Winters in the prairie voles' habitat are often harsh, with temperatures that drop well below freezing.未强调冬天对小老鼠的危害。


(E) Snakes, a major predator of young prairie voles, are active only from spring through early autumn. 这里强调了蛇是在特定季节出来捕食小老鼠，因此最切合题意。

srafcatt

5.

A popular beach has long had a dolphin feeding program in which fish are given to dolphins several times a day; many dolphins get as much as half of their food each day there.Although dolphins that first benefit from the program as adults are healthy and long-lived, their offspring have a lower life expectancy than offspring of dolphins that feed exclusively in the wild.

Which of the following, if true, most helps to explain the lower life expectancy of offspring of dolphins feeding at the beach compared to other young dolphins?
大海豚在海边被人们喂，----->所以在野生环境的小海豚平均寿命较大海豚少。
(A) Sharks that prey on dolphins are less common in the open seas off the beach than in many other areas of the open seas where dolphins congregate. 注意到凡是被认为是无关信息的选项，都有个共性：不是要推出的结论的直接原因。
(B) Many of the adult dolphins that feed at the beach are females that nurse their offspring there. Not explain the difference.
(C) The fish given to the dolphins at the beach are the same types of fish that dolphins typically catch in the wild. Not explain the difference.
(D) Many dolphins that feed at the beach with their offspring come to the beach only a few times a month. Not explain the difference.
(E) Adult dolphins that feed at the beach spend much less time teaching their offspring how to catch fish in the wild than do other adult dolphins. 因为小海豚不会捕鱼，大海豚没教，所以它们的寿命短。

mz0123

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liangxiaomin

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oytt1111

1
Time: 21s
Conclusion: Carl is an incompetent detective
Premise: He has solved less cases than others.
Prephrase: Maybe he is in charge of several big special cases or he has some special tasks besides the cases.
Answer: A
A correct.
B irrelevant What Carl did and what kind of person he is will not help strengthen or weaken the conclusion.
C strengthen . The good resources will help him become more competent.
D strengthen. It suggests that Carl really is a bad detective. In fact he did worse previously.
E strengthen. Many of them got promoted but him didn’t.

2
Time: 59s
Background information: SM made entirely of carbon, first found in lab, have been found in nature.
Premise: Formation in lab requires certain temperature and pressure
Conclusion: Geologist can evaluate the state of Earth’s crust as per the F formation

Prephrase: Maybe the principle of formation in nature is different from that in lab.
Answer: B

3
Background information: Average cost of injuries resulting from a fall by elderly person is 11000
Premise: A new program can reduce elderly person’s chances of falling and costs 12500.
Conclusion: the new program cannot be justified.
Prephrase: prohibit elderly from falling is much more important and it’s not a money issue
        Most of the costs are far more than everage 11000
Answer: C

4
Time: 136
Premise:Vs live in large groups from autumn through winter; live in small groups from spring through autumn.
Conclusion: seasonal variation in group size can be explained by a seasonal variation in mortality among young V.

Answer: E

5
Time: 170s
Background information: a program feeds dolphins on the beach
Premise:
Conclusion: feeding offspring have a lower life expectancy than wild offspring

Answer: E

mirare

1,Back ground information
C is an incompetent detective
Premise
1/25 cases are assigned to C, small percentage than other detective
Prophrase
Assaign Percentage not equal to success percentage. Maybe C can detective successfully than other people

A

2,Background
F made of carbon, have been found in the nature.
Premise
, have been found in the nature.
Lab research need t & p,
conclusion
the finding can give geologist a test case for the earth's crust
Prophase
No relationship between the earth's crust and the f

E

3, Background
Treatment for fall 11000
Premise
New therapeutic reduce chances & cost 12500
Conclusion
The new therapy can not be justified
Prophase
Therapy has some other advantage
D

4,Background
Prarire vole- gourp,2or more litters
Premise
In large groups= late autumen through winter
Small groups= spring to early autumen
Conclusion
Season is the reason
Prophase
Some other reason cause spring through autumn.
E

5,Background
Dolphin feeding program- several times a day
Premise
Dolphin get as much as half of their food each day there
Conclusion
Adult healthy
Offspring lower life expectancy
Prophase
Offspring cannot get fish from the program, not as competive as the adults

E