【每日逻辑练习第二季】【1-1】

rushlin

第一题在哪里呢？

yukielisten

tks

kaka1216

23s

weaken

premise: carl solved smaller percentage of cases than other detectives

conclusion: carl is incompetent

possible answer: the cases are the ones other detectives cannot solve.



(A) Because the police chief regards Carl as the
most capable detective, she assigns him only
the most difficult cases, ones that others have
failed to solve.与预测答案一致
(B) Before he became a detective, Carl was a
neighborhood police officer and was highly
respected by the residents of the
neighborhood he patrolled. 无incompetent无关
(C) Detectives on the police force on which Carl
serves are provided with extensive resources,
including the use of a large computer
database, to help them solve crimes.无关
(D) Carl was previously a detective in a police
department in another city, and in the 4 years
he spent there, he solved only 1 out of 30
crimes. 无关
(E) Many of the officers in the police department in
which Carl serves were hired or promoted
within the last 5 years. 无关



2.
Although fullerenes--spherical molecules made entirely of carbon--were first found in the laboratory, they have since been found in nature, formed in fissures of the rare mineral shungite. Since laboratory synthesis of fullerenes requires distinctive conditions of temperature and pressure,this discovery should give geologists a test case for evaluating hypotheses about the state of the Earth's crust at the time these naturally occurring fullerenes were formed.


Which of the following, if true, most seriously undermines the argument?
--PREP07 CR1 NO.1
一分17s

premise：laboratory synthesis of F require distinct conditions.

conclusion: this discovery give geologists a test case for evaluating the earth's crust

weaken: 想不出来，要weaken结论，即说geologist不能依靠lab的条件evaluate 地壳，那可能有其他条件。



(A) Confirming that the shungite genuinely contained fullerenes took careful experimentation.---无关
(B) Some fullerenes have also been found on the remains of a small meteorite that collided with a spacecraft.----无关
(C) The mineral shungite itself contains large amounts of carbon, from which the fullerenes apparently formed.----无关
(D) The naturally occurring fullerenes are arranged in a previously unknown crystalline structure.
(E) Shungite itself is formed only under distinctive conditions.----无关

3.
Economist: On average, the emergency treatment for an elderly person for injuries resulting from a fall costs $11,000. A new therapeutic program can significantly reduce an elderly person's chances of falling. Though obviously desirable for many reasons, this treatment program will cost $12,500 and thus cannot be justified.


Which of the following, if true, most seriously undermines the conclusion of the argument?
--PREP07 CR1 NO.2
50s

background: emergency treatment for 老人的fall--11000

premise：有一个治疗减少老人的fall

conclusion: this treatment 125000, cannot be justified.----justified合乎情理的

weaken: 没太懂题目---单词没掌握好


(A) Among elderly people who had followed the program for only a few months, the number of serious falls reported was higher than it was for people who had followed the program for its recommended minimum length of one year.---时间无关
(B) Falls resulting in serious injuries are less common among elderly people living in nursing homes than they are among elderly people who live alone at home.---地点无关
(C) A frequent result of injuries sustained in falls is long-term pain, medication for which is not counted among the average per-person costs of emergency treatment for elderly people's injuries from such falls.-----有点关系的感觉
(D) The new therapeutic program focuses on therapies other than medication, since overmedication can cause disorientation and hence increase the likelihood that an elderly person will have a serious fall.--------与结论无关
(E) A significant portion of the cost of the new therapeutic program is represented by regular visits by health care professionals, the costs of which tend to increase more rapidly than do those of other elements of the program.---support的感觉


4.
The prairie vole, a small North American grassland rodent, breeds year-round, and a group of voles living together consists primarily of an extended family, often including two or more litters. Voles commonly live in large groups from late autumn through winter; from spring through early autumn, however, most voles live in far smaller groups. The seasonal variation in group size can probably be explained by a seasonal variation in mortality among young voles.
Which of the following, if true, provides the strongest support for the explanation offered?
--PREP07 CR1 NO.3
45s：

premise：V 冬天 large group，春到初秋，small group

conclusion：对此解释是：due to mortality

support: sth about mortality among young V


(A) It is in the spring and early summer that prairie vole communities generally contain the highest proportion of young voles. 时间范围有小偏差，而且与小group相反。
(B) Prairie vole populations vary dramatically in size from year to year.---说的是year不是季节，无关
(C) The prairie vole subsists primarily on broad-leaved plants that are abundant only in spring.---时间范围不对
(D) Winters in the prairie voles' habitat are often harsh, with temperatures that drop well below freezing.时间范围不对，且不是关于young V
(E) Snakes, a major predator of young prairie voles, are active only from spring through early autumn.---时间范围对，对象youngV


5.
A popular beach has long had a dolphin feeding program in which fish are given to dolphins several times a day; many dolphins get as much as half of their food each day there. Although dolphins that first benefit from the program as adults are healthy and long-lived, their offspring have a lower life expectancy than offspring of dolphins that feed exclusively in the wild.
Which of the following, if true, most helps to explain the lower life expectancy of offspring of dolphins feeding at the beach compared to other young dolphins?
--PREP07 CR1 NO.4
36s：

background: feed program give half food to dolphin

paradox: 原海豚寿命长，后代寿命短。

explain：feed program影响了生育or营养


(A) Sharks that prey on dolphins are less common in the open seas off the beach than in many other areas of the open seas where dolphins congregate.无关
(B) Many of the adult dolphins that feed at the beach are females that nurse their offspring there.无关
(C) The fish given to the dolphins at the beach are the same types of fish that dolphins typically catch in the wild.无解释
(D) Many dolphins that feed at the beach with their offspring come to the beach only a few times a month.
(E) Adult dolphins that feed at the beach spend对

xiongyz

交作业~
1.    20s
P: He has solved a smaller percentage of the cases assigned to him in the last 3 years—only 1 out of 25—than any other detective on the police force.
C: Carl is clearly an incompetent detective.
Maybe: Each case is much more complicated than any other cases solved by other detectives in total.
A correct
B irrelevant with evaluation of Carl’s job
C irrelevant
D strengthen the argument by another example
E irrelevant

2.    40s
P1: Although fullerenes--spherical molecules made entirely of carbon--were first found in the laboratory, they have since been found in nature, formed in fissures of the rare mineral shungite.  
P2: Since laboratory synthesis of fullerenes requires distinctive conditions of temperature and pressure.
C: this discovery should give geologists a test case for evaluating hypotheses about the state of the Earth's crust at the time these naturally occurring fullerenes were formed.
Maybe: fullerenes 很容易被分解，转化之类？
A: cannot undermine the argument. Need careful experiment does not mean that people cannot evaluate the hypotheses by the test case.
B: correct. F物质come from outer space, so we cannot know the time they are naturally formed.
C: maybe strengthen?
D: 这里有疑问
E: not helpful to undermine the argument

3.    32s
P: On average, the emergency treatment for an elderly person for injuries resulting from a fall costs $11,000.  A new therapeutic program can significantly reduce an elderly person's chances of falling.  
C: Though obviously desirable for many reasons, this treatment program will cost $12,500 and thus cannot be justified.
Perhaps: the program has some serious effect
A: strengthen the argument
B: compare elderly who live alone and live in nursing homes, irrelevant
C: correct, in that case, the program can be justified
D: 有疑问。。。
E: strengthen the argument


4.    37s
B: The prairie vole, a small North American grassland rodent, breeds year-round, and a group of voles living together consists primarily of an extended family, often including two or more litters.  
P: Voles commonly live in large groups from late autumn through winter; from spring through early autumn, however, most voles live in far smaller groups.  
C: The seasonal variation in group size can probably be explained by a seasonal variation in mortality among young voles.
Perhaps: other factors are involved during spring and autumn that cause young voles’ death.
A: cannot explain the mortality
B: irrelevant
C: irrelevant to the death of young voles. If food is not sufficient, the total number of voles would decrease.
D: irrelevant.
E. correct

5.    35s
P: A popular beach has long had a dolphin feeding program in which fish are given to dolphins several times a day; many dolphins get as much as half of their food each day there.  Although dolphins that first benefit from the program as adults are healthy and long-lived.
C: their offspring have a lower life expectancy than offspring of dolphins that feed exclusively in the wild.
Perhaps: the growth of dolphins need something only provided in the wild
A: weaken
B, C, D: irrelevant
E: correct

fpd

逻辑小分队停止了么？？

CD用户825193

1. 18"
Premise: Carl only solved 1 of 25 cases in the last three years, which is a much lower percentage than others.
Conclusion: Carl is an incompetent police.
Prephrase: the cases assigned to Carl might be much more complicated than others; others work in teams or get extra help to solve the cases; Carl doesn't have good relationship with his boss, so that he can't get possible resourses to solve the cases...(LOL)
Answers:
(A) CORRECT.
(B) "Before he became a detective" is irrelevant
(C) "Devices lack" situation is for everyone, not only influence Carl
(D) "reviously solved 1 out of 30 cases" STRENTHENS the conclusion
(E) Irrelevant

2. Didn't understand at the first time reading, then read another 2 or 3 times...
Background: Scientists found some molecules in lab, which have also been found in nature formed in a rare mineral.
Premise: Molecules found in lab require specific conditions of temperature and pressure.
Conclusion: The state of earth when the molecules were formed could be evaluated.
Prephrase:The state of the rare mineral could be evaluated, but not the earth. (Wrong guess...)
Answers:
(A) same as the premise, irrelevant.
(B) "some fullerenes were found elsewhere": irrelevant
(C) "the mineral contains lots of carbon", SUPPORT
(D) CORRECT"the naturally occurring fullerenes were arranged in a different structure" - the natural one is not the same with the lab one - the occurring conditions could be different, too - WEAKEN
(E) "S was formed under distinctive conditions", SUPPORT

3. 20" (Weaken) (Re-read the passage, should avoid doing it again.)
Background: Generally the cost of the treatment to elderly injury resulting from fall is $11,000, a new program which reduce the chance the elderly fall.
Premise: The new program will cost more.
Conclusion: The new program will not be justfied.
Prephrase:New program will reduce the whole times the elderly fall, so the total cost of all treatments to the injuries will be lower. (Wrong guess, should have thought about more possibilities.)
Answers:
(A) Stengthen. The total number of falls increase.
(B) Irrelavant. "serious injuries" is irrelevant.
(C) CORRECT. more frequent falls will cost more concequent caring fee.
(D) Irrelevant, nothing about the cost of two programs.
(E) Irrelevant, how does a program charge money is irrelevant.

4. 36" (Strenthen) 27" (Had to re-read again...)
Background: The *** breed year round, and normally live in groups with two or more members.
Premise: The *** live in big groups from late autum to winter, but in far smaller groups in the rest time of the year.
Conclusion: The smaller group living is due to the weather. (a seasonal variation in mortality among young voles)
* litter: the offspring at one birth of a multiparous mammal
* mortality:the ratio of deaths in an area to the population of that area
Prephrase:When it's warm, the *** don't need big group to survive/breed. (Their enemy hide during that time, etc.)
Answers:
(A) Weaken. "highest proportion of young **" should make the groups larger but not smaller.
(B) Irrelevant. "from year to year" doesn't matter with the variation from season to season.
(C) Only mentioned "spring" situation
(D) Only mentioned "winter" situation
(E) CORRECT.More predator of young *** from spring through early autumn - more young *** will be killed - smaller family groups

5. 38" (Support)
Background: Some douphins are fed by people. The adult douphins' life expectancy is the same as others.
Premise: Offsprings of the fed-by-people douphins' life expectancy is shorter.
Conclusion:
Prephrase:New The program made adult douphins stop teaching their offsprings surviving skills.
                    Food fed to douphins only effect young douphins' life expectancy.
Answers:
(A) Sharks could also kill adult douphins.
(B) Irrelevant. "more female" has nothing with shorter life expetancy of kid douphins.
(C) If food is the same, nothing should be different.
(D) Only a few times of being fed with offsprings shall not cause any difference.
(E) CORRECT. (BINGO!!!)

CD用户825193

那我们可以做前面几期的啊~ 加油，加油！

逻辑小分队停止了么？？

-- by 会员 fpd (2012/11/6 23:32:32)

fpd

要不我们也建个群一起讨论？

bfeng

hanhan1991

1.
1) 计时：27s
2) 逻辑链:
Premise:Carl has solved a smaller percentage of the case than any other detectives on the police forceConclusion:Carl is an incompetent detective
3) 推测：Those competent detectives do not usually solve the case on the police force
4) 选项分析：选A
A. Because the police only assigns the most difficult cases to Carl, so the percentage of the cases on the police force he dealed with is small. But this can prove his competence rather than his incompetence.
B. This is irrelevant.
C. This is irrelevant since we only consider whether Carl is competent.
D. This strengthen the argument.
E. This is irrelevant.

2.
计时：64s (too long)
2) 逻辑链:
Background:Although fullerenes were first found in the laboratory, they have since been found in nature
Premise:laboratory synthesis of fullerenes requires distinctive conditions of temperature and pressureConclusion:The discovery can give geologists a test for evaluating about the Earth's crust.
推测：The fullerenes found in nature come from other planets other than the Earth.
选项分析：选C(wrong!)
B. Although some fullerenes come from meteorites, the others can form in nature.
C. This gives another explanation of the formation of thefullerenes(wrong),which do not require distinctive conditions. The test can be null
C. the argumet states that fullerenes made entirely from carbon,so this choice strengthen the argument.
D.if the structure of the naturally occuring fullerenes differs from that of fullerenes in the labor, the condition of the formation may be much defferent. Therefore, the discovery can not give a test to evaluate the condition of the Earth's crust.

3.
计时：40s
2) 逻辑链:
Background:On average the emergency treatment for an elderly person for injuries resulting from fall costs much money. So a new program is proposed to reduce person's chance of falling and thus reduce the costs.
Premise:This new program will cost more money than the treatment.
Conclusion:The program is unjustified.
3)推测：Although the program will cost more money when it is proposed, it will save money in the following year by reduce the number of falling people. Therefore in the long-term the government can save money.
4)选项分析：选C
C. This indicates that the cost of the program is not more than the overall cost of treatment, therefore undermining the argument.

4.
1)计时：58s
2) 逻辑链:
Background:Vole breeds year-around and a group of voles often consists of an extended family.
Premise:Voles often live in large groups from autumn to winter but the live in small groups from spring to autumn.
Conclusion:The phenomenon is explained by the seasonal variation in mortality among young voles.
3)推测:To strengthen the argument,we must offer some evidences that can prove the changing range of the vole group is due to the mortality rate of the young voles. If more predators appear in the spring, then they will eat more young voles in spring than in winter.
4)选项分析：选E

5.
1)计时：53s
2) 逻辑链:
Backgroundolphins near the beach often feed as much as half of their food each day through people's feeding.
Paradox:dolphins often result in longer life expectancy through this program.
However, their offspring have shorter life expectancy than those that only feed exclusively in the wild.
3) 推测：Feeding program must have some bad effects among dolphins' offspring such as making them loss the ability to catch wild fish.
4) 选项分析：选E