【每日逻辑练习第二季】【1-1】

faye宝

1）    计时：32s
2）    Situation
Premise: Carl has solved a smaller percentage of the cases assigned to him in the last 3 years than any other detective.
Conclusion: Carl is an incompetent detective.
       3)  rephrase:
                Solve smaller percentage cases than other police ≠ Carl is incompetent detective
                Some other reasons that lead to Carl’s percentage smaller.
                Maybe the cases he needs to solve is more difficult than others.
选项分析：A
(A)Because the police chief regards Carl as the
most capable detective, she assigns him only
the most difficult cases, ones that others have
failed to solve. (carl only receives the most difficult cases which others can not solve, then the number will not be large, so the percentage is small. Thus it can not say Carl is incompetent detective.)
(B) Before he became a detective, Carl was a
neighborhood police officer and was highly
respected by the residents of the
neighborhood he patrolled. (irrelevant)
(C) Detectives on the police force on which Carl
serves are provided with extensive resources,
including the use of a large computer
database, to help them solve crimes. (strengthen the Con)
(D) Carl was previously a detective in a police
department in another city, and in the 4 years
he spent there, he solved only 1 out of 30
crimes. (strengthen the Con)
(E) Many of the officers in the police department in
which Carl serves were hired or promoted
within the last 5 years. (irrelevant)
2.
1)计时：35s
2）Situation:
Background information: Although F were first found in the lab, F been found in nature, formed in rare mineral shungite.  
Premise : F form in Lab requires distinctive conditions of T&,
Conclusion: this discovery help evaluate the state of the Earth's crust when naturally F were formed.
Prephrase:
F form in Lab requires distinctive conditions of T& ≠ help geologists evaluate hypotheses about the state of the Earth’s crust when F were formed

Lab F is different from N F .Discovery不能证实naturalF跟LabF的是一样的,所以不能说假设成立.

选项分析：D
(A)    Confirming that the shungite genuinely contained fullerenes took careful experimentation. .(irrelevant)
(B) Some fullerenes have also been found on the remains of a small meteorite that collided with a spacecraft.(irrelevant)
(C) The mineral shungite itself contains large amounts of carbon, from which the fullerenes apparently formed. .(irrelevant)
(D) The naturally occurring fullerenes are arranged in a previously unknown crystalline structure.
(E) Shungite itself is formed only under distinctive conditions. .(irrelevant)

3.1）计时30s
  2) situation:
     Background: average, the E treatment for old from a fall costs $11,000. A program has been proposed can reduce the chance for old from falling.
     remise: this program will cost $ 12,500.
     Conclusion: this program can not be justified.
     3)Prephrase: the cost can not show the program unjustified.
     
     Even if this cost more, it will help older people keep healthy, will undermine the Con.
选项分析  C

(A) Among elderly people who had followed the program for only a few months, the number of serious falls reported was higher than it was for people who had followed the program for its recommended minimum length of one year. (irrelevant, have nothing to do with the cost)
(B) Falls resulting in serious injuries are less common among elderly people living in nursing homes than they are among elderly people who live alone at home.(irrelevant, have nothing to do with the cost)
(C) A frequent result of injuries sustained in falls is long-term pain, medication for which is not counted among the average per-person costs of emergency treatment for elderly people's injuries from such falls.
(D) The new therapeutic program focuses on therapies other than medication, since overmedication can cause disorientation and hence increase the likelihood that an elderly person will have a serious fall.(new info. But irrelevant, have nothing to do with the cost.)
(E) A significant portion of the cost of the new therapeutic program is represented by regular visits by health care professionals, the costs of which tend to increase more rapidly than do those of other elements of the program. (support the Con)
 


4.
1) 计时 40s
2) situation:
Background: Voles lives in larger group from late autumn to winter, spring to early autumn.
Premise: young vole dead as seasonal variation
Conclusion : the mortality leads the group size change seasonally.
3) Prephrase: mortality in young vole change with seasonal variation lead the group size change accordingly.
Young vole is the main part of the group. So if the young vole number changes, the size change. Or if the season doesn’t vary, the group size keep the same.
选项分析：E
(A)    It is in the spring and early summer that prairie vole communities generally contain the highest proportion of young voles.(irrelevant)
(B) Prairie vole populations vary dramatically in size from year to year.(irrelevant)
(C) The prairie vole subsists primarily on broad-leaved plants that are abundant only in spring.(not show the number change of young vole)
(D) Winters in the prairie voles' habitat are often harsh, with temperatures that drop well below freezing.(irrelevant)
(E) Snakes, a major predator of young prairie voles, are active only from spring through early autumn. (snakes eat young vole from spring through early autumn, then lead to the number of young vole change.)


5. 1) time: 42s
    2) situation
     Background info. : dolphins get as much as half of their fish every day from the beach program.
    Premise: the adult dolphins benefit from the program is long-lived.
     Con: the offspring of the dolphins has lower life expectancy than the offspring feed in the wild.
Prephrase: some reason cause the lower life expectancy feed by person than in the wild.

When people do not feed the fish to the dolphins the dolphins maybe keep hungry, or the offspring can not catch fish by themselves.

选项分析: E

(A) Sharks that prey on dolphins are less common in the open seas off the beach than in many other areas of the open seas where dolphins congregate. (weaken)
(B) Many of the adult dolphins that feed at the beach are females that nurse their offspring there.(irrelevant)
(C) The fish given to the dolphins at the beach are the same types of fish that dolphins typically catch in the wild.(irrelevant)
(D) Many dolphins that feed at the beach with their offspring come to the beach only a few times a month.
(E) Adult dolphins that feed at the beach spend much less time teaching their offspring how to catch fish in the wild than do other adult dolphins.

wanggang0411

1    24
Conclusion: Carl is an incomplete detective.
Premise: He has solved a smaller percentage of cases assigned to him than any other detective.
Inference: Other factors such as the complexity of the cases assigned to him
2    38
Premise: FF has been found not only in laboratory but also in natural.
Premise: The synthesize of FF requires distinctive conditions.
Conclusion: The discovery that FF found in natural can provide a test case to evaluate the natural generation of FF.
Inference: the natural condition can’t be satisfied in laboratory.

3    28
Premise: treatment costs 11000.
Premise: New therapeutic program which reduce the elderly people’s chance of falling.
Premise: New therapeutic program costs 12500.
Conclusion: New therapeutic program cannot be justified.
4     ---
Premise: Prairle vole living together consists primarily of an extended family, including two or more litters.
Premise: Voles commonly live in large groups from late autumn through winter; from spring through early autumn.
Premise: However, most voles live in far small groups.
Conclusion: The seasonal variation in group size can properly be explained by a seasonal variation in mortality among young voles.
Inference (support): No enough food for all voles, so some voles eat litters.
5    36
Premise: dolphins fed by program have long life than wild fed dophin
Conclusion: Their offspring have a lower life expectancy than the offspring of dolphins that feed exclusively in wild.
Inference: the offspring of dolphins that feed in the program lost the ability to seek food since they already have enough food during their childhood.

czwkevin

hao

FannyL

premise:He has solved a smaller percentage of the cases assigned tohim in the last 3 years—only 1 out of 25—than any other detective on the police force.
 Conclusioin:Carl is clearly an incompetent detective.
Weaken:这个不能说明一个警察的办事能力好坏。他接的case可能就是hardest
选A
（这个看了好久）
  Premise: Since laboratory synthesis of fullerenes requires distinctive conditions of temperature and pressure
  Conclusion:should give geologists a test case for evaluating hypotheses about the state of the Earth's crust at the time these naturally occurring fullerenes were formed.
  Background:Although fullerenes--spherical molecules made entirely of carbon--were first found in the laboratory, they have since been found in nature, formed in fissures of the rare mineral shungite.
或许是实验室中 自身的原因？
B 虽然给出了例子 但是不能充分削弱本题的 因为本题是在实验室和nature.
选C
premise: this treatment program will cost $12,500
 Conclusion:can not be justified
 Background:On average, the emergency treatment for an elderly person for injuries resulting from a fall costs $11,000.  A new therapeutic program can significantly reduce an elderly person's chances of falling.
不能片面从金钱角度去衡量 。通过这个program 可能elderly person for injuries from a fall就会降低。
A-support
B-无关
C-正确
D-虽然感觉也对 但立场没有C坚定
E-表述模糊
premise:  Voles commonly live in large groups from late autumn through winter; from spring through early autumn, however, most voles live in far smaller groups
 Conclusion:The seasonal variation in group size can probably be explained by a seasonal variation in mortality among young voles.
 Background:The prairie vole, a small North American grassland rodent, breeds year-round, and a group of voles living together consists primarily of an extended family, often including two or more litters.
Young voles在late autumn through winter这段时间在family,spring离开。
A-说反了
B-表述就不正确，没有依据。
C-太过于片面性 感觉
D- 从常识出发感觉比较正确，冬天活动少
E-尤为点到了young voles,从食物角度点到 比D更有辨识度
选E
Premise: Although dolphins that first benefit from the program as adults are healthy and long-lived
 Conclusion:their offspring have a lower life expectancy than offspring of dolphins that feed exclusively in the wild.
 Background:A popular beach has long had a dolphin feeding program in which fish are given to dolphins several times a day; many dolphins get as much as half of their food each day there.
可能就是过分依赖了人工的饲养？之类的 导致自己本身所拥有的能力就逐渐丧失 所以没有野生的能力强、
选E

第一次参与= = 而且对CR感觉就是从理解出发 准确率也不高。。码字也表述不清= = 。。。 慢慢来！！

jiangpengcheng

答案？

liweijz

2012.8.13
【精练】
1. Carl is clearly an incompetent detective. He has solved a smaller percentage of the cases assigned to him in the last 3 years—only 1 out of 25—than any other detective on the police force.
Which one of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument above? --BIBLE WEAKEN NO.1
1 CONCLUSION: Carl is clearly an incompetent detective.
2 PREMISE: He has solved a smaller percentage of the cases than any other detective on the police force.
3 PREPHASE: sloving cases smaller than others not mean that carl is an incompetent detective.
(A)    Because the police chief regards Carl as the
most capable detective, she assigns him only
the most difficult cases, ones that others have
failed to solve.
(B) Before he became a detective, Carl was a
neighborhood police officer and was highly
respected by the residents of the
neighborhood he patrolled.
(C) Detectives on the police force on which Carl
serves are provided with extensive resources,
including the use of a large computer
database, to help them solve crimes.
(D) Carl was previously a detective in a police
department in another city, and in the 4 years
he spent there, he solved only 1 out of 30
crimes.
(E) Many of the officers in the police department in
which Carl serves were hired or promoted
within the last 5 years.





【逻辑链】

Although fullerenes--spherical molecules made entirely of carbon--were first found in the laboratory, they have since been found in nature, formed in fissures of the rare mineral shungite.  Since laboratory synthesis of fullerenes requires distinctive conditions of temperature and pressure, this discovery should give geologists a test case for evaluating hypotheses about the state of the Earth's crust at the time these naturally occurring fullerenes were formed.

Which of the following, if true, most seriously undermines the argument?

Background: fullerenes have since been found in nature, formed in fissures of the rare mineral shungite.
Conclusion: this discovery should give geologists a test case for evaluating hypotheses about the state of the Earth's crust at the time these naturally occurring fullerenes were formed.
Premise: laboratory synthesis of fullerenes requires distinctive conditions of temperature and pressure
3 PREPHASE:lab synthesis is different of the nature.

(A) Confirming that the shungite genuinely contained fullerenes took careful experimentation.
(B) Some fullerenes have also been found on the remains of a small meteorite that collided with a spacecraft.
(C) The mineral shungite itself contains large amounts of carbon, from which the fullerenes apparently formed.
(D) The naturally occurring fullerenes are arranged in a previously unknown crystalline structure.
(E) Shungite itself is formed only under distinctive conditions.

3.
Economist:  On average, the emergency treatment for an elderly person for injuries resulting from a fall costs $11,000.  
A new therapeutic program can significantly reduce an elderly person's chances of falling.  
Though obviously desirable for many reasons, this treatment program will cost $12,500 and thus cannot be justified.

background: On average, the emergency treatment for an elderly person for injuries resulting from a fall costs $11,000.
Premise: A new therapeutic program can significantly reduce an elderly person's chances of falling.
Conclusion : this treatment program will cost $12,500 and thus cannot be justified.
PREPHASE : emergency may cause higher cost.

Which of the following, if true, most seriously undermines the conclusion of the argument?
--PREP07 CR1 NO.2

(A) Among elderly people who had followed the program for only a few months, the number of serious falls reported was higher than it was for people who had followed the program for its recommended minimum length of one year.
Number 无关，题目重点在说cost。
(B) Falls resulting in serious injuries are less common among elderly people living in nursing homes than they are among elderly people who live alone at home.
无关，重点不是再说疗养护理和独自在家。
(C) A frequent result of injuries sustained in falls is long-term pain, medication for which is not counted among the average per-person costs of emergency treatment for elderly people's injuries from such falls.
正确，指出e会在后期引起更多的花费。削弱
(D) The new therapeutic program focuses on therapies other than medication, since overmedication can cause disorientation and hence increase the likelihood that an elderly person will have a serious fall.
无关，重点在cost，不在likelihood of fall。
(E) A significant portion of the cost of the new therapeutic program is represented by regular visits by health care professionals, the costs of which tend to increase more rapidly than do those of other elements of the program.
支持结论。错误。


4.
The prairie vole, a small North American grassland rodent, breeds year-round, and a group of voles living together consists primarily of an extended family, often including two or more litters.  Voles commonly live in large groups from late autumn through winter; from spring through early autumn, however, most voles live in far smaller groups.  The seasonal variation in group size can probably be explained by a seasonal variation in mortality among young voles.

background: The prairie vole, a small North American grassland rodent, breeds year-round, and a group of voles living together consists primarily of an extended family, often including two or more litters.  
Premise:  Voles commonly live in large groups from late autumn through winter; from spring through early autumn, however, most voles live in far smaller groups.
Conclusion :  The seasonal variation in group size can probably be explained by a seasonal variation in mortality among young voles.
PREPHASE :form late autumn to winter,it is a high morality time among young voles.


Which of the following, if true, provides the strongest support for the explanation offered?
--PREP07 CR1 NO.3

(A) It is in the spring and early summer that prairie vole communities generally contain the highest proportion of young voles.
weaken
(B) Prairie vole populations vary dramatically in size from year to year.
irrelevant
(C) The prairie vole subsists primarily on broad-leaved plants that are abundant only in spring.
Weaken
(D) Winters in the prairie voles' habitat are often harsh, with temperatures that drop well below freezing.
irrelevant
(E) Snakes, a major predator of young prairie voles, are active only from spring through early autumn.
Support,correct!


5.
A popular beach has long had a dolphin feeding program in which fish are given to dolphins several times a day; many dolphins get as much as half of their food each day there.  Although dolphins that first benefit from the program as adults are healthy and long-lived, their offspring have a lower life expectancy than offspring of dolphins that feed exclusively in the wild.
background: A popular beach has long had a dolphin feeding program in which fish are given to dolphins several times a day; many dolphins get as much as half of their food each day there.

Premise: dolphins that first benefit from the program as adults are healthy and long-lived
Conclusion : their offspring have a lower life expectancy than offspring of dolphins that feed exclusively in the wild.
PREPHASE：the offspring in the feeding program lack the ability of catching the fish.

Which of the following, if true, most helps to explain the lower life expectancy of offspring of dolphins feeding at the beach compared to other young dolphins?
--PREP07 CR1 NO.4

(A) Sharks that prey on dolphins are less common in the open seas off the beach than in many other areas of the open seas where dolphins congregate.
irrelevant
(B) Many of the adult dolphins that feed at the beach are females that nurse their offspring there.
irrelevant
(C) The fish given to the dolphins at the beach are the same types of fish that dolphins typically catch in the wild.
irrelevant
(D) Many dolphins that feed at the beach with their offspring come to the beach only a few times a month.
irrelevant
(E) Adult dolphins that feed at the beach spend much less time teaching their offspring how to catch fish in the wild than do other adult dolphins.
correct！提到adult和offspring。

我爱西瓜

1. Carl is clearly an incompetent detective. He has
solved a smaller percentage of the cases assigned to
him in the last 3 years—only 1 out of 25—than any
other detective on the police force.
Which one of the following, if true, most seriously
weakens the argument above?
--BIBLE WEAKEN NO.1
(A) Because the police chief regards Carl as the
most capable detective, she assigns him only
the most difficult cases, ones that others have
failed to solve.
对的
(B) Before he became a detective, Carl was a
neighborhood police officer and was highly
respected by the residents of the
neighborhood he patrolled.
彻底无关
(C) Detectives on the police force on which Carl
serves are provided with extensive resources,
including the use of a large computer
database, to help them solve crimes.
彻底无关
(D) Carl was previously a detective in a police
department in another city, and in the 4 years
he spent there, he solved only 1 out of 30
crimes.
貌似是support了原文
(E) Many of the officers in the police department in
which Carl serves were hired or promoted
within the last 5 years.
彻底无关


1、因为C assigned 的case 在过去三年很少，只有其他人的1/25
    所以：C不是一个competent detective
weaken：assigned case 的数量不是决定是不是一comptent detective。
和我想的不一样，我是从评判的标准去考虑，但是，答案是给出了不那样选择的原因


A
【逻辑链】
2.
Although fullerenes--spherical molecules made entirely of carbon--were first found in the laboratory, they have since been found in nature, formed in fissures of the rare mineral shungite.  Since laboratory synthesis of fullerenes requires distinctive conditions of temperature and pressure, this discovery should give geologists a test case for evaluating hypotheses about the state of the Earth's crust at the time these naturally occurring fullerenes were formed.


Which of the following, if true, most seriously undermines the argument?
--PREP07 CR1 NO.1

(A) Confirming that the shungite genuinely contained fullerenes took careful experimentation.
彻底无关
(B) Some fullerenes have also也 been found on the remains of a small meteorite that collided with a spacecraft.
有可能，地球上发现的可能是其他meteorite上带回来的，这样就不能作为test case for evaluating
(C) The mineral shungite itself contains large amounts of carbon, from which the fullerenes apparently formed.
彻底无关，fullerenes 形成的原因
(D) The naturally occurring fullerenes are arranged in a previously unknown crystalline structure.
，更，有可能，自然界形成的arrange in排列不知道的晶体结构中，和实验室的不同，不能作为标准
(E) Shungite itself is formed only under distinctive conditions.
无关，shungite 的形成和讨论无关

2、因为：laboratory synthesis of fullerenes require distinctive conditions of temperature and pressure.
    所以：在自然界的发现给地理学家提供了判断地壳在那个时间的状态。
undermine：我猜--自然界的形成需要的和在实验室合成需要的不同

D

3.
Economist:  On average, the emergency treatment for an elderly person for injuries resulting from a fall costs $11,000.  A new therapeutic program can significantly reduce an elderly person's chances of falling.  Though obviously desirable for many reasons, this treatment program will cost $12,500 and thus cannot be justified.


Which of the following, if true, most seriously undermines the conclusion of the argument?
--PREP07 CR1 NO.2
3、没看懂问题
因为：the emrgency treatment will cost 11000,
        reduce the chance of falling will cost 12500
所以，这个thereapeutice 是不合理的！！

undermine：摔得次数多了，就超过了12500

(A) Among elderly people who had followed the program for only a few months, the number of serious falls reported was higher than it was for people who had followed the program for its recommended minimum length of one year.
时间的长短和这个无关
(B) Falls resulting in serious injuries are less common among elderly people living in nursing homes than they are among elderly people who live alone at home.
地点和讨论无关
(C) A frequent result of injuries sustained in falls is long-term pain, medication for which is not counted among the average per-person costs of emergency treatment for elderly people's injuries from such falls.
有可能，给出了一个11000不是全部费用的信息，从而说明，12500可能是合理的
(D) The new therapeutic program focuses on therapies other than medication, since overmedication can cause disorientation and hence increase the likelihood that an elderly person will have a serious fall.
无关，只是说therapeutic的好处，和overmedication的坏处，和钱无关了
(E) A significant portion of the cost of the new therapeutic program is represented by regular visits by health care professionals, the costs of which tend to increase more rapidly than do those of other elements of the program.
解释了cost的组成部分，我觉得，是无关的。

C
4.
The prairie vole田鼠, a small North American grassland rodent, breeds year-round, and a group of voles living together consists primarily of an extended family, often including two or more litters.  Voles commonly live in large groups from late autumn through winter; from spring through early autumn, however, most voles live in far smaller groups.  The seasonal variation in group size can probably be explained by a seasonal variation in mortality among young voles.


Which of the following, if true, provides the strongest support for the explanation offered?
--PREP07 CR1 NO.3

(A) It is in the spring and early summer that prairie vole communities generally contain the highest proportion of young voles.
不懂，有可能，春夏young v多，和题目相反
(B) Prairie vole populations vary dramatically in size from year to year.
彻底无关，year and year
(C) The prairie vole subsists primarily on broad-leaved plants that are abundant only in spring.
偏了，only in spring ,偏
(D) Winters in the prairie voles' habitat are often harsh, with temperatures that drop well below freezing.
habitat无关
(E) Snakes, a major predator of young prairie voles, are active only from spring through early autumn.
春夏有蛇，所以少

4、因为：V在秋天到冬天live in large groups ，in spring and autumn live in samll groups
    所以：group size change wiht the seasonal vatiration ,is caused by motality among yong voles
support：秋冬死的多，春夏死的少
E

5.
A popular beach has long had a dolphin feeding program in which fish are given to dolphins several times a day; many dolphins get as much as half of their food each day there.  Although dolphins that first benefit from the program as adults are healthy and long-lived, their offspring have a lower life expectancy than offspring of dolphins that feed exclusively in the wild.


Which of the following, if true, most helps to explain the lower life expectancy of offspring of dolphins feeding at the beach compared to other young dolphins?
--PREP07 CR1 NO.4

(A) Sharks that prey on dolphins are less common in the open seas off the beach than in many other areas of the open seas where dolphins congregate.
地点的不同，无关
(B) Many of the adult dolphins that feed at the beach are females that nurse their offspring there.
无关
(C) The fish given to the dolphins at the beach are the same types of fish that dolphins typically catch in the wild.
更不能解释了，加强了矛盾
(D) Many dolphins that feed at the beach with their offspring come to the beach only a few times a month.
更不能解释了
(E) Adult dolphins that feed at the beach spend much less time teaching their offspring how to catch fish in the wild than do other adult dolphins.
对的


5、dolphins baby that feed exclusively have long life expectancy than feed by program
    dolphins adults ................................................short ........................................................

explian.

我爱西瓜

1. Carl is clearly an incompetent detective. He has
solved a smaller percentage of the cases assigned to
him in the last 3 years—only 1 out of 25—than any
other detective on the police force.
Which one of the following, if true, most seriously
weakens the argument above?
--BIBLE WEAKEN NO.1
(A) Because the police chief regards Carl as the
most capable detective, she assigns him only
the most difficult cases, ones that others have
failed to solve.
对的
(B) Before he became a detective, Carl was a
neighborhood police officer and was highly
respected by the residents of the
neighborhood he patrolled.
彻底无关
(C) Detectives on the police force on which Carl
serves are provided with extensive resources,
including the use of a large computer
database, to help them solve crimes.
彻底无关
(D) Carl was previously a detective in a police
department in another city, and in the 4 years
he spent there, he solved only 1 out of 30
crimes.
貌似是support了原文
(E) Many of the officers in the police department in
which Carl serves were hired or promoted
within the last 5 years.
彻底无关


1、因为C assigned 的case 在过去三年很少，只有其他人的1/25
    所以：C不是一个competent detective
weaken：assigned case 的数量不是决定是不是一comptent detective。
和我想的不一样，我是从评判的标准去考虑，但是，答案是给出了不那样选择的原因


A
【逻辑链】
2.
Although fullerenes--spherical molecules made entirely of carbon--were first found in the laboratory, they have since been found in nature, formed in fissures of the rare mineral shungite.  Since laboratory synthesis of fullerenes requires distinctive conditions of temperature and pressure, this discovery should give geologists a test case for evaluating hypotheses about the state of the Earth's crust at the time these naturally occurring fullerenes were formed.


Which of the following, if true, most seriously undermines the argument?
--PREP07 CR1 NO.1

(A) Confirming that the shungite genuinely contained fullerenes took careful experimentation.
彻底无关
(B) Some fullerenes have also也 been found on the remains of a small meteorite that collided with a spacecraft.
有可能，地球上发现的可能是其他meteorite上带回来的，这样就不能作为test case for evaluating
(C) The mineral shungite itself contains large amounts of carbon, from which the fullerenes apparently formed.
彻底无关，fullerenes 形成的原因
(D) The naturally occurring fullerenes are arranged in a previously unknown crystalline structure.
，更，有可能，自然界形成的arrange in排列不知道的晶体结构中，和实验室的不同，不能作为标准
(E) Shungite itself is formed only under distinctive conditions.
无关，shungite 的形成和讨论无关

2、因为：laboratory synthesis of fullerenes require distinctive conditions of temperature and pressure.
    所以：在自然界的发现给地理学家提供了判断地壳在那个时间的状态。
undermine：我猜--自然界的形成需要的和在实验室合成需要的不同

D

3.
Economist:  On average, the emergency treatment for an elderly person for injuries resulting from a fall costs $11,000.  A new therapeutic program can significantly reduce an elderly person's chances of falling.  Though obviously desirable for many reasons, this treatment program will cost $12,500 and thus cannot be justified.


Which of the following, if true, most seriously undermines the conclusion of the argument?
--PREP07 CR1 NO.2
3、没看懂问题
因为：the emrgency treatment will cost 11000,
        reduce the chance of falling will cost 12500
所以，这个thereapeutice 是不合理的！！

undermine：摔得次数多了，就超过了12500

(A) Among elderly people who had followed the program for only a few months, the number of serious falls reported was higher than it was for people who had followed the program for its recommended minimum length of one year.
时间的长短和这个无关
(B) Falls resulting in serious injuries are less common among elderly people living in nursing homes than they are among elderly people who live alone at home.
地点和讨论无关
(C) A frequent result of injuries sustained in falls is long-term pain, medication for which is not counted among the average per-person costs of emergency treatment for elderly people's injuries from such falls.
有可能，给出了一个11000不是全部费用的信息，从而说明，12500可能是合理的
(D) The new therapeutic program focuses on therapies other than medication, since overmedication can cause disorientation and hence increase the likelihood that an elderly person will have a serious fall.
无关，只是说therapeutic的好处，和overmedication的坏处，和钱无关了
(E) A significant portion of the cost of the new therapeutic program is represented by regular visits by health care professionals, the costs of which tend to increase more rapidly than do those of other elements of the program.
解释了cost的组成部分，我觉得，是无关的。

C
4.
The prairie vole田鼠, a small North American grassland rodent, breeds year-round, and a group of voles living together consists primarily of an extended family, often including two or more litters.  Voles commonly live in large groups from late autumn through winter; from spring through early autumn, however, most voles live in far smaller groups.  The seasonal variation in group size can probably be explained by a seasonal variation in mortality among young voles.


Which of the following, if true, provides the strongest support for the explanation offered?
--PREP07 CR1 NO.3

(A) It is in the spring and early summer that prairie vole communities generally contain the highest proportion of young voles.
不懂，有可能，春夏young v多，和题目相反
(B) Prairie vole populations vary dramatically in size from year to year.
彻底无关，year and year
(C) The prairie vole subsists primarily on broad-leaved plants that are abundant only in spring.
偏了，only in spring ,偏
(D) Winters in the prairie voles' habitat are often harsh, with temperatures that drop well below freezing.
habitat无关
(E) Snakes, a major predator of young prairie voles, are active only from spring through early autumn.
春夏有蛇，所以少

4、因为：V在秋天到冬天live in large groups ，in spring and autumn live in samll groups
    所以：group size change wiht the seasonal vatiration ,is caused by motality among yong voles
support：秋冬死的多，春夏死的少
E

5.
A popular beach has long had a dolphin feeding program in which fish are given to dolphins several times a day; many dolphins get as much as half of their food each day there.  Although dolphins that first benefit from the program as adults are healthy and long-lived, their offspring have a lower life expectancy than offspring of dolphins that feed exclusively in the wild.


Which of the following, if true, most helps to explain the lower life expectancy of offspring of dolphins feeding at the beach compared to other young dolphins?
--PREP07 CR1 NO.4

(A) Sharks that prey on dolphins are less common in the open seas off the beach than in many other areas of the open seas where dolphins congregate.
地点的不同，无关
(B) Many of the adult dolphins that feed at the beach are females that nurse their offspring there.
无关
(C) The fish given to the dolphins at the beach are the same types of fish that dolphins typically catch in the wild.
更不能解释了，加强了矛盾
(D) Many dolphins that feed at the beach with their offspring come to the beach only a few times a month.
更不能解释了
(E) Adult dolphins that feed at the beach spend much less time teaching their offspring how to catch fish in the wild than do other adult dolphins.
对的


5、dolphins baby that feed exclusively have long life expectancy than feed by program
    dolphins adults ................................................short ........................................................

explian.

chengzaaaa

819 [1-1]
1.    1) 14” weaken
2) Background Information: C is a detective…?
Premise: percentage of cased C solved is smaller than others.
Conclusion: C is an incompetent detective.
3) C能力很强，所以拿到的案子都非常棘手，不容易侦破。
4) A
5) A. Correct. Carl is great and has tough cases, so his percentage is supposed to be low.
B. Range. What he did BEFORE he is a detective is irrelevant.
C. How they solve the problems – resources-  is irrelevant.
D. Range. Another city.
E. Promotion situation may be relevant, but “many” does not say much. We don’t know if Carl is one of them.
2. 1) 26” weaken
  2) BI: Though fullerenes were fist found in the lab, they have since been found in nature.
     : lab synthesis of f requires distinctive conditions
     C: the discovery should give geologists a test case to evaluate the hypotheses of Earth’s crust condition.
  3) Lab can’t do the same conditions when fullerenes were formed.
  E
3. 1) 19”weaken
  2) BI: avg treatment cost for an elderly from a fall is 11,000. A new program can greatly reduce an elderly’s chance of falling.
     : The program cost 12,500, and it is more than the cost of falling treatment.
     C: The program is not justified.
  3) After the 11,000, the treatment is not done yet. It requires ton of meds that cost more.
  C
4. 1) 22” support
  2) BI: prairie vole, living as an extended family, including two or more litters.
     : late autumn->winter: large groups. Spring->early autumn: far smaller groups.
     C: group size seasonal variation can be explained by sv in mortality among young voles.
  3) some other animal that feed on young voles varies seasonally.
  E
5. 1) 27” explain
  2) BI: dolphin feeding program.
     : dolphins that first benefit from the program are healthy and long-lived, but their offspring have lower life expectancy than in wild.
     C:
3) some skills that dolphins in wild would teach their offspring. The program dolphins did not teach their offspring, causing the lower life expectancy.
E


谢谢lz！！

Maykey

1.精炼
Premise:he has solve a small pretange of cases in last yeas,which is smaller than other detectives
Conclusion: carl is an incompeten detective
推测：
The cases he solve may be the most different in the police force
答案：选A，前提没考虑到case难易程度对侦探结案有影响。
B．无关，highly expect与他的能力无关
C．support
D.support
E.无关,carl的能力与他服务的officer是否非雇佣或提升无关。
2.
background:fullernes are made of carbon, first found in laboratory, they have been found in nature and formed in F of RMS
Premise: fullerenes in laboratory need distinct temperture and pressure
Conclusion：the state of the earth’s crust at the timethese naturally occurring fullerenes were formed
选C不确定

3.
Background:the treatment for elderly people for injuries cost 10000,a new program can reduce this injuries
Premies: though obvious desirable for many reason,the program cost 12500
Conclusion:
The progam can not be justified.
推测：选A
Background: A ground of vole ,living together consists of an extended family
Premise: vole live in large groups from late autumn though winter, live in smaller ground in spring though autumn
Conclusion: group size depend on seasonal variation among young voles.
选D`
Background: A dolphin feeding program: feed fish several times a day
Primise: dolphin get as much as their food a day
Conclusion: Adult benefit form program are long lived,their offspring have lower life ecpectancy than those feed in wild
选E