一些逻辑问题的分析

ozymendias

牛人啊！那我就不客气啦
40. GWD-23-Q14
Plantings of cotton bioengineered to produce its own insecticide against bollworms, a major cause of crop failure, sustained little bollworm damage until this year.  This year the plantings are being seriously damaged by bollworms.  Bollworms, however, are not necessarily developing resistance to the cotton’s insecticide.  Bollworms breed on corn, and last year more corn than usual was planted throughout cotton-growing regions.  So it is likely that the cotton is simply being overwhelmed by corn-bred bollworms.
In evaluating the argument, which of the following would be most useful to establish?
A.    Whether corn could be bioengineered to produce the insecticide
B.    Whether plantings of cotton that does not produce the insecticide are suffering unusually extensive damage from bollworms this year
C.    Whether other crops that have been bioengineered to produce their own insecticide successfully resist the pests against which the insecticide was to protect them
D.    Whether plantings of bioengineered cotton are frequently damaged by insect pests other than bollworms
E.    Whether there are insecticides that can be used against bollworms that have developed resistance to the insecticide produced by the bioengineered cotton
答案是B，为什么啊？一般的cotton有没有被b虫灭掉跟基因工程过的cotton被b虫灭掉的结论有什么关系么？一般的cotton被b虫灭了说明b厉害，但一般的虫没被灭掉 不能说明b虫对于基因工程的cotton就不厉害了呀

aomeisoft7

超级好贴，不顶不行！！！

-- by 会员 crystal10361 (2010/9/28 9:53:54)

谢谢~ 喜欢你的签名~ 全力以赴！一起加油

aomeisoft7

牛人啊！那我就不客气啦
40. GWD-23-Q14
Plantings of cotton bioengineered to produce its own insecticide against bollworms, a major cause of crop failure, sustained little bollworm damage until this year.  This year the plantings are being seriously damaged by bollworms.  Bollworms, however, are not necessarily developing resistance to the cotton’s insecticide.  Bollworms breed on corn, and last year more corn than usual was planted throughout cotton-growing regions.  So it is likely that the cotton is simply being overwhelmed by corn-bred bollworms.
In evaluating the argument, which of the following would be most useful to establish?
A.    Whether corn could be bioengineered to produce the insecticide
B.    Whether plantings of cotton that does not produce the insecticide are suffering unusually extensive damage from bollworms this year
C.    Whether other crops that have been bioengineered to produce their own insecticide successfully resist the pests against which the insecticide was to protect them
D.    Whether plantings of bioengineered cotton are frequently damaged by insect pests other than bollworms
E.    Whether there are insecticides that can be used against bollworms that have developed resistance to the insecticide produced by the bioengineered cotton
答案是B，为什么啊？一般的cotton有没有被b虫灭掉跟基因工程过的cotton被b虫灭掉的结论有什么关系么？一般的cotton被b虫灭了说明b厉害，但一般的虫没被灭掉 不能说明b虫对于基因工程的cotton就不厉害了呀

-- by 会员 ozymendias (2010/9/28 10:51:28)

转基因棉花会自产bolliworms杀虫剂。以前用的很好，今年棉花被bollworm严重损害。然而，bollworm不可能变异产生抗药性。bollworms吃玉米，去年在棉花区种了特别多的玉米，结论：棉花被大量corn-bred bollworm损害
求评价

注意结论
So it is likely that the cotton is simply being overwhelmed by corn-bred bollworms
cotton包括的不止是转基因的，也包括没转的普通棉花. 这个结论的 因果关系就是 cotton（转基因的+普通的） 和 bolloworm 这3者的关系，谈到其他事物的都无关

A.    Whether corn could be bioengineered to produce the insecticide
题目讲的是cotton和B虫的关系，没有谈到corn转基因，无关
B.    Whether plantings of cotton that does not produce the insecticide are suffering unusually extensive damage from bollworms this year
没有转基因的普通棉花是不是也被unusually大量损坏（说明是今年虫子太多了，而不是cotton自身基因的原因）
C.    Whether other crops that have been bioengineered to produce their own insecticide successfully resist the pests against which the insecticide was to protect them
other crops无关
D.    Whether plantings of bioengineered cotton are frequently damaged by insect pests other than bollworms
other than bollworm无关
E.    Whether there are insecticides that can be used against bollworms that have developed resistance to the insecticide produced by the bioengineered cotton
都说了bollworm不会产生resistance to the insecticide，所以这句话是错的

ozymendias

哦，我以为cotton前面加了个the就是特指那种基因棉花呢
非常谢谢aomei~~很清楚

小镜mm

14. Surveys indicate that 52 percent of all women aged eighteen to sixty-five are in the labor force (employed outside the home) in any given month. On the basis of these surveys, a market researcher concluded that 48 percent of all women aged eighteen to sixty-five are full-time homemakers year-round.
Which of the following, if true, would most seriously weaken the researcher's conclusion?
(A) More women are in the labor force today than during any other period since the Second World War.
(B) Many workers, both men and women, enter and exit the labor force frequently.
(C) Although only a small sample of the total population is surveyed each month, these samples have been found to be a reliable indicator of total monthly employment.
(D) Surveys show that more women than ever before consider having a rewarding job an important priority.
(E) Women who are in the labor force have more discretionary income available to them than do women who are not.
我读题干的时候，觉得挺对的，in any given month 52％的女人工作，那么in any given month48％的女人不工作（全职太太），再由任意一个给定月份推论all year around，那么结论也应当成立。
B不能起到削弱的作用，因为任何给定月份的数据已经包含了这种进进出出的量，调查者已经都算进去了，只能说进出的人数没有改变比例。“any”～～～～
求nn回复阿！拜托

小镜mm

Arnold: I was recently denied a seat on an airline flight for which I had a confirmed reservation, because the airline had overbooked the flight.  Since I was forced to fly on the next available flight, which did not depart until two hours later, I missed an important business meeting.  Even though the flight on which I had a reservation was canceled at the last minute due to bad weather, the airline should still pay me compensation for denying me a seat on the flight.

Jamie: The airline is not morally obligated to pay you any compensation.  Even if you had not been denied a seat on the earlier flight, you would have missed your business meeting anyway.

A principle that, if established, justifies Jamie's response to Arnold is that an airline is morally obligated to compensate a passenger who has been denied a seat on a flight for which the passenger has confirmed reservations

(A) if the only reason the passenger is forced to take a later flight is that the airline overbooked the flight

(B) only if there is a reason the passenger is forced to take a later flight other than the original flight's being canceled due to bad weather

(C) only if the passenger would not have been forced to take a later flight had the airline not overbooked the original flight

(D) even if the only reason the passenger is forced to take a later flight were at the original flight is canceled due to bad weather

(E) even if the passenger would still have been forced to take a later flight had the airline not overbooked the original flight
..............

aomeisoft7

14. Surveys indicate that 52 percent of all women aged eighteen to sixty-five are in the labor force (employed outside the home) in any given month. On the basis of these surveys, a market researcher concluded that 48 percent of all women aged eighteen to sixty-five are full-time homemakers year-round.
Which of the following, if true, would most seriously weaken the researcher's conclusion?
(A) More women are in the labor force today than during any other period since the Second World War.
(B) Many workers, both men and women, enter and exit the labor force frequently.
(C) Although only a small sample of the total population is surveyed each month, these samples have been found to be a reliable indicator of total monthly employment.
(D) Surveys show that more women than ever before consider having a rewarding job an important priority.
(E) Women who are in the labor force have more discretionary income available to them than do women who are not.
我读题干的时候，觉得挺对的，in any given month 52％的女人工作，那么in any given month48％的女人不工作（全职太太），再由任意一个给定月份推论all year around，那么结论也应当成立。
B不能起到削弱的作用，因为任何给定月份的数据已经包含了这种进进出出的量，调查者已经都算进去了，只能说进出的人数没有改变比例。“any”～～～～
求nn回复阿！拜托

-- by 会员 小镜mm (2010/9/28 17:37:57)

在任何一个月（any given month）有52%的女人上班。结论：一整年里（year-round）有48%的人全年在家。
求削弱
这是很典型的 一个逻辑错误题
因为这52%上班的人不一定是同样的人，正如B所说
(B) Many workers, both men and women, enter and exit the labor force frequently.
很多工人进出劳动市场很频繁


打比方：一共5个人A,B,C,D,E，每个月有3个人上班，结论：有2个人全年都在家
一月A,B,C上班，二月B,C,D上班，三月C,D,E上班...
5个人都上了班了，没有1个人全年都在家
除非条件给出：工作是固定的，不能frequently的换

左摇右摆

Last year in the United States, women who ran for state and national offices were about as likely to win as men. However, only about fifteen percent of the candidates for these offices were women. Therefore, the reason there are so few women who win elections for these offices is not that women have difficulty winning elections but that so few women want to run.

Which of the following, if true, most seriously undermines the conclusion given?    

(A) Last year the proportion of women incumbents who won reelection was smaller than the proportion of men incumbents who won reelection.
(B) Few women who run for state and national offices run against other women.
(C) Most women who have no strong desire to be politicians never run for state and national offices.
(D) The proportion of people holding local offices who are women is smaller than the proportion of people holding state and national offices who are women.
(E) Many more women than men who want to run for state and national offices do not because they cannot get adequate funding for their campaigns.
答案是E
题意理解，可是选项不理解..请楼主帮忙啊~！

Helloface

又来请教问题~~~

A significant number of complex repair jobs carried out by Ace Repairs have to be reworked under the company’s warranty.  The reworked jobs are invariably satisfactory.  When initial repairs are inadequate, therefore, it is not because the mechanics lack competence; rather, there is clearly a level of focused concentration that complex repairs require that is elicited more reliably by rework jobs than by first-time jobs.

The argument above assumes which of the following?

A.    There is no systematic difference in membership between the group of mechanics who do first-time jobs and the group of those who do rework jobs.
B.    There is no company that successfully competes with Ace Repairs for complex repair jobs.
C.    Ace Repairs’ warranty is good on first-time jobs but does not cover rework jobs.
D.    Ace Repairs does not in any way penalize mechanics who have worked on complex repair jobs that later had to be reworked.
E.    There is no category of repair jobs in which Ace Repairs invariably carries out first-time jobs satisfactorily.

我感觉我是这句话没有看懂“a level of focused concentration that complex repairs require that is elicited more reliably by rework jobs than by first-time jobs.”

aomeisoft7

Arnold: I was recently denied a seat on an airline flight for which I had a confirmed reservation, because the airline had overbooked the flight.  Since I was forced to fly on the next available flight, which did not depart until two hours later, I missed an important business meeting.  Even though the flight on which I had a reservation was canceled at the last minute due to bad weather, the airline should still pay me compensation for denying me a seat on the flight.

Jamie: The airline is not morally obligated to pay you any compensation.  Even if you had not been denied a seat on the earlier flight, you would have missed your business meeting anyway.

A principle that, if established, justifies Jamie's response to Arnold is that an airline is morally obligated to compensate a passenger who has been denied a seat on a flight for which the passenger has confirmed reservations

(A) if the only reason the passenger is forced to take a later flight is that the airline overbooked the flight

(B) only if there is a reason the passenger is forced to take a later flight other than the original flight's being canceled due to bad weather

(C) only if the passenger would not have been forced to take a later flight had the airline not overbooked the original flight

(D) even if the only reason the passenger is forced to take a later flight were at the original flight is canceled due to bad weather

(E) even if the passenger would still have been forced to take a later flight had the airline not overbooked the original flight
..............

-- by 会员 小镜mm (2010/9/28 18:14:25)

给你一个很好的讨论帖：http://forum.chasedream.com/LSAT/thread-67847-1-1.html


我的理解是
A 因为航班overbooked被denied 到下一航班，要赔偿
J 认为A不应该要赔偿
要选一个支持J的选项


(C) only if the passenger would not have been forced to take a later flight had the airline not overbooked the original flight
只有在航班没有overbooked的时候，而乘客被forced to take a later flight的时候，才要赔偿。
即，航班在overbooked的时候是不需要赔偿的，支持了J