一些逻辑问题的分析

songhanxiao

Commissioner: Budget forecasters project a revenue shortfall of a billion dollars in the coming fiscal year. Since there is no feasible way to increase the available funds, our only choice is to decrease expenditures. The plan before you outlines feasible cuts that would yield savings of a billion dollars over the coming fiscal year. We will be able to solve the problem we face, therefore, only if we adopt this plan.
This reasoning in the commissioner’s argument is flawed because this argument
(A) relies on information that is far from certain
(B) confuses being an adequate solution with being a required solution
(C) inappropriately relies on the opinions of experts
(D) inappropriately employs language that is vague
(E) takes for granted that there is no way to increase available funds

答案是B，可是不是很理解，求解释。。。谢谢！！

aomeisoft7

师姐，彪悍啊。。。
67.    (34143-!-item-!-188;#058&007613)

Transnational cooperation among corporations is experiencing a modest renaissance among United States firms, even though projects undertaken by two or more corporations under a collaborative agreement are less profitable than projects undertaken by a single corporation.  The advantage of transnational cooperation is that such joint international projects may allow United States firms to win foreign contracts that they would not otherwise be able to win.

Which of the following is information provided by the passage?

(A) Transnational cooperation involves projects too big for a single corporation to handle.
(B) Transnational cooperation results in a pooling of resources leading to high-quality performance.
(C) Transnational cooperation has in the past been both more common and less common than it is now among United States firms.
(D) Joint projects between United States and foreign corporations are not profitable enough to be worth undertaking.
(E) Joint projects between United States and foreign corporations benefit only those who commission the projects.
没看出来C，给翻译下吧。

-- by 会员 Christianyang (2010/9/27 10:38:50)

Transnational cooperation among corporations is experiencing a modest renaissance among United States firms
美国跨国公司现在复兴。（发展过程：高潮期，下滑至低谷期，现在复兴）


(C) Transnational cooperation has in the past been both more common and less common than it is now among United States firms.
之前跨国公司比现在更流行过(指高潮期)，也比现在less common过（指低谷期）


(A) Transnational cooperation involves projects too big for a single corporation to handle.
无关，且缺少限定是united states
(B) Transnational cooperation results in a pooling of resources leading to high-quality performance.
缺少限定是united states
(D) Joint projects between United States and foreign corporations are not profitable enough to be worth undertaking.
题目是支持态度
(E) Joint projects between United States and foreign corporations benefit only those who commission the projects.
only 太绝对

aomeisoft7

Outbreaks of Rift Valley fever occur irregularly in East Africa, several years apart.  When outbreaks do occur, they kill thousands of cattle.  A livestock vaccine against the disease exists but is rarely used.  It is too expensive for farmers to use routinely, and since it is not effective until a month after vaccination, administering it after an outbreak begins helps very little.  Nevertheless, experts predict that use of the vaccine will increase significantly within the next few years.
Which of the following, if true, provides the strongest justification for the experts’ prediction?
A. Rift Valley fever is spread by mosquitoes, but each outbreak is so widespread that it is impractical to control it by using insecticides.
B. When an outbreak of Rift Valley fever occurs, unaffected countries often refuse to import livestock from the countries affected by the outbreak.
C. It would take less than a month for producers of the vaccine to adjust their production operations to cope with a large increase in demand.
D. Many cattle farmers in East Africa are nomadic or live in remote villages, and such farmers, who have little access to modern veterinary medicine, are particularly hard hit by outbreaks of Rift Valley fever.
E. Recently published research has shown that certain identifiable climatic conditions are almost invariably followed, within two to five months, by an outbreak of Rift Valley fever.
求助答案为何是E?我选的A~~~~~~~

-- by 会员 Helloface (2010/9/27 13:23:53)

Outbreaks of Rift Valley fever occur irregularly in East Africa, several years apart(几年一次).  When outbreaks do occur, they kill thousands of cattle.  A livestock vaccine against the disease exists but is rarely used.  It is too expensive for farmers to use routinely(长期使用很贵), and since it is not effective until a month after vaccination(疫苗1个月后才有效), administering it after an outbreak begins helps very little（所以有疫情了再注射疫苗没有什么用）.  Nevertheless, experts predict that use of the vaccine will increase significantly within the next few years专家预测接下来几年疫苗使用大量增加.
Which of the following, if true, provides the strongest justification for the experts’ prediction? 求解释
A. Rift Valley fever is spread by mosquitoes, but each outbreak is so widespread that it is impractical to control it by using insecticides.
无关。这不能解释接下来几年为什么疫苗使用会增加，因为由蚊子传播这个现象以前和现在是一样的。
B. When an outbreak of Rift Valley fever occurs, unaffected countries often refuse to import livestock from the countries affected by the outbreak. 无关
C. It would take less than a month for producers of the vaccine to adjust their production operations to cope with a large increase in demand.无关
D. Many cattle farmers in East Africa are nomadic or live in remote villages, and such farmers, who have little access to modern veterinary medicine, are particularly hard hit by outbreaks of Rift Valley fever. 无关
E. Recently published research has shown that certain identifiable climatic conditions are almost invariably followed, within two to five months, by an outbreak of Rift Valley fever.
最近研究显示：  在特定的天气情况下，2到5个月内，一定会（followed by）爆发fever
这样就可以提前预防打一针，不像以前不知道什么时候会发病，必须定期长期的打疫苗


此题有个诀窍： 题目说接下来几年会怎样，要解释为什么。正确选项一定是指出 现在与以前的区别。 比如这题“recently published research has shown”，ABCD以前和现在都这样的，无法解释为什么会变化

aomeisoft7

17.(26864-!-item-!-188;#058&003368)
At present the Hollywood Restaurant has only standard-height tables.However, many customers come to watch the celebrities who frequent the Hollywood, and they would prefer tall tables with stools because such seating would afford a better view of the celebrities.Moreover, diners seated on stools typically do not stay as long as diners seated at standardheight tables.Therefore, if the Hollywood replaced some of its seating with high tables and stools, its profits would increase.

The argument is vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that it gives reason to believe that it is likely that

(A) some celebrities come to the Hollywood to be seen, and so might choose to sit at the tall tables if they were available
(B) the price of meals ordered by celebrities dining at the Hollywood compensates for the longer time, if any, they spend lingering over their meals
(C) a customer of the Hollywood who would choose to sit at a tall table would be an exception to the generalization about lingering
(D) a restaurant's customers who spend less time at their meals typically order less expensive meals than those who remain at their meals longer
(E) with enough tall tables to accommodate all the Hollywood's customers interested in such seating, there would be no view except of other tall tables


42.(32943-!-item-!-188;#058&007554)

Researchers have found that when very overweight people, who tend to have relatively low metabolic rates, lose weight primarily through dieting, their metabolisms generally remain unchanged.They will thus burn significantly fewer calories at the new weight than do people whose weight is normally at that level.Such newly thin persons will, therefore, ultimately regain weight until their body size again matches their metabolic rate.

The conclusion of the argument above depends on which of the following assumptions?

(A) Relatively few very overweight people who have dieted down to a new weight tend to continue to consume substantially fewer calories than do people whose normal weight is at that level.
(B) The metabolisms of people who are usually not overweight are much more able to vary than the metabolisms of people who have been very overweight.
(C) The amount of calories that a person usually burns in a day is determined more by the amount that is consumed that day than by the current weight of the individual.
(D) Researchers have not yet determined whether the metabolic rates of formerly very overweight individuals can be accelerated by means of chemical agents.
(E) Because of the constancy of their metabolic rates, people who are at their usual weight normally have as much difficulty gaining weight as they do losing it
求翻译和解释~~

                                                                                                                                                 -- by 会员 mabelren (2010/9/27 13:35:44)

At present the Hollywood Restaurant has only standard-height tables.However, many customers come to watch the celebrities who frequent the Hollywood, and they would prefer tall tables with stools because such seating would afford a better view of the celebrities.Moreover, diners seated on stools typically do not stay as long as diners seated at standardheight tables.Therefore, if the Hollywood replaced some of its seating with high tables and stools, its profits would increase.
Hollywood现在是标准桌子。然而很多顾客来看名人，他们喜欢高桌子可以看的更清楚。而且，在高桌子上吃饭比在标准桌子上时间更久。结论：如果换掉一些标准桌子，利益会增加

The argument is vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that it gives reason to believe that it is likely that
求削弱，即不要换桌子，

(A) some celebrities come to the Hollywood to be seen, and so might choose to sit at the tall tables if they were available
some的选项永远不要选，无代表性
(B) the price of meals ordered by celebrities dining at the Hollywood compensates for the longer time, if any, they spend lingering over their meals 名人吃饭付的钱补偿了他们长时间逗留。支持
(C) a customer of the Hollywood who would choose to sit at a tall table would be an exception to the generalization about lingering
来hollywood的顾客会是例外，不遵循逗留原则，即他们在高桌子上逗留的时间不会比在标准桌子上逗留时间长。题目中的一个条件不能成立，所以削弱了结论
(D) a restaurant's customers who spend less time at their meals typically order less expensive meals than those who remain at their meals longer
支持
(E) with enough tall tables to accommodate all the Hollywood's customers interested in such seating, there would be no view except of other tall tables  “enough”与原文换掉"some"不同，选项无关


42.(32943-!-item-!-188;#058&007554)

Researchers have found that when very overweight people, who tend to have relatively low metabolic rates, lose weight primarily through dieting, their metabolisms generally remain unchanged.They will thus burn significantly fewer calories at the new weight than do people whose weight is normally at that level.Such newly thin persons will, therefore, ultimately regain weight until their body size again matches their metabolic rate. 研究发现超重的人，新陈代谢率相对低，他们通过节食减肥。他们会显著瘦下来。然而这些瘦下来的人会反弹

The conclusion of the argument above depends on which of the following assumptions? 求假设

(A) Relatively few very overweight people who have dieted down to a new weight tend to continue to consume substantially fewer calories than do people whose normal weight is at that level.
consume的意思是“摄取”，很少节食瘦下来的会继续保持 低的摄取量，他们消耗的热量比普通人少，如果要保持身材，必须摄入的热量也比普通人少，否则会增肥

Helloface

关于火星上的病毒问题~~~有句话没有读懂。

It is theoretically possible that bacteria developed on Mars early in its history and that some were carried to Earth by a meteorite.  However, strains of bacteria from different planets would probably have substantial differences in protein structure that would persist over time, and no two bacterial strains on Earth are different enough to have arisen on different planets.  So, even if bacteria did arrive on Earth from Mars, they must have died out.
The argument is most vulnerable to which of the following criticisms?

A.    It fails to establish whether bacteria actually developed on Mars.
B.    It fails to establish how likely it is that Martian bacteria were transported to Earth.
C.    It fails to consider whether there were means other than meteorites by which Martian bacteria could have been carried to Earth.
D.    It fails to consider whether all bacteria now on Earth could have arisen from transported Martian bacteria.
E.    It fails to consider whether there could have been strains of bacteria that originated on Earth and later died out.
最后选D。
这句话是什么意思呢？“However, strains of bacteria from different planets would probably have substantial differences in protein structure that would persist over time, and no two bacterial strains on Earth are different enough to have arisen on different planets.  ”

谢谢强悍逻辑大神~~~

aomeisoft7

Commissioner: Budget forecasters project a revenue shortfall of a billion dollars in the coming fiscal year. Since there is no feasible way to increase the available funds, our only choice is to decrease expenditures. The plan before you outlines feasible cuts that would yield savings of a billion dollars over the coming fiscal year. We will be able to solve the problem we face, therefore, only if we adopt this plan.
This reasoning in the commissioner’s argument is flawed because this argument
(A) relies on information that is far from certain
(B) confuses being an adequate solution with being a required solution
(C) inappropriately relies on the opinions of experts
(D) inappropriately employs language that is vague
(E) takes for granted that there is no way to increase available funds

答案是B，可是不是很理解，求解释。。。谢谢！！

-- by 会员 songhanxiao (2010/9/27 16:47:49)

We will be able to solve the problem we face, therefore, only if we adopt this plan.
only if   :只有在...的时候         只有采取这个plan，我们才能解决问题
很显然，为了解决问题肯定还有别的方法。这个方法能解决，不代表只有它才能解决
This reasoning in the commissioner’s argument is flawed because this argument
(A) relies on information that is far from certain
(B) confuses being an adequate solution with being a required solution
把充足条件当场必要条件了
(C) inappropriately relies on the opinions of experts
(D) inappropriately employs language that is vague
(E) takes for granted that there is no way to increase available funds

aomeisoft7

关于火星上的病毒问题~~~有句话没有读懂。

It is theoretically possible that bacteria developed on Mars early in its history and that some were carried to Earth by a meteorite.  However, strains of bacteria from different planets would probably have substantial differences in protein structure that would persist over time, and no two bacterial strains on Earth are different enough to have arisen on different planets.  So, even if bacteria did arrive on Earth from Mars, they must have died out.
The argument is most vulnerable to which of the following criticisms?

A.    It fails to establish whether bacteria actually developed on Mars.
B.    It fails to establish how likely it is that Martian bacteria were transported to Earth.
C.    It fails to consider whether there were means other than meteorites by which Martian bacteria could have been carried to Earth.
D.    It fails to consider whether all bacteria now on Earth could have arisen from transported Martian bacteria.
E.    It fails to consider whether there could have been strains of bacteria that originated on Earth and later died out.
最后选D。
这句话是什么意思呢？“However, strains of bacteria from different planets would probably have substantial differences in protein structure that would persist over time, and no two bacterial strains on Earth are different enough to have arisen on different planets.  ”

谢谢强悍逻辑大神~~~

-- by 会员 Helloface (2010/9/27 19:17:13)

“However, strains of bacteria from different planets would probably have substantial differences in protein structure that would persist over time, and no two bacterial strains on Earth are different enough to have arisen on different planets.  ”
然而，不同星球的细菌在构造上非常不同，他们会持续存在（不会互相影响演化成一个品种），并且现在地球上没有2种细菌有足够多的差别，使我们推断它们来自不同星球（地球上细菌很相似，是一个品种）


题目根据上面这段话，下结论：即使火星细菌曾经到过地球，现在也死了


D.    It fails to consider whether all bacteria now on Earth could have arisen from transported Martian bacteria.
它没有考虑到可能现在地球上所有细菌都来自火星
（虽然这个论断很大胆，但是做逻辑 不要想常识。。0_o#）

Helloface

也就是说，地球上有种细菌，火星上有种细菌，如果两种细菌结构不一样则不可能存在在地球上，于是应该是地球上的细菌都是火星上的，所以地球就一种细菌，所以这细菌就能存在了……

songhanxiao

Birds need so much food energy to maintain their body temperatures that some of them spend most of their time eating. But a comparison of a bird of a seed-eating species to a bird of a nectar-eating species that has the same overall energy requirement would surely show that the seed-eating bird spends more time eating than does the nectar-eating bird, since a given amount of nectar provides more energy than does the same amount of seeds
The argument relies on which one of the following questionable assumptions
(A) Birds of different species do not generally have the same overall energy requirements as each other
(B) The nectar-eating bird does not sometimes also eat seeds
(C) The time it takes for the nectar-eating bird to eat a given amount of nectar is not longer than the time it takes the seed-eating bird to eat the same amount of seeds
(D) The seed-eating bird does not have a lower body temperature than that of the nectar-eating bird
(E) The overall energy requirements of a given bird do not depend on factors such as the size of the bird, its nest-building habits; and the climate of the region in which it lives

这个题是选C吗？但是C不是题里的背景吗？题目里不是说那个seed bird比nectar bird吃的时间久吗？

aomeisoft7

也就是说，地球上有种细菌，火星上有种细菌，如果两种细菌结构不一样则不可能存在在地球上，于是应该是地球上的细菌都是火星上的，所以地球就一种细菌，所以这细菌就能存在了……

-- by 会员 Helloface (2010/9/27 19:48:36)

不是
假设地球上有细菌D。火星上有细菌H。作者的观点是：如果H到过地球，那么地球上应该存在D和H两种细菌，2种并存
但现在发现地球上只有D细菌。所以推断：即使H到过地球，他们也已经死了


可是，如果D和H是同一种细菌呢？地球上的细菌就是火星上带来的