一些逻辑问题的分析

Helloface

不好意思不知道怎么没黑体上~~
第一个黑体：the watch commander’s approval should no longer be required、
第二个黑体：This recommendation should be rejected as dangerous,

aomeisoft7

Editorial:
An arrest made by a Midville police officer is provisional until the officer has taken the suspect to the police station and the watch commander has officially approved the arrest. Such approval is denied if the commander judges that the evidence on which the provisional arrest is based is insufficient. A government efficiency expert has found that almost all provisional arrests meet standards for adequacy of evidence that watch commanders enforce. The expert therefore recommends that the watch commander’s approval should no longer be required since the officers’ time spent obtaining approval is largely wasted. This recommendation should be rejected as dangerous, however, since there is no assurance that the watch commanders’ standards will continue to be observed once approval is no longer required.

In the editorial, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?

A.    The first is a recommendation made by the editorial; the second acknowledges a potential objection against that recommendation.
B.    The first is a proposal against which the editorial is directed; the second is a judgment reached by the editorial concerning that proposal.
C.    The first provides evidence in support of a recommendation that the editorial supports; the second is the conclusion reached by the editorial.
D.    The first is a position that the editorial challenges; the second is a judgment that was made in support of that challenged position.
E.    The first is a recommendation that the editorial questions; the second provides evidence against that recommendation.
这题我的问题是在B和D上，其他都很好排除，第一个黑脸是结论1（作者反对的），第二个黑脸是结论2（作者支持的），D错在哪儿了？我觉得B和D很像哎~~~

祝逻辑牛人lz国庆节快乐~~~o(∩_∩)o...

-- by 会员 Helloface (2010/10/1 16:14:38)

D的意思你没看懂
D.    The first is a position that the editorial challenges; the second is a judgment that was made in support of that challenged position.
第一句是作者反对的position（正确）；第二句 judgment 用来支持challenged position（指 the expert的态度，作者反对的position）

foronereason

请问，对选项取非都什么时候用或者怎么用（都需要知道哪些条件才能用）？
我做逻辑题的一般思路都是先排除无关选项，在比较选出。不过正确率不太好。可是对于取非，逆命题或者逆否命题这种解题概念又不熟悉。感觉很麻烦，很费时间而且很绕，更郁闷的是，我怎么绕也学不会这种方法，绕来绕去自己就进去了。这种方法对正确率有提高吗，我应该怎么才能做好逻辑题？谢谢

aomeisoft7

请问，对选项取非都什么时候用或者怎么用（都需要知道哪些条件才能用）？
我做逻辑题的一般思路都是先排除无关选项，在比较选出。不过正确率不太好。可是对于取非，逆命题或者逆否命题这种解题概念又不熟悉。感觉很麻烦，很费时间而且很绕，更郁闷的是，我怎么绕也学不会这种方法，绕来绕去自己就进去了。这种方法对正确率有提高吗，我应该怎么才能做好逻辑题？谢谢

-- by 会员 foronereason (2010/10/2 10:28:59)

选项取非是做assumption假设题的方法，准确率很高，不过前提是你对题目的翻译没有问题
刚开始我也觉得很绕，也不想用这个方法麻烦自己，慢慢联系熟悉起来才明白很重要，这是要一个过程的，不是一开始就能用的很熟的


举个例子,这个帖的第六页的回答过的问题
The only physical factor preventing a human journey to Mars has been weight. Carrying enough fuel to propel a conventional spacecraft to Mars and back would make even the lightest craft too heavy to be launched from Earth. A device has recently been invented, however, that allows an otherwise conventional spacecraft to refill the craft’s fuel tanks with fuel manufactured from the Martian atmosphere for the return trip. Therefore, it is possible for people to go to Mars in a spacecraft that carries this device and then return.


Which one of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?


A.    The amount of fuel needed for a spacecraft to return from Mars is the same as the amount of fuel needed to travel from Earth to Mars.
B.    The fuel manufactured from the Martian atmosphere would not differ in composition from the fuel used to travel to Mars.
C.    The device for manufacturing fuel from the Martian atmosphere would not take up any of the spaceship crew’s living space.
D.    A conventional spacecraft equipped with the device would not be appreciably more expensive to construct than current spacecraft typically are.
E.    The device for manufacturing fuel for the return to Earth weighs less than the tanks of fuel that a conventional spacecraft would otherwise need to carry from Earth for the return trip.


此题求假设
E 用来生产fuel的device 比带fuel升天的重量 更轻
取非就是：device比fuel还重
题目里指出发明device的原因   就是因为以前带fuel升天很重，这里E取非，device比fuel还重，那更飞不起来了，就削弱了结论



取非 削弱结论 ，那么必为假设

songhanxiao

It has always been difficult to understand the basis of politics in the People’s Republic of China. Because the system is effectively closed, it is impossible to know with any degree of confidence who is allied with whom and for what reasons. Yet Chinese politics does exhibit many of the external characteristics of factional political systems, as found in more open societies. It is legitimate to conclude, therefore, that China has a factional political system.
Which one of the following, if true, would confirm the author’s conclusion that China has a factional political system?
(A) All open political systems are factional political systems.
(B) All factional political systems are closed political systems.
(C) All closed political systems are factional political systems.
(D) China’s political system is more open than many existing factional political systems.
(E) China’s political system is more closed than all existing factional political systems.

选C。。。。求解释。。。谢谢！

songhanxiao

History textbooks frequently need to be revised. The reasons for this are clear: new discoveries of documents and remains, the discovery of mistaken inferences in prior histories, the discovery of previously unnoticed relationships among data, and the application of hitherto undiscovered principles of natural science all may indicate inadequacies in current history texts. Any of these considerations may require that the past be reinterpreted in a manner that is new and more illuminating.
Which one of the following can be inferred from the argument in the passage?
(A) The interpretation of historical events is affected by natural science.
(B) The past is constantly renewed because of illuminating reinterpretations.
(C) History books are outdated as soon as they are written.
(D) Natural scientists also function as historians.
(E) Historians’ mistaken inferences are caused by unnoticed relationships among data.

选A.      B为何不对？

aomeisoft7

It has always been difficult to understand the basis of politics in the People’s Republic of China. Because the system is effectively closed, it is impossible to know with any degree of confidence who is allied with whom and for what reasons. Yet Chinese politics does exhibit many of the external characteristics of factional political systems, as found in more open societies. It is legitimate to conclude, therefore, that China has a factional political system.
Which one of the following, if true, would confirm the author’s conclusion that China has a factional political system?
(A) All open political systems are factional political systems.
(B) All factional political systems are closed political systems.
(C) All closed political systems are factional political systems.
(D) China’s political system is more open than many existing factional political systems.
(E) China’s political system is more closed than all existing factional political systems.

选C。。。。求解释。。。谢谢！

-- by 会员 songhanxiao (2010/10/2 13:21:27)

这题我没看太懂，=.= 太绕了
找到一个讨论帖有个大牛解释了很多，你看看吧~
http://forum.chasedream.com/LSAT/thread-90810-1-1.html

aomeisoft7

History textbooks frequently need to be revised. The reasons for this are clear: new discoveries of documents and remains, the discovery of mistaken inferences in prior histories, the discovery of previously unnoticed relationships among data, and the application of hitherto undiscovered principles of natural science all may indicate inadequacies in current history texts. Any of these considerations may require that the past be reinterpreted in a manner that is new and more illuminating.
Which one of the following can be inferred from the argument in the passage?
(A) The interpretation of historical events is affected by natural science.
(B) The past is constantly renewed because of illuminating reinterpretations.
(C) History books are outdated as soon as they are written.
(D) Natural scientists also function as historians.
(E) Historians’ mistaken inferences are caused by unnoticed relationships among data.

选A.      B为何不对？

-- by 会员 songhanxiao (2010/10/2 13:22:39)

History textbooks frequently need to be revised. The reasons for this are clear: new discoveries of documents and remains, the discovery of mistaken inferences in prior histories, the discovery of previously unnoticed relationships among data, and the application of hitherto undiscovered principles of natural science all may indicate inadequacies in current history texts. Any of these considerations may require that the past be reinterpreted in a manner that is new and more illuminating.
Which one of the following can be inferred from the argument in the passage?
(A) The interpretation of historical events is affected by natural science.
黄字划出部分可以看书 natural science是影响interpretation的一个原因。所以A可以从上文推出来
(B) The past is constantly renewed because of illuminating reinterpretations.

这句话和红字部分是很不一样的
原文： 如上的原因可能会要求 过去的历史 用 new and more illuminating的方式 重新解释。
历史要重新解释的原因 是上述的 discoveries of documents and remains, the discovery of mistaken inferences in prior histories, the discovery of previously unnoticed relationships among data, and the application of hitherto undiscovered principles of natural science all may indicate inadequacies in current history texts
illuminating reinterpretations 不是 历史要重新解释的原因  ，illuminating reinterpretations是重新解释的方式
B 的说法是不对的

haoyuding

13. In Swartkans territory, archaeologists discovered
charred bone fragments dating back one million years.
Analysis of the fragments, which came from a variety
of animals, showed that they had been heated to
temperatures no higher than those produced in
experimental campfires made from branches of white
stinkwood, the most common tree around Swartkans.
Which of the following, if true, would, together with the
information above, provide the best basis for the claim
that the charred bone fragments are evidence of the
use of fire by early hominids
(A) The white stinkwood tree is used for building
material by the present-day inhabitants of
Swartkans.
(B) Forest fires can heat wood to a range of
temperatures that occur in campfires.
(C) The bone fragments were fitted together by the
archaeologists to form the complete skeletons
of several animals.
(D) Apart from the Swartkans discovery, there is
reliable evidence that early hominids used fire as
many as 500,000 years ago.
(E) The bone fragments were found in several
distinct layers of limestone that contained
primitive cutting tools known to have been used
by early hominids.
这道题可能理解存在问题不知为何选e，求高人指导。谢谢啦！

haoyuding

16. Which of the following best completes the passage
below?
People buy prestige when they buy a premium product.
They want to be associated with something special.
Mass-marketing techniques and price-reduction
strategies should not be used because .
(A) affluent purchasers currently represent a
shrinking portion of the population of all
purchasers
(B) continued sales depend directly on the
maintenance of an aura of exclusivity
(C) purchasers of premium products are concerned
with the quality as well as with the price of the
products
(D) expansion of the market niche to include a
broader spectrum of consumers will increase
profits
(E) manufacturing a premium brand is not
necessarily more costly than manufacturing a
standard brand of the same product
不知为何选e题干可能没理解，您能帮我翻一下吗？谢谢。。