一些逻辑问题的分析

aomeisoft7

54. Journalist: In late 1994, the present government of the
Republic of Bellam came into power. Each year since
then, about thirty journalists have been imprisoned for
printing articles that criticize the government. In 1994,
under the old government, only six journalists were
imprisoned for criticizing the government. So the old
government was more tolerant of criticism by the
press than the new one is.
Politician: But in 1994 only six journalists criticized the
government, and now journalists routinely do.
The politician challenges the journalist’s argument by
doing which of the following?
(A) Presenting data that extend further into the past
than the journalist’s data
(B) Introducing evidence that undermines an
assumption of the journalist’s argument
(C) Questioning the accuracy of the evidence
presented in support of the journalist’s
conclusion
(D) Pointing out that the argument illegitimately
draws a general conclusion on the basis of a
sample of only a few cases
(E) Stating that the argument treats information
about some members of a group as if it applied
to all members of that group
为何选b不选a呢？

-- by 会员 haoyuding (2010/10/4 11:05:25)

Journalist:In late 1994, the present government of the Republic of Bellam came into power. Each year since then,about thirty journalists have been imprisoned for printing articles thatcriticize the government. In 1994, under the old government, only six journists were imprisoned for criticizing the government. So the old government was more tolerant of criticism by the press than the new ones.
Politician: But in 1994 only six journalists criticized the government, and now journalists routinely do.
记者说:  1994年晚期，B共和国执政。从那以后每年，大概30个记者因为写批评政府的文章被关入监狱。1994时，在之前政府统治下，只有6个记者因批评政府入狱。结论：旧政府比现在的政府更宽容
政治家说：但在1994年只有6个人批评政府，现在记者也像以前一样照例批评政府。


The politician challenges the journalist's argument by doing which of the following?
政治学家用下列哪个方法 质疑记者观点
(A)Presenting data that extend further into the past than the journalist's data
提供了 比记者数据 更早的数据。记者的数据提供到了1994年，政治学家的数据也是到1994年，并没有提及比1994年更早的数据
(B)Introducing evidence that undermines an assumption of the journalist's argument
提出一个证据，削弱记者的假设
记者的假设是，入监狱的记者越少，政府越宽容。政治学家就批评这种绝对数字是不对的，以前6个人写6个人都入狱，现在虽然入狱的有40个人，可能批评作者的大大超过40个人，所以反而现在的政府更宽容。

Helloface

暂时手边找不到题目，想请问，如果黑脸题的选项中出现“consideration”,它是等同于一个conclusion或者position还是explanation？也就是说，一般在黑脸题的题目中，有背景，原因，结论，那么这个consideration一般是指哪个部分？还是都有可能指。  还有，conclusion，position,judgment的区别是什么？我感觉都是表达一个观点，有时区别不清。

aomeisoft7

暂时手边找不到题目，想请问，如果黑脸题的选项中出现“consideration”,它是等同于一个conclusion或者position还是explanation？也就是说，一般在黑脸题的题目中，有背景，原因，结论，那么这个consideration一般是指哪个部分？还是都有可能指。  还有，conclusion，position,judgment的区别是什么？我感觉都是表达一个观点，有时区别不清。

-- by 会员 Helloface (2010/10/4 14:44:39)

例子：
GWD1-Q3:


A product that represents a clear technological advance over competing products can generally command a high price.  Becausetechnological advances tend to be quickly surpassed and companies want to make large profits while they still can, many companies charge the greatest price the market will bear when they have such a product.  But large profits on the mew product will give competitors a strong incentive to quickly match the mew product’s capabilities.  Consequently, the strategy to maximize overall profit from a new product is to charge less than the greatest possible price.

In the argument above, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?

The first is an assumption that forms the basis for a course of action that the argument criticizes; the second presents the course of action endorsed by the argument.
The first is a consideration raised to explain the appeal of a certain strategy; the second is a consideration raised to call into question the wisdom of adopting that strategy.
The first is an assumption that has been used to justify a certain strategy; the second is a consideration that is used to cast doubt on that assumption.
The first is a consideration raised in support of a strategy the argument endorses; the second presents grounds in support of that consideration.
The first is a consideration raised to show that adopting a certain strategy is unlikely to achieve the intended effect; the second is presented to explain the appeal of that strategy.

这题选B，第三个
consideration=意见,理由,原因,论据   本身是没有态度的，也不能专指哪个部分
你看选项都是这样描述的 a consideration raised to, a consideration used to, a consideration that
后面接的内容才是consideration的具体的内容和态度


conclusion 是题干里的结论，只是那一句话。p
position 指 作者持有的态度，也可以指 结论
judgment 和consideration比较像，本身没有态度，后面必须接具体的内容


看下面这个例子
Museums that house Renaissance oil paintings typically store them in envbironments that
are carefully kept within narrow margins of temperature and humidity to inhibit any deteri-
oration. Laboratory tests have shown that the kind of oil paint used in these paintings
actually adjusts to climatic changes quite well. If, as some museum directors believe,
paint is the most sensitive substance in these works, then by relaxing the stan-
dards for temperature and humidity control, museums can reduce energy costs
without risking damage to these paintings. Museums would be rash to relax those
standards, however, since results of preliminary tests indicate that gesso, a compound
routinely used by Renaissance artists to help paint adhere to the canvas, is unable to
withstand significant variations in humidity.

In the argument above, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?
A.     The first is an objection that has been raised against the position taken by the argument; the second is the position taken by the argument.
B.     The first is the position taken by the argument; the second is the position that the argument calls into question.
C.     The first is a judgment that has been offered in support of the position that the argument calls into question; the second is a circumstance on which that judgment is,
in part based.
D.     The first is a judgment that has been offered in support of the position that the argument calls into question; the second is that position.
E.      The first is a claim that the argument calls into question; the second is the position taken by the argument.

这题选D judgment后面都有that从句，that的内容才是judge的内容
position 指作者的态度

Helloface

哈哈~~谢谢o(∩_∩)o...明白了~~~今天下午做题，又遇到一道题，答案选B，我选的D。
Scientists have made genetic modifications to cotton to increase its resistance to insect pests. According to farmers’ report, the amount of insecticide needed per acre to control insect pests was only slightly lower for those who tried the modified seed than for those who did not. Therefore, since the modified seed costs more than ordinary seed without producing yields of higher market value, switching to the modified seed would be unlikely to benefit most cotton farmers economically.

Which of the following would it be most useful to know in order to evaluate the argument?

A.    Whether farmers who tried the modified cotton seed had ever tried growing other crops from genetically modified seed.
B.    Whether the insecticides typically used on ordinary cotton tend to be more expensive than insecticides typically used on other crops.
C.    Whether for most farms who grow cotton it is their primary crop
D.    Whether the farmers who have tried the modified seed planted as many acres of cotton, on average, as farmers using the ordinary seed did.
E.    Whether most of the farmers who tried the modified seed did so because they had previously had to use exceptionally large quantities of insecticide.
科学家改良棉花增加其抗虫性。每亩需要的农药的量 用改良的比没用改良的要 少。因此，改良的种子比一般的种子要贵，却不能产出更高的市场价值，用改良种子不能使棉农获益。
问假设。
B.用在一般棉花上的农药比用在其他农作物上的农药要贵；
D.用改良种子的人和用一般种子的人种植的同样多的亩数。
我感觉您以前好像解答过这道题，要不就是类似，棉花改良……一时找不到。

aomeisoft7

哈哈~~谢谢o(∩_∩)o...明白了~~~今天下午做题，又遇到一道题，答案选B，我选的D。
Scientists have made genetic modifications to cotton to increase its resistance to insect pests. According to farmers’ report, the amount of insecticide needed per acre to control insect pests was only slightly lower for those who tried the modified seed than for those who did not. Therefore, since the modified seed costs more than ordinary seed without producing yields of higher market value, switching to the modified seed would be unlikely to benefit most cotton farmers economically.

Which of the following would it be most useful to know in order to evaluate the argument?

A.    Whether farmers who tried the modified cotton seed had ever tried growing other crops from genetically modified seed.
B.    Whether the insecticides typically used on ordinary cotton tend to be more expensive than insecticides typically used on other crops.
C.    Whether for most farms who grow cotton it is their primary crop
D.    Whether the farmers who have tried the modified seed planted as many acres of cotton, on average, as farmers using the ordinary seed did.
E.    Whether most of the farmers who tried the modified seed did so because they had previously had to use exceptionally large quantities of insecticide.
科学家改良棉花增加其抗虫性。每亩需要的农药的量 用改良的比没用改良的要 少。因此，改良的种子比一般的种子要贵，却不能产出更高的市场价值，用改良种子不能使棉农获益。
问假设。
B.用在一般棉花上的农药比用在其他农作物上的农药要贵；
D.用改良种子的人和用一般种子的人种植的同样多的亩数。
我感觉您以前好像解答过这道题，要不就是类似，棉花改良……一时找不到。

-- by 会员 Helloface (2010/10/4 17:28:36)

这题你的题目翻译是对的，这是道争议题，大家倾向选E，我要选也选E
E指出 换改良棉花的农民，以前都是use exceptionally large quantities 用的特别特别多农药的
所以换了改良棉花，就能省农药了。题目说的was only slightly lower农药稍微用的少，针对的是普通用药量的农民。


最好还是看OG12 Q69官方的类似的一道题
Scientists have modi?ed feed corn genetically, increasing its resistance to insect pests. Farmers who tried out the genetically modi?ed corn last season applied less insecticide to their corn ?elds and still got yields comparable to those  they would have gotten  with ordinary corn. Ordinary corn seed, however, costs less,  and what these farmers saved on insecticide rarely exceeded their extra costs for seed. Therefore,  for most feed-corn farmers, switching to genetically modi?ed seed would be unlikely to increase pro?ts.

Which of the following would it be most useful to know in order  to evaluate the argument?
(A)      Whether there are insect pests that sometimes reduce  feed-corn yields, but against which commonly used insecticides and the genetic modi?cation are equally ineffective
(B)     Whether the price that farmers receive for feed corn has remained  steady over the past few years
(C)     Whether the insecticides typically used  on feed corn tend to be more expensive  than insecticides typically used on other crops
(D)     Whether most of the farmers who tried the genetically modi?ed corn last season applied more insecticide than was actually necessary
(E)     Whether, for most farmers who plant feed corn, it is their most pro?table crop
官方的答案是D~

magemily

Q4.    p1-cr     2.    (24227-!-item-!-188;#058&000711)

Economist:  On average, the emergency treatment for an elderly person for injuries resulting from a fall costs $11,000.  A new therapeutic医疗的 program can significantly reduce an elderly person's chances of falling.  Though obviously desirable for many reasons, this treatment program will cost $12,500 and thus cannot be justified.

Which of the following, if true, most seriously undermines the conclusion of the argument?

(A) Among elderly people who had followed the program for only a few months, the number of serious falls reported was higher than it was for people who had followed the program for its recommended minimum length of one year.
(B) Falls resulting in serious injuries are less common among elderly people living in nursing homes than they are among elderly people who live alone at home.
(C) A frequent result of injuries sustained in falls is long-term pain, medication for which is not counted among the average per-person costs of emergency treatment for elderly people's injuries from such falls.    
(D) The new therapeutic program focuses on therapies other than medication, since overmedication can cause disorientation and hence increase the likelihood that an elderly person will have a serious fall.
(E) A significant portion of the cost of the new therapeutic program is represented by regular visits by health care professionals, the costs of which tend to increase more rapidly than do those of other elements of the program.

请问这道prep为什么选c

aomeisoft7

Q4.    p1-cr     2.    (24227-!-item-!-188;#058&000711)

Economist:  On average, the emergency treatment for an elderly person for injuries resulting from a fall costs $11,000.  A new therapeutic医疗的 program can significantly reduce an elderly person's chances of falling.  Though obviously desirable for many reasons, this treatment program will cost $12,500 and thus cannot be justified.

Which of the following, if true, most seriously undermines the conclusion of the argument?

(A) Among elderly people who had followed the program for only a few months, the number of serious falls reported was higher than it was for people who had followed the program for its recommended minimum length of one year.
(B) Falls resulting in serious injuries are less common among elderly people living in nursing homes than they are among elderly people who live alone at home.
(C) A frequent result of injuries sustained in falls is long-term pain, medication for which is not counted among the average per-person costs of emergency treatment for elderly people's injuries from such falls.    
(D) The new therapeutic program focuses on therapies other than medication, since overmedication can cause disorientation and hence increase the likelihood that an elderly person will have a serious fall.
(E) A significant portion of the cost of the new therapeutic program is represented by regular visits by health care professionals, the costs of which tend to increase more rapidly than do those of other elements of the program.

请问这道prep为什么选c

-- by 会员 magemily (2010/10/4 19:40:16)

老人跌倒的紧急治疗费用是11,000美元。一个新的医疗项目可以减少老人跌倒。但这个项目要花费12,500美元，所以不能采用
求削弱
(C) A frequent result of injuries sustained in falls is long-term pain, medication for which is not counted among the average per-person costs of emergency treatment for elderly people's injuries from such falls.    
跌倒受伤治疗的时间很长，后期的药物治疗费用 没有计算在紧急治疗费用11,000美元当中。
所以这个项目是很必要的，削弱的结论

Helloface

看到了~~就顺手答了~~HOHOHO~~~

经济学家：平均来讲，对摔伤老年人的紧急治疗要11，000刀，一种新的医疗项目能大大缩减老年人摔伤的机会。尽管这项新医疗项目有很多地方尽如人意，但是它要花12，500刀，这么看来它并不合理。

问削弱，也就是要说新的项目合理。两条线可走，一是说新项目比老项目好在哪儿，二是说老项目中的不足。这题是第二种。比较的关键点是cost。

C: 受伤常常导致长期疼痛，那些治疗还没有算在紧急治疗费用内。

也就是说，紧急治疗就是治个大概，后续开支还很多，所以其实整个算下来也不便宜，而新的医疗项目是从根本上杜绝摔伤机率，所以更划算。

aomeisoft7

看到了~~就顺手答了~~HOHOHO~~~

经济学家：平均来讲，对摔伤老年人的紧急治疗要11，000刀，一种新的医疗项目能大大缩减老年人摔伤的机会。尽管这项新医疗项目有很多地方尽如人意，但是它要花12，500刀，这么看来它并不合理。

问削弱，也就是要说新的项目合理。两条线可走，一是说新项目比老项目好在哪儿，二是说老项目中的不足。这题是第二种。比较的关键点是cost。

C: 受伤常常导致长期疼痛，那些治疗还没有算在紧急治疗费用内。

也就是说，紧急治疗就是治个大概，后续开支还很多，所以其实整个算下来也不便宜，而新的医疗项目是从根本上杜绝摔伤机率，所以更划算。

-- by 会员 Helloface (2010/10/4 20:12:55)

哈哈比你快2分钟诶

Helloface

我怕讲得不好被人笑，写完后查了好几遍逻辑牛人的地盘不敢放肆。

老实讲从第一页到第十八页您回答的每道题我都认真看了，看那些分析真的感觉有所长进。逻辑不像语法，有prep破解那么详细的解答，很多时候错的点都找不着，或者是桥没搭对，或者是话没读懂，真庆幸在备考阶段能有这个帖子，千恩万谢啊~~~

p.s. 头像的那套图我也有收集~~~^^