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1st: given to that soft song plays an crucial role in attack predicting in song sparrows, and the question is how to be aggressive without display like cheating. Different types of expenses could be incurred for aggressive signals, most not applied to soft song. Energy costs and developmental cost not apply, the last one vulnerability cost is possible. Because of its low amplitude.
2nd: soft song is a reliable aggressive signal. It is produced quite close to the intended receiver, so the receiver can both see and listen to the singer. And the soft song only targets at specific bird. The drawbacks of soft song as following: diminished proclivity to male, neighbors or other potential usurper will be more likely to intrude their territory.
3rd: the recent study finding supports that idea that soft song is costly. Further details of experiments, and the final result shows that sparrow by using soft song will sacrifice his ability to ward off other potential intruders. |
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