SDCAR2010【逻辑入门】（四）Role (Boldface)

sdcar2010

Simple. You need to READ what C says: (C) The first presents a development that the argument predicts will have a certain outcome; the second acknowledges a consideration that weighs against that prediction.

However, since consumer demand for grains, fruits, and vegetables grown without the use of pesticides continues to rise, the use of genetically engineered seeds of this kind is likely to become widespread.

Consideration: consumer demand for grains, fruits, and vegetables grown without the use of pesticides continues to rise

Then the author use this consideration to reject the previous claim (opposing opinion).

bonfin

up~~不是很难

sdcar2010

2. A double-blind study, in which neither the patient nor the primary researcher knows whether the patient is being given the drug being tested or a placebo, is the most effective procedure for testing the efficacy of a drug.

- But we will not be able to perform such a study on this new drug, since the drug will have various effects on the patients' bodies, which will make us aware of whether the patients are getting the drug or a placebo.

The two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?

(A) The first is a general consideration that introduces the argument; the second is a special situation that weighs against the first.
(B) The first is a general principle that is necessary for this argument; the second is an anti-consideration that the argument includes.
(C) The first is a premise that this argument includes; the second is a main idea that can be drawn from this argument.
(D) The first is an evidence that this argument includes; the second is a conclusion that can not be drawn from this argument.
(E) The first is a general situation that supports this argument; the second is a conclusion that can be drawn from a special fact.

The 1st BF is a general knowledge type principle.
Conclusion is that this type of study would not work for the new drug.
Anti-consideration: consideration which might lead against current theory/principle.

sdcar2010

For 3, What are the premises and what are the conclusions?

UlysessHope

请教sdcar~
请看我分析的对么？

The interstitial nucleus, a sub-region of the brain's hypothalamus, is typically smaller for male cats than for female cats. （background）A neurobiologist performed autopsies on male cats who died from disease X, a disease affecting no more than 0.5 percent of male cats, and found that these male cats had interstitial nuclei that were as large as those generally found in female cats. （premise&evidence）Thus, the size of the interstitial nucleus determines whether or not male cats can contract disease X, （conclusion）but, the hypothalamus is known not to be causally linked to disease Y, and disease X is a subtype of disease Y.（opposing opinion&fact）

这题选什么？我觉得B对啊

consideration是否就=opinion，argument，claim？
fact和evidence有何区别呢？

sdcar2010

请教sdcar~
请看我分析的对么？

The interstitial nucleus, a sub-region of the brain's hypothalamus, is typically smaller for male cats than for female cats. （background）A neurobiologist performed autopsies on male cats who died from disease X, a disease affecting no more than 0.5 percent of male cats, and found that these male cats had interstitial nuclei that were as large as those generally found in female cats. （premise&evidence）Thus, the size of the interstitial nucleus determines whether or not male cats can contract disease X, （conclusion）but, the hypothalamus is known not to be causally linked to disease Y, and disease X is a subtype of disease Y.（opposing opinion&fact）

这题选什么？我觉得B对啊

consideration是否就=opinion，argument，claim？
fact和evidence有何区别呢？

-- by 会员 UlysessHope (2011/10/25 13:22:47)

Your analysis is correct. The answer is between A or B. I am not sure which one is better.

An argument has at least two components: a premise and a conclusion.

The conclusion is supported directly by the premise.

The premise can be supported by Evidence: The followings can be used as evidence to support a premise: statistical studies, historical information, physical evidence, observations, or experiments, eyewitness accounts, news reports, etc.

Opinion or viewpoint or assertion is a statement to affirm or deny a proposition.

Fact: A summary of what happened or what was observed.

Principle: A rule which governs actions.

Prediction: A guess of what might happen in the future

Consideration: A factor to be considered when forming a judgment or making a decision.

UlysessHope

谢谢sdcar！我终于分清楚各个名词的区别了 激动！

twobirds

Hi Sdcar,

In your interpretation, Consideration: A factor to be considered when forming a judgment or making a decision.
Can Consideration be regarded as Premise?

Thank you!

twobirds

4) Environmental organizations want to preserve the land surrounding the Wilgrinn Wilderness Area from residential development. They plan to do this by purchasing that land from the farmers who own it. That plan is illconceived: if the farmers did sell their land, they would sell it to the highest bidder, and developers would outbid any other bidders. On the other hand, these farmers will never actually sell any of the land, provided that farming it remains viable. But farming will not remain viable if the farms are left unmodernized, and most of the farmers lack the financial resources modernization requires. And that is exactly why a more sensible preservation strategy would be to assist the farmers to modernize their farms to the extent needed to maintain viability.

In the argument as a whole, the two boldface proportions play which of the following roles?

A. The first presents a goal that the argument rejects as ill-conceived; the second is evidence that is presented as grounds for that rejection.
B. The first presents a goal that the argument concludes cannot be attained; the second is a reason offered in support of that conclusion.
C. The first presents a goal that the argument concludes can be attained; the second is a judgment disputing that conclusion.
D. The first presents a goal, strategies for achieving which are being evaluated in the argument; the second is a judgment providing a basis for the argument’s advocacy of a particular strategy.
E. The first presents a goal that the argument endorses; the second presents a situation that the argument contends must be changed if that goal is to be met in the foreseeable future.


我想问下E错哪了呢？谢谢~

LS, E) is totally wrong in that it does not make any sense.

Main conclusion:
That plan by the environmental organization is ill-conceived; and a more sensible preservation strategy would be to assist the farmers to modernize their farms to the extent needed to maintain viability.

That said, the first BF is the first sentence of the passage. It ONLY states the goal of the Environmental Organization, not that of the author. We do not know for sure if the author endorses that goal since the author simply analyze the feasibility of the plan reaching the goal. So in that sense, the author is neutral toward the goal.

As to the second BF, it is one of the scenarios the author presents as problems for the evnvironmental organization's plan. It is not a situation that has to be changed in the near future.

-- by 会员 sdcar2010 (2011/9/17 7:46:32)

我有三个问题：
1. B错在哪里呢？是不是把第二句话“They plan to do this by purchasing that land from the farmers who own it. ”变成BF，选项B也正确？

2. Conclusion: That plan by the environmental organization is ill-conceived; and a more sensible preservation strategy would be to assist the farmers to modernize their farms to the extent needed to maintain viability.

通常Conclusion只在文中一处出现，这里是不是通过“and” a more sensible...中的“and”来推断它是和That plan... is ill conceived并列，所以看成都是结论的一部分？如果没有"and"，可不可以把最后一句看成是inference?

另外，在导读部分，Sdcar有提到If the statement is the argument’s main conclusion, for example, but the argument also has an intermediate conclusion, then the answer that the statement “is the author’s only conclusion” would be wrong; it is not the only conclusion, even though it is the main conclusion. 本题中的结论应该看成是两个conclusion（一个是对原来plan的否定，一个是提出新的plan)，还是看成一个main conclusion?
我不知道是不是转牛角尖了！

3.正确选项：如Sdcar在前面导读中提到，2. The correct answer must describe exactly what is happening in the passage. In other words, translate the abstract terms into concrete terms from the passage.
本题的正确选项D，是否可以这样理解：D. The first presents a goal, strategies for achieving which （They plan to do this by purchasing that land from the farmers who own it）are being evaluated in the argument; the second is a judgment (can it be regarded as part of premise?) providing a basis for the argument’s advocacy of a particular strategy（the second part of the conclusion:a more sensible preservation strategy would be to assist the farmers to modernize their farms to the extent needed to maintain viability.
).

希望得到指导。

我循序渐进地在看Sdcar的总结，脉络非常清晰，真是醍醐灌顶的感觉。谢谢大N!
真是希望所有对CR有疑问的人，都能关注到这些帖子！

twobirds

up