SDCAR2010【逻辑入门】（四）Role (Boldface)

sdcar2010

"supply a context" is neutral, neither supporting nor weakening. It's the same as background.

单调唱

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牛牛好，看了你的帖子，写的真的很精彩。我看完一章再总结OG上的题目，今天看到BF。被一道OG题目困惑了，冒昧请求您帮忙解答一下。
79. In countries where automobile insurance includes compensation for whiplash injuries sustained in
automobile accidents, reports of having suffered such injuries are twice as frequent as they are in
countries where whiplash is not covered. Presently, no objective test for whiplash exists, so it is true that
spurious reports of whiplash injuries cannot be readily identified. Nevertheless, these facts do not warrant the
conclusion drawn by some commentators that in the countries with the higher rates of reported whiplash
injuries, half of the reported cases are spurious. Clearly, in countries where automobile insurance does not
include compensation for whiplash, people often have little incentive to report whiplash injuries that
they actually have suffered.

In the argument given, the two boldfaced portions play which of the following roles?
(A) The first is a claim that the argument disputes; the second is a conclusion that has been based on that claim.
(B) The first is a claim that has been used to support a conclusion that the argument accepts; the second is
that conclusion.
(C) The first is evidence that has been used to support a conclusion for which the argument provides further
evidence; the second is the main conclusion of the argument.
(D) The first is a finding whose implications are at issue in the argument; the second is a claim presented in
order to argue against deriving certain implications from that finding.                                           Answer-[D]
(E) The first is a finding whose accuracy is evaluated in the argument; the second is evidence presented to
establish that the finding is accurate.
这题中，conclusion是什么？按照OG的解释，clearly后面的是推翻前面的解释。但我觉得把它看成main conclusion也行啊？前面的当成所有原因。能帮忙分析下吗？真的十分感谢。

-- by 会员 qiuhua01234567 (2011/8/10 17:14:50)

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sdcar2010没回答这题，NN，你还是分析下这道题吧。我能通过第一个黑体排除A,B。然后认为claim和conclusion在这里是一样的，所以在C、D里选答案。可是也觉得第一个黑体是一个finding,那么应该也是一个evidence啊。前面你也说了evidence可以是一个observations等等，我觉得这个finding也就是evidence.

那么到底是第二个黑体是不是结论的问题，还是第一个黑体是evidence或finding的问题呢？

twwzx

3. The interstitial nucleus, a sub-region of the brain's hypothalamus, is typically smaller for male cats than for female cats. A neurobiologist performed autopsies on male cats who died from disease X, a disease affecting no more than 0.5 percent of male cats, and found that these male cats had interstitial nuclei that were as large as those generally found in female cats. Thus, the size of the interstitial nucleus determines whether or not male cats can contract disease X, but, the hypothalamus is known not to be causally linked to disease Y, and disease X is a subtype of disease Y.

The two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?

(A) The first is a fact in support of the consideration that is one of two points of this argument; the second is the alternative point that weighs against the first.
(B) The first is an evidence that supports the consideration that the argument includes; the second is the fact that weighs against that consideration that could be drawn from the first.
(C) The first is a general principle that is against the conclusion; the second is that conclusion.
(D) The first is an evidence that supports the conclusion; the second is an exceptional example.
(E) The first is a fact in support of the conclusion that the argument depends on; the second is a fact that is against the first one.
i have some problems,  sdcar you have said that in one arguement there is only one main point, why there are two points in this argument. Can i consider  Thus, the size of the interstitial nucleus determines whether or not male cats can contract disease X, as a concession  and but, the hypothalamus is known not to be causally linked to disease Y, and disease X is a subtype of disease Y  as  the main point as the argument since there is a "but". since you have said that who care the consession says , can i just ignore the concession "the size of the interstitial nucleus determines whether or not male cats can contract disease X" thk you

sdcar2010

LS, whatever is after BUT is the concession; whatever is after THUS is the main conlcusion.

athenawujj

DEAR SDCAR,thank you for sharing with us.
It's a masterpiece. But I don't understand why No.5 no choose C, could u explain it?Thank you!
In The argument given, the two potions in boldface play which of the following roles?

A. The first is an objection that has been raised against a certain plan; the second is a prediction that, if accurate, undermines the force of that objection.
B. The first is a criticism, endorsed by the argument, of a funding plan; the second is a point the argument makes in favor of adopting an alternative plan.
C. The first is a criticism, endorsed by the argument, of a funding plan; the second is the main reason cited by the argument for its endorsement of the criticism.
D. The first is a claim that the argument seeks to refute; the second is the main point used by the argument to show that the claim is false.
E. The first is a claim that the argument accepts with certain reservations; the second presents that claim in a rewarding that is not subject to those reservations.

sdcar2010

5) Aroca City currently funds its public schools through taxes on property. In place of this system, the city plans to introduce a sales tax of three percent on all retail sales in the city. Critics protest that three percent of current retail sales falls short of the amount raised for schools by property taxes. The critics are correct on this point. Nevertheless, implementing the plan will probably not reduce the money going to Aroca's schools. Several large retailers have selected Aroca City as the site for huge new stores, and these are certain to draw large numbers of shoppers from neighboring municipalities, where sales are taxed at rates of six percent and more. In consequence, retail sales in Aroca City are bound to increase substantially.

In the argument given, the two potions in boldface play which of the following roles?

A. The first is an objection that has been raised against a certain plan; the second is a prediction that, if accurate, undermines the force of that objection. (A)
B. The first is a criticism, endorsed by the argument, of a funding plan; the second is a point the argument makes in favor of adopting an alternative plan.
C. The first is a criticism, endorsed by the argument, of a funding plan; the second is the main reason cited by the argument for its endorsement of the criticism.
D. The first is a claim that the argument seeks to refute; the second is the main point used by the argument to show that the claim is false.
E. The first is a claim that the argument accepts with certain reservations; the second presents that claim in a rewarding that is not subject to those reservations.

Main conclusion:
Implementing the plan will probably not reduce the money going to Aroca's schools.

(C) is wrong because in the 1st BF the critic says that the sale tax raise is not enough to compensate for the loss in property tax; but in the 2nd BF the author refuts the critic's argument by presenting a new development.  Therefore, the 2nd BF does not endorse the 1st BF.  However, C) says that the 2nd BF enforse the 1st BF.

athenawujj

Dear Sdcar, I use the way to analyse OG。
But i have some questions to ask you.
Thank you so much! I am looking forward to receive your reply.


97.Delta Products Inc. has recently switched at least partly from older technologies using fossil fuels to new technologies powered by electricity. The question has been raised whether it can be concluded that for a given level of output Delta's operation now causes less fossil fuel to be consumed than it did formerly. The answer, clearly, is yes,（Main conclusion) since the amount of fossil fuel used to generate the electricity needed to
power the new technologies is less than the amount needed to power the older technologies, provided level of output is held constant.(hidden premises)
In the argument given, the two boldfaced portions play which of the following roles?
(A)    The first identifies the content of the conclusion of the argument; the second provides support for that
conclusion.
(B)    The first provides support for the conclusion of the argument; the second identifies the content of that
conclusion.
(0   The first states the conclusion of the argument; the second calls that conclusion into question.
(D)    The first provides support for the conclusion of the argument; the second calls that conclusion into
question.
(E)    Each provides support for the conclusion of the argument.
The key is B, but i confused, why not choose A. In my opinion,i think the first blodface is background information，


89.  Since it has become known that several of a bank's top executiveshave been buying shares in their own
bank, the bank's depositors, who had been worried by rumors that the bank faced impending financial collapse,
have been greatly relieved. They reason that, since top executives evidently have faith in the bank's financial
soundness, those worrisome rumors must be false. Such reasoning might well be overoptimistic（main conclusion?), however, since corporate executives have beenknown to buy shares in their own company in a calculated attempt to dispel negative rumors about the company's health.

In the argument given, the two boldfaced portions play which of the following roles?

(A)              The first describes evidence that has been taken as supporting a conclusion; the second gives a reason
for questioning that support.
(B)               The first describes evidence that has been taken as supporting a conclusion; the second states a contrary
conclusion that is the main conclusion of the argument.
(C)               The first provides evidence in support of the main conclusion of the argument; the second states that
conclusion.
(D)              The first describes the circumstance that the argument as a whole seeks to explain; the second gives the
explanation that the argument seeks to establish.
(E)               The first describes the circumstance that the argument as a whole seeks to explain; the second provides
evidence in support of the explanation that the argument seeks to establish.

sdcar2010

97.Delta Products Inc. has recently switched at least partly from older technologies using fossil fuels to new technologies powered by electricity. The question has been raised whether it can be concluded that for a given level of output Delta's operation now causes less fossil fuel to be consumed than it did formerly. The answer, clearly, is yes,（Main conclusion) since the amount of fossil fuel used to generate the electricity needed to
power the new technologies is less than the amount needed to power the older technologies, provided level of output is held constant.(hidden premises)
In the argument given, the two boldfaced portions play which of the following roles?
(A) The first identifies the content of the conclusion of the argument; the second provides support for that
conclusion.
(B) The first provides support for the conclusion of the argument; the second identifies the content of that
conclusion.
(0 The first states the conclusion of the argument; the second calls that conclusion into question.
(D) The first provides support for the conclusion of the argument; the second calls that conclusion into
question.
(E) Each provides support for the conclusion of the argument.
The key is B, but i confused, why not choose A. In my opinion,i think the first blodface is background information

If, as you said, the 1st BF is background info, then it cannot be the conclusion of the passage.  So A) is out, even with your analysis.

Notice the phrase "it can be concluded"?  What type of statement would normally follow that phrase.

As I said before, identifying the premise and the conclusion can help you solve 50% of CR problems.

sdcar2010

Since it has become known that several of a bank's top executiveshave been buying shares in their own
bank, the bank's depositors, who had been worried by rumors that the bank faced impending financial collapse,
have been greatly relieved. They reason that, since top executives evidently have faith in the bank's financial
soundness, those worrisome rumors must be false. Such reasoning might well be overoptimistic（main conclusion?), however, since corporate executives have beenknown to buy shares in their own company in a calculated attempt to dispel negative rumors about the company's health.

In the argument given, the two boldfaced portions play which of the following roles?

(A) The first describes evidence that has been taken as supporting a conclusion; the second gives a reason
for questioning that support.
(B) The first describes evidence that has been taken as supporting a conclusion; the second states a contrary
conclusion that is the main conclusion of the argument.
(C) The first provides evidence in support of the main conclusion of the argument; the second states that
conclusion.
(D) The first describes the circumstance that the argument as a whole seeks to explain; the second gives the
explanation that the argument seeks to establish.
(E) The first describes the circumstance that the argument as a whole seeks to explain; the second provides
evidence in support of the explanation that the argument seeks to establish.

Again, remembe the structure "Concession, however, conclusion"?  I talk about that a lot in my posts.  If you recognize the afore-mentioned structure, you would know which part of this passage is the conclusion, and which part is concession.

athenawujj

i see. Thank you.