SDCAR2010【逻辑入门】（四）Role (Boldface)

lxcyun

7. To be accepted as a member at the Brown Country Club, one must have a net worth of over ten million dollars and must not have any connections to the entertainment industry. Robert Chase, the publishing magnate, has a net worth of 5 billion dollars and chase has not financed any Hollywood movies, so he must be accepted as a member at the Brown Country Club.

The two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?

(A)The first is the part of evidence in support of this argument; the second is the conclusion that could not be drawn from all evidence that the argument contains.
(B) The first is the first-evidence that supports this argument; the second is the mainpoint that must be drawn from all evidence that the argument includes.
(C) The first is the one fact of two that argument includes; the second is the conclusion that could be drawn from this passage.
(D) The first is the background that is necessary for this argument; the second is the conclusion that is not drawn only from the first.
(E) The first is the cause that the argument includes; the second is the effect that can be drawn only from this cause.

Premises:
1) To be accepted as a member at the Brown Country Club, one must have a net worth of over ten million dollars and must not have any connections to the entertainment industry.
2) Robert Chase, the publishing magnate, has a net worth of 5 billion dollars and Chase has not financed any Hollywood movies.

Conclusion:
Mr. Chase must be accepted as a member at the Brown Country Club

Now the question is: is the conclusion valid? There are two conditions which must be met in order to be accepted as a club member. Mr. Chase is rich enough to meet the first condition. But take a closer look at the second condition: must not have any connections to the entertainment industry. What Mr. Chase has? Chase has not financed any Hollywood movies.  Could Mr. Chase know executives in Hollywood movies industry? Yes, he could. Financing movies is only a tiny part of having connections to the entertinment industry. So Mr. Chase does not qualify to join the club based on his own disclosure. Answer choice A) is correct.

-- by 会员 sdcar2010 (2011/6/21 0:50:05)

Wonderful explanation! thanks you so much, SDcar!
For question 7, I ignored the premise scope...

sdcar2010

8. The survival of the publishing industry depends upon the existence of a public who will buy the printed word in the form of newspapers, books and magazines. Over the past several years, however, the advance of electronic media, particularly CD-ROMs, online computer services, and the Internet, has made information available to the public electronically without the need for printed materials. As the availability of electronic media increases and as it is more easily accessible, the public has less need for printed materials. So the publishing industry is threatened by the advance of the computer information age.

The two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?

(A) The first is the part of evidence that the argument includes, the second is the conclusion that can be drawn only from the first.
(B) The first is the second-premise that the argument includes; the second is the conclusion that is reasonably drawn form this passage.
(C) The first is the second-premise that the argument includes, the second is the inference that must be drawn from this argument.
(D) The first is the fact that must be true, the second is the inference that can be correctly drawn from this argument.
(E) The first is the part of premise that the argument depends on; the second is the conclusion that is incorrectly drawn from this argument

Premise:
1) The availability of electronic media increases.
2) The electronic media is more easily accessible.

Conclusion:
The public has less need for printed materials.

The first two sentences, including the 1st BF, are just background info. The last sentence, which is the 2nd BF, is an inference extended from the conclusion. D) is the correct answer.

B) is wrong because 1st BF is not the premise.

The above is the "official" explanation.

My answer would be:

Premise:
1) The survival of the publishing industry depends upon the existence of a public who will buy the printed word in the form of newspapers, books and magazines.
2) As the availability of electronic media increases and as it is more easily accessible, the public has less need for printed materials.

Conclusion:
So the publishing industry is threatened by the advance of the computer information age.

1st BF: evidence to support the premise
2nd BF: Conclusion.

lxcyun

8. The survival of the publishing industry depends upon the existence of a public who will buy the printed word in the form of newspapers, books and magazines. Over the past several years, however, the advance of electronic media, particularly CD-ROMs, online computer services, and the Internet, has made information available to the public electronically without the need for printed materials. As the availability of electronic media increases and as it is more easily accessible, the public has less need for printed materials. So the publishing industry is threatened by the advance of the computer information age.

The two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?

(A) The first is the part of evidence that the argument includes, the second is the conclusion that can be drawn only from the first.
(B) The first is the second-premise that the argument includes; the second is the conclusion that is reasonably drawn form this passage.
(C) The first is the second-premise that the argument includes, the second is the inference that must be drawn from this argument.
(D) The first is the fact that must be true, the second is the inference that can be correctly drawn from this argument.
(E) The first is the part of premise that the argument depends on; the second is the conclusion that is incorrectly drawn from this argument

Premise:
1) The availability of electronic media increases.
2) The electronic media is more easily accessible.

Conclusion:
The public has less need for printed materials.

The first two sentences, including the 1st BF, are just background info. The last sentenc, which is the 2nd BF, is an inference extended from the conclusion. D) is the correct answer.

B) is wrong because 1st BF is not the premise.

The above is the "official" explanation.

My answer would be:

Premise:
1) The survival of the publishing industry depends upon the existence of a public who will buy the printed word in the form of newspapers, books and magazines.
2) As the availability of electronic media increases and as it is more easily accessible, the public has less need for printed materials.

Conclusion:
So the publishing industry is threatened by the advance of the computer information age.

1st BF: evidence to support the premise
2nd BF: Conclusion.

-- by 会员 sdcar2010 (2011/6/21 1:36:12)

非常感谢！看来这题还有点烦。感觉两者都有道理，看答案D有点像废话：“fact that must be ture”, 不true能叫fact吗？这答案很隐藏－晦涩！

sdcar2010

I agree.

sdcar2010

Dear Sdcar,

Besides the premise and conclusion(I can discern them now thanks to your posts! ),  some other components such as Fact, Principle, Consideration, Prediction and Evidence often shows up in the options.

I found these terms quite confusing, would you please explain more about those components?

-- by 会员 perain (2011/6/20 11:39:52)

An argument has at least two components: a premise and a conclusion.

The conclusion is supported directly by the premise.

The premise can be supported by Evidence: The followings can be used as evidence to support a premise: statistical studies, historical information, physical evidence, observations, or experiments, eyewitness accounts, news reports, etc.

Opinion or viewpoint or assertion is a statement to affirm or deny a proposition.

Fact: A summary of what happened or what was observed.

Principle: A rule which governs actions.

Prediction: A guess of what might happen in the future

Consideration: A factor to be considered when forming a judgment or making a decision.

perain

Dear Sdcar,

Besides the premise and conclusion(I can discern them now thanks to your posts! ),  some other components such as Fact, Principle, Consideration, Prediction and Evidence often shows up in the options.

I found these terms quite confusing, would you please explain more about those components?

-- by 会员 perain (2011/6/20 11:39:52)

An argument has at least two components: a premise and a conclusion.

The conclusion is supported directly by the premise.

The premise can be supported by Evidence: The followings can be used as evidence to support a premise: statistical studies, historical information, physical evidence, observations, or experiments, eyewitness accounts, news reports, etc.

Opinion or viewpoint or assertion is a statement to affirm or deny a proposition.

Fact: A summary of what happened or what was observed.

Principle: A rule which governs actions.

Prediction: A guess of what might happen in the future

Consideration: A factor to be considered when forming a judgment or making a decision.

-- by 会员 sdcar2010 (2011/6/22 12:04:02)

含泪跪谢

Fellhound

good stuff. Exactly what I need.

草木染湘

learn more...

qiushuan

For this question,

8) Psychology professor: The percentage of children having psychological problems is higher among children of Sea Turtle parents than among other children in China. However, it would be wrong to conclude that these psychological problems are caused by the difficulty these expatriates’ children have adjusting to a new environment in China. It is just as rational to infer that certain behaviors which accompany the Sea Turtle families before the move —anxiety for and uncertainties of their future—are learned by children from their Sea Turtle parents, and that it is these learned behaviors, rather than the difficulty of adjusting to lives in China, that cause the children’s psychological problems.

What role does the assertion that children of Sea Turtle parents have a higher rate of psychological problems than other children in China play in the argument above?

(A) It is the final conclusion of the argument.
(B) It is an established claim that the argument tries to refute.
(C) It is offered as evidence for the claim that going back to China is harmful to the children of the Sea Turtle parents.
(D) It is offered as evidence for the claim that certain behaviors are often responsible for expatriates and their children.
(E) It is cited as an established finding for which the argument proposes a reasonable explanation. (E)

why B is wrong? is that because the conclusion is not saying that the % is lower? so it is not a refutation?

sdcar2010

"The percentage of children having psychological problems is higher among children of Sea Turtle parents than among other children in China."

The above sentence is simply a fact, not a claim. Claim is a statement made by an author based on facts, background info, known premise, etc. A claim is: Someone thinks something is this or something causes this or something is correct/wrong. A fact usually contains numbers or percentages or other Hard Data.