OG10语法268题及GWD22语法总结日记，监督自己并欢迎大家多给意见

elinaqu

51. While Jackie Robinson was a Brooklyn Dodger, his courage in the face of physical threats and verbal attacks was not unlike that of Rosa Parks, who refused to move to the back of a bus in Montgomery, Alabama.

A. not unlike that of Rosa Parks, who refused

B. not unlike Rosa Parks, who refused

C. like (Rosa Parks and her refusal

D. like that of Rosa Parks for refusing

E. as that of Rosa Parks, who refused

 

1．
            比较结构：
            比较结构对象合理。（一级排除B,C）

: in B, Jackie Robinson's courage is compared to Rosa Parks herself, not to her courage, and in C it is compared to both Rosa Parks and her refusal

 

2.逻辑意思保持：（二级排除D,E）

not unlike  不等于 like / as  ；
            从句改变成并列句会造成句子意思改变。

 

3. 修饰：（二级排除D）

for …介词短语的逻辑主语优先指向句子主语。

Choice D does not make clear whether it was Jackie Robinson or Rosa Parks who showed courage in refusing to move to the back of the bus(逻辑意思表达的准确性，介词短语做状语到底修饰谁？); in fact, saying for refusing rather than who refused makes it sound as if courage moved to the back of the bus (for 短语做主语应该优先修饰句子主语).

 

as 与like的区别
                

1. 表示象...一样时, as接从句, like 接短语
                

Do everything as I do. 象我一样做。
He is/looks like his mother. 他长得像他妈妈。
                

2. as当介词接短语时,表示作为...不是象...一样的意思.like 当动词时,是喜欢的意思,不要搞混为象...

We should study as Lenin studied. 我们应该像列宁那样学习。
As a League Member,I should take everything in the lead. 作为一名团员，我应该起带头作用。
                

elinaqu

52. The rising of costs of data-processing operations at many financial institutions has created a growing opportunity for independent companies to provide these services more efficiently and at lower cost.

A. The rising of costs

B. Rising costs

C. The rising cost

D. Because the rising cost

E. Because of rising costs

 

1. 句子完整性（一级排除D, E）
                

出现连词引导的分句一定要有对应的主句。

Choices D and E produce sentence fragments since Because makes the clause subordinate rather than independent.

 

2. 主谓一致（一级排除B,E）

单复数

 

1.       逻辑意思：（二级排除A）

从中心词看哪个意思表达最合理The rising 还是 cost 提供了机会造成。。。

The rising cost / The rising of costs has created a growing opportunity for independent companies to provide these services more efficiently and at lower cost.

Has created 表示前面那个动作已经完成了, 完成的完整的过程, 不能用动名词the rising of costsè gerund is only the name of an action. 要么用the rising cost, 核心词在cost上面, 和a growing opportunity并列, 要么用the rise in costè
            但是就不平行了

 

4. 平行结构：感觉文中有大并列的感觉：the rising cost……a growing opportunity

 

elinaqu

53. There is no consensus on what role, if any, is played by acid rain in slowing the growth or damaging forests in the eastern United States.

A. slowing the growth or damaging

B. the damage or the slowing of the growth of

C. the damage to or the slowness of the growth of

D. damaged or slowed growth of

E. damaging or slowing the growth of

 

1.       平行结构：（一级排除A,B）

逻辑意思平行放在第一位；抽象名词和具体名词不能对应。A.  the growth 和 forest 不平行

形式平行要仔细考虑，不是光看到有
                –ing 或者
                –ed 就可以。。

 

2.       词法：（二级排除C,D）

用 in doing sth 来表达在什么方面做某事，类似的结构多次出现

ETS非常喜欢的一个结构：用 in doing sth 来表达在什么方面做某事，类似的结构多次出现

 

3.       动词和名词的区别.

名词常常表达意思不准确且wordy,动作有执行对象，常常表达的比较准确。

 

4.       逻辑意思：

介词+ v+ ed + 名词 , 过去分词是形容词性，重点放在后面的名词上了；

介词+V+ing + n. 重点强调前面的动名词

记住e正确答案中这样的并列是允许的（看意思，不要仅仅停留的表面形式上）

in slowing the growth of forests and damaging the growth of forests

 

elinaqu

54. Galileo was convinced that natural phenomena, as manifestations of the laws of physics, would appear the same to someone on the deck of a ship moving smoothly and uniformly through the water as a person standing on land.

A. water as a

B. water as to a

C. water; just as it would to a

D. water, as it would to the 

E. water; just as to the

 

1.       平行结构;
            ：（一级排除A,C,D,E）

 the same to X as to Y ; 形式平行；
            对象范围的平行： someone / a person 泛指
            对
            泛指； someone / the person 不平行。

2. 代词：
            代词指代的单复数平行

3.分号：
            分号后面需要是完整的句子。

4.冠词
                a/ the
                

elinaqu

以下是引用yukee820在2007-8-11 0:21:00的发言：

楼主总结的真好!!!加油!

我就跟着你的进度复习了! 谢谢

谢谢mm。欢迎补充，加油

elinaqu

以下是引用gyan在2007-8-11 0:36:00的发言：

为啥不总结OG11呢？OG10不是很老的题？

我个人觉得OG10的语法解释好一些，而且不会的题可以找到nn门的讨论贴

elinaqu

 

55. A recent study has found that within the past few years, many doctors had elected early retirement rather than face the threats of lawsuits and the rising costs of malpractice insurance.

(A)  had elected early retirement rather than face

(B)  had elected early retirement instead of facing

(C)  have elected retiring early instead of facing

(D)  have elected to retire early rather than facing

(E)   have elected to retire early rather than face

 

1．
            时态：（一级排除A,B,C）

within the past years 做状语表示从过去持续到现在的动作，主句的时态要用完成时。
            已经完成的动作用完成时态不能还继续表示进行时态的意思。注意和现在完成进行时态区分。
            主要从逻辑意思进行区别：已经选择一个东东, 不是已经选择一个动作

C is faulty because have elected, which is correct in tense, cannot idiomatically be followed by a

participle such as retiring .this is very important. It means we cannot both finish sth and at the same time, identify this same sth as ongoing….

 

1.       平行结构：（二级排除D）
                

名词/ 动词 / 分词
            不能并列

2.       优先结构：
                

rather than > instead of

 

 

elinaqu

56. Architects and stonemasons, huge palace and temple clusters were built by the Maya without benefit of the wheel or animal transport.

A.      huge palace and temple clusters were built by the Maya without benefit of the wheel or animal transport

B.      without the benefits of animal transport or the wheel, huge palace and temple clusters were built by the Maya

C.      the Maya built huge palace and temple clusters without the benefit of animal transport or the wheel

D.     there were built, without the benefit of the wheel or animal transport, huge palace and temple clusters by the Maya

E.      were the Maya who, without the benefit of the wheel or animal transport, built huge palace and temple clusters

 

1.       同位语结构：(一级排除A,B,D）

逻辑对象要对应；
            是GMAT 的优选结构。主语和谓语之间, 除非是插入语, 不能加逗号.

 

2.       平行结构：(二级排除E）

系表结构的对应Architects and stonemasons, were the Maya ; 泛指
            对
            特指
            不对

E is awkwardly phrased and produces a sentence fragment, because the appositive noun phrase Architects and stonemasons cannot serve as the subject of were the Maya. è主语和谓语之间, 除非是插入语, 不能加逗号.

主语, 插入语, 谓语.

主语, 介词短语, 分词短语, 定语从句, 谓语.

同位语, 主语谓语.

 

E即使没有语法错误，也不能选，因为它 awkward; 这就是gmat的精髓。（简洁，清晰）然而, 造成E awkward的原因是:,without the benefit of …. 是修饰动词的, 放在主谓之间, 不好, 要放在谓语的后面, 或者句首. 谓语动词象一座山

某人是作…..的某人=è这样的描述没有直接说:  某人作某事
            来得流畅清楚.

 

3.       被动语态要避免。

4.       简洁

 

elinaqu

57. In astronomy the term "red shift" denotes the extent to which light from a distant galaxy has been shifted toward the red, or long-wave, end of the light spec­trum by the rapid motion of the galaxy away from the Earth.

(A)  to which light from a distant galaxy has been shifted

(B)   to which light from a distant galaxy has shifted

(C)  that light from a distant galaxy has been shifted

(D)  of light from a distant galaxy shifting

(E)   of the shift of light from a distant galaxy

 

1.被动语态：(一级排除B,D,E）

 有 by …. 是被动语态的标志。
                

所有的选项都受到 by the rapid motion of the galaxy away from the earth. 的影响。
                    

 

2. 习语：(二级排除C）

denote the extent to …

In C, the construction the extent that light is ungrammatical; denotes the extent must be completed by to which.
            

 

elinaqu

58. William H. Johnson's artistic debt to Scandinavia is evident in paintings that range from sensitive portraits of citizens in his wife's Danish home, Kerteminde, and awe-inspiring views of fjords and mountain peaks in the western and northern regions of Norway.

(A)   and

(B)   to

(C)   and to

(D)  with

(E)   in addition to

1.       习语：一级排除A, C,D,E）

range from X to Y

is evident in paintings 在…方面明显