OG10语法268题及GWD22语法总结日记，监督自己并欢迎大家多给意见

elinaqu

77. Though the term "graphic design" may suggest laying out corporate brochures and annual reports, they have come to signify widely ranging work, from package designs and company logotypes to signs, book jackets, computer graphics, and film titles.

(A)  suggest laying out corporate brochures and annual reports, they have come to signify widely ranging

(B)   suggest laying out corporate brochures and annual reports, it has come to signify a wide range of

(C)  suggest corporate brochure and annual report layout, it has signified widely ranging

(D)  have suggested corporate brochure and annual report layout, it has signified a wide range of

(E)   have suggested laying out corporate brochures and annual reports, they have come to signify widely ranging

 

1. 代词.单复数一致一级排除A,E

term / they

2.平行结构二级排除C,D

laying out corporate brochures and annual reports〉corporate brochure and annual report layout

意思平行： A suggest B ， A/B 意思上要平行。
                Design 是动词后面要对应动词laying…

☆suggest 可以用动名词做宾语，但不能跟不定式。

☆lay out

v.摆开, 展示, 布置, 安排, 投资

 

3.a wide range of / widely ranging
                

widely ranging is imprecise: graphic design work does not range about widely but rather comprises a wide range of activities

4.时态：
                

has come to 表示的是一个ongoing 的动作，不是结束的状态。

所谓的语感：design 是个动作性的名词，对应一个动作 laying out 更恰当一些。

（对应回忆一下涂口红那到题，总体上要有这个感觉。

正确选项的时态搭配感觉表达的意思也更准确。

 

elinaqu

78. The root systems of most flowering perennials either become too crowded, which results in loss in vigor, and spread too far outward, producing a bare center.

(A)  which results in loss in vigor, and spread

(B)   resulting in loss in vigor, or spreading

(C)  with the result of loss of vigor, or spreading

(D)  resulting in loss of vigor, or spread

(E)   with a resulting loss of vigor, and spread

 

1.
            平行结构：一级排除A,B,C,E

either …. or 固定搭配且前后平行

2．
            定语从句：
            

which 只能指向前面的名词，分词修饰前面的动作表示伴随

elinaqu

79. George Sand (Aurore Lucile Dupin) was one of the first European writers to consider the rural poor to be legitimate subjects for literature and portray these with sympathy and respect in her novels.

(A)  to be legitimate subjects for literature and portray these

(B)   should be legitimate subjects for literature: portray these

(C)  as being legitimate subjects for literature an portraying them

(D)  as if they were legitimate subjects for literal; and portray them

(E)   legitimate subjects for literature and to portray them

 

1.       平行结构：一级排除A,B,C,D 

不定式
            只能
            和
            不定式平行

如果这里用portray,看作省略to对不对阿？？Only E has to portray, although not essential, to underscores the parallelism of portray and consider

 

2．
            代词指代：  一级排除A,B,

these/ them ==》 them 指代人（poor/people）

Moreover, A and B incorrectly use these rather than them as the pronoun referring to the poor (由此可见poor和people差不多，是个集合名词).

Poor/  n.usage: used with a pl. verb

Eg. People with little or no wealth and possessions considered as a group:

Eg. The urban poor are in need of homes.

 

3. 词法：     consider + n. +n.

When the verb consider is used to mean "regard" or "deem," it can be used more economically without the to be of choice A;(在简洁的问题上是要能经济尽量经济) should be in choice B, as being in choice C, and as if in choice D are used unidiomatically with this sense of consider,

elinaqu

80. Salt deposits and moisture threaten to destroy the Mohenjo-Daro excavation in Pakistan, the site of an ancient civilization that flourished at the same time as the civilizations in the Nile delta and the river valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates.

(A)  that flourished at the same time as the civilizations

(B)  that had flourished at the same time as had the civilizations

(C)  that flourished at the same time those had

(D)  flourishing at the same time as those did

(E)   flourishing at the same time as those were

 

1.       比较结构：一级排除D,E 

比较的时候，尽量把比较放在一个句子中进行（哪怕是个定语从句），也不要在分词短语中，ets认为这样的比较有缺陷

2. 代词： those一级排除C,D,E 

In choices C, D, and E, the plural pronoun those has no plural noun to which it can refer.

没有歧义的时候补出动词多余，尤其在这儿，因为后边还有一堆介词短语，就更加显的笨拙，

1．  时态：二级排除B, 

At the same time asè明确是个一般过去的时间!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

过去完成时态一定要有一个过去时态的动词，并且完成时态发生在过去时态动作之前。

Choice A, the best answer, uses the simple past tense flourished to describe civilizations existing simultaneously in the past.

Choice B wrongly uses the past perfect had flourished; past perfect tense indicates action that was completed prior to some other event described in the simple past tense: for example, "Mayan civilization had ceased to exist by the time Europeans first reached the Americas." è在此题里面没有过去完成时态的时间参照点è过去完成时态就这个一招: 要明确出现一般过去时态的动词

 

His studies of ice-polished rocks in his Alpine homeland, far outside the range of present-day glaciers, led Louis Agassiz in 1837 to propose the concept of an age in which great ice sheets had existed in now currently temperate areas.

(A) in which great ice sheets had existed in now currently temperate areas

(B) in which great ice sheets existed in what are now temperate areas

(C) when great ice sheets existed where there were areas now temperate

(D) when great ice sheets had existed in current temperate areas（B）

(E) when great ice sheets existed in areas now that are temperate  

elinaqu

81. In 1973 mortgage payments represented twenty-one percent of an average thirty-year-old male's income; and forty-four percent in 1984.

(A)  income; and forty-four percent in 1984

(B)   income; in 1984 the figure was forty-four percent

(C)  income, and in 1984 forty-four percent（不能太省略了，这句在托福中也是错话，根本不是一个句子）

(D)  income, forty-four percent in 1984 was the figure

(E)   income that rose to forty-four percent in 1984

1 句子完整性：一级排除A,C,D,

分号后面必须是完整的句子；逗号后面必须是从句/主句或者是带连词的并列句，不能两个主句并列。And,和分号后要是句子

To establish the clearest comparison between circumstances in 1973 and those in 1984, a separate clause is needed to describe each year. Choices A and C, in failing to use separate clauses, are too elliptical（太省略了---不能乱省略） and therefore unclear. C造成的歧义：1984年44%的这个数目是谁和谁比出来的？也就是说是1973年的抵押数目和1984年的收入相比得到的还是1984年的抵押数目和1984年的数目相比得到的，并不清楚，也就是有歧义。

2修饰：二级排除E,

定语从句that 修饰其前面的名词，注意是否和句子的意思符合In choice E, that refers illogically to income, thereby producing the misstatement that income rather than mortgage payments rose to forty-four percent in 1984.

3．
                 时间状语的位置不能随便放，一般放在句首/末
            或者动词后面；
            如果放在动词的前面，插在主谓之间很容易造成歧义。

do not put time between the subject and the verb!!!!!!!!!.         

4．
            比较结构：
            比较的对象要清晰；补出the figure 通常是正确答案。

elinaqu

82. In contrast to large steel plants that take iron ore through all the steps needed to produce several different kinds of steel, processing steel scrap into a specialized group of products has enabled small mills to put capital into new technology and remain economically viable.

(A)  processing steel scrap into a specialized group of products has enabled small mills to put capital into new technology and remain

(B)  processing steel scrap into a specialized group of products has enabled small mills to put capital into new technology, remaining

(C)  the processing of steel scrap into a specialized group of products has enabled small mills to put capital into new technology, remaining

(D)  small mills, by processing steel scrap into a specialized group of products, have been able to put capital into new technology and remain（看懂意思，知道
                put 和remain并列）

(E)   small mills, by processing steel scrap into a specialized group of products, have been able to put capital into new technology and remained

1. 比较结构：一级排除A,B,C,

In contrast to A …. B ;   A / B  要对等，

large steel plants / small mills  

2. 平行结构：二级排除E

首先从逻辑意思上判断到底谁和谁平行==》 and 能表示前后的逻辑因果关系，此处用 remain 和 put 的
            平行更加合理。

3. 分词结构： remaining 表示伴随动作，但是在前面有多个动词的时候，容易造成歧义。

elinaqu

83. Any medical test will sometimes fail to detect a condition when it is present and indicate that there is one when it is not.

A.      a condition when it is present and indicate that there is one

B.      when a condition is present and indicate that there is one

C.      a condition when it is present and indicate that it is present

D.     when a condition is present and indicate its presence

E.      the presence of a condition when it is there and indicate its presence

 

1.       代词指代：一级排除A,E

In choices A and B, the phrase indicate that there . is one does not grammatically fit with when it is not because it has no referent

关于代词的指代问题，我想下面几点是明确的：
                

1) 并无就近指代的规则，如果看到代词就将其等同于前面最靠近它的、在数上与其一致的名词，肯定是错误的。不仅如此，我们也不应该以就近指代的思路想问题；
                

2) 从句中的做主语的代词优先指代主句主语。这是ETS认可的规则。但注意是“优先”，不是“永远”，否则下面的句子就无法解释了；
                

12. The Olympic Games helped to keep peace among the pugnacious states of the Greek world in that a sacred truce was proclaimed during the festival’s month.

(A) world in that a sacred truce was proclaimed during the festival’s month

(B) world, proclaiming a sacred truce during the festival’s month

(C) world when they proclaimed a sacred truce for the festival month

(D) world, for a sacred truce was proclaimed during the month of the festival

(E) world by proclamation of a sacred truce that was for the month of the festival

3) 逻辑判定是无比重要的。如果“优先指代”使得句子不通，则需要通过逻辑来判定其指代的对象。当然，这也适合于没有“优先指代”规则可用的情况；
                

4) 我们不应该试图寻找（实际上也不存在）一条简单的、适用任何情况的通则来判定代词的指代对象。正因为如此，代词的指代问题才具有挑战性，代词指代才能成为ETS喜欢的考点。如果一条简单规则就可以搞定所有题目，那还有考的必要与价值吗？

 

2逻辑意思的合理性二级排除B,D

 

 

 

elinaqu

84. One legacy of Madison Avenue's recent campaign to appeal to people fifty years old and over is the realization that as a person ages. their concerns change as well.

(A)  the realization that as a person ages, their1

(B)   the realization that as people age, their

(C)  to realize that when a person ages, his or her

(D)  to realize that when people age, their

(E)   realizing that as people age, their

 

1.平行结构：一级排除C,D,E
                

A is B    A/B 要平行。
                One legacy is + n.

Choices C, D, and E can be faulted for failing to complete the construction One legacy ... is with a noun that matches the noun legacy; these choices use verb forms--the infinitive to realize or the present participle realizing--in place of a noun such as realization (be动词前后要求并列).

1.       单复数一致：二级排除A, 

people / a person /their

In choice A, the plural pronoun their does not agree in number with the singular noun person.

3.词法： as / when , 表示一段时间，持续变化的用as , when 表示时间点。

 动词对应的名词强调动作的结果和完整的过程；
            动名词强调的是动作的过程，表明动作的持续发生。

Further, when in C and D is less precise than as in characterizing a prolonged and gradual process such as aging(体会其中意思的细微差异).

When当某时, at a time of …都是某个具体的点的时间

As表示一个过程的时间, 一段时间:

参考og69. as an adolescent

astroboy9

顶！！请问楼主什么时候考？？

elinaqu

我9月21日考，你呢？