OG10语法268题及GWD22语法总结日记，监督自己并欢迎大家多给意见

elinaqu

104. The diet of the ordinary Greek in classical times was largely vegetarian--vegetables, fresh cheese, oatmeal, and meal cakes, and meat rarely.

(A)  and meat rarely

(B)   and meat was rare

(C)  with meat as rare

(D)  meat a rarity

(E)   with meat as a rarity

1平行结构：一级排除 A B D
                

the best answer must logically and grammatically attach to the main clause when the list is omitted (首先从结构上判断). Choice A fails this test: The diet. . . was largely vegetarian, and meat rarely. D fails also, because it lacks a function word such as with to link it to the main clause.

 

当后面的成分不是和这些并列的时候，就必须用其他的词讲后面的成分和他们分离开来。

看题目里面的并列

多重并列的最后一重前面才能接and

那么并列成分到and meal cakes就结束了, 排除A,一旦是非并列的内容, 就不能用并列的连词
            例如and, 而且必须用别的词把这个东东和其他那个系列里面并列的内容分开!!!!

2 词法：二级排除C     as + n.     rare 是 adj.

 rare 是形容词而且有歧义 ==》排除C

Choice C is unidiomatic. rare 形容词!!! 1. 少的. 2. 生的

The wording of choice B is imprecise and ambiguous--for example, it could mean that meat was scarce, or that it was not well done or medium. 歧义

elinaqu

105. An inventory equal to 90 days sales is as much as even the strongest businesses carry, and then only as a way to anticipate higher prices or ensure against shortages.

(A)  as much as even

(B)   so much as even

(C)  even so much as

(D)  even as much that

(E)   even so much that

1. 比较结构：一级排除 B C
                

   as … as / so… as 只能用在否定句；as … as  都可以。不能改成 as / so … that

2修饰：二级排除 C D E

even 的
            位置
                

In choices C, D, and E, even is misplaced so that it no longer clearly modifies the strongest businesses (修饰副词的位置要紧密和意思联系在一起)

 副词修饰的位置不能随便更改。
                Even /almost / first/only

As much as even the strongest….even修饰的是后面的东东, 同as much as 没有关系了,   甚至最N的商家都…

Even as much as the strongest…even修饰的是 as much as   甚至和最N的商家一样

Even, almost, first, only……等等都是修饰什么放在什么前面

elinaqu

以下是引用phoebelulu在2007-8-23 10:53:00的发言：
elina加油！这帖子一定会成为超级经典贴！

hehe,谢谢，你复习得怎么样了啊？

elinaqu

106. The decision by one of the nation's largest banks to admit to $3 billion in potential losses on foreign loans could mean less lending by commercial banks to developing countries and increasing the pressure on multigovernment lenders to supply the funds.

(A)  increasing the pressure

(B)   the increasing pressure

(C)  increased pressure

(D)  the pressure increased

(E)   the pressure increasing

1平行结构：一级排除 A D E

从意思上分析平行结构：
            都是 adj.+n. 的结构
            ；
                

The best answer will complete the phrase could mean less lending with a construction that is parallel to less lending. Here less is an adjective modifying lending, which functions as a noun in naming a banking activity.

C, the best choice, parallels this adjective + noun construction with increased [adjective] pressure [noun]. (并列的感觉随时要有，提高警惕，搞定一踢死)

Choice A violates parallelism by introducing a phrase in place of the adjective + noun construction. 分词结构

Choices D and E also fail to parallel the adjective + noun construction.

2 分词：  一级排除
                B  

现在分词表示的持续进行的动作；
            过去分词表示的是已经完成动作的结果。

and increasing implies without warrant that the increase has been continuing for some indefinite period of time, not that it occurs as a consequence of the bank's decision.(过去分词表结果)

3 定冠词 the  需要前面有集合性的名词。

In choice B, the definite article the needlessly suggests that some previously mentioned type of pressure is being referred to,

elinaqu

107. Downzoning, zoning that typically results in the reduction of housing density, allows for more open space in areas where little water or services exist.

(A)  little water or services exist

(B)   little water or services exists

(C)  few services and little water exists

(D)  there is little water or services available

(E)   there are few services and little available water

 

1单复数/主谓一致：排除 A B C,D
                

little + 不可数water， fewer + 可数
                services；
                

主谓一致，复合主语的谓语要用复数,所以exists 错

elinaqu

108. Reporting that one of its many problems had been the recent extended sales slump in women's apparel, the seven-store retailer said it would start a three-month liquidation sale in all of its stores.

(A)  its many problems had been the recent

(B)   its many problems has been the recently

(C)  its many problems is the recently

(D)  their many problems is the recent

(E)   their many problems had been the recent

1代词：
            代词数的一致  排除D E

the singular pronoun its agrees in number with the singular noun referent retailer

In choices D and E, the plural pronoun their does not agree with the singular noun retailer.

Slump  经济不景气时期，萧条时期

2时态：排除 B C

 分析合理的时态：
            过去完成时用在有明确的过去时间点上。

the past perfect verb form had been is used appropriately to refer to action com­pleted prior to the action of the simple past tense said'

3词法：

 形容词
            和
            副词不能随便改变。

the adjective recent correctly modifies the noun phrase extended sales slump.
                

The adverb recently in choices B and C distorts the meaning of the sentence by illogically suggesting that what was recent was only the extension of the slump, and not the slump itself (仔细体会，练成正确的感觉)一种是最近发生销售低谷, 这个低谷有段时间了，
            一种是一直有销售低谷, 最近延长了

出现过的有:separate, required courses

1.      Severe and increasing numerous critics are pointing to deficiencies in the British legal system, deficiencies that seem to deny a proper defense to many clients who are charged with crimes.

(A) Severe and increasing numerous critics are pointing to deficiencies in the British legal system, deficiencies that seem

(B) Severe and increasing numerous critics point to deficiencies in the British legal system, deficiencies seeming

(C) Severe and increasingly numerous critics are pointing to deficiencies in the British legal system that seem

(D) Severely and increasingly numerous critics point to deficiencies in the British legal system seeming（C）

(E) Severely and increasingly numerous critics are pointing to deficiencies in the British legal system that seem

elinaqu

109. Legislation in the Canadian province of Ontario requires of both public and private employers that pay be the same for jobs historically held by women as for jobs requiring comparable skill that are usually held by men.

(A)  that pay be the same for jobs historically held by women as for jobs requiring comparable skill that are

(B)  that pay for jobs historically held by women should be the same as for a job requiring comparable skills

(C)  to pay the same in jobs historically held by women as in jobs of comparable skill that are

(D)  to pay the same regardless of whether a job was historically held by women or is one demanding comparable skills

(E)   to pay as much for jobs historically held by women as for a job demanding comparable skills

1单复数
            一级排除B,D,E

jobs / a job

In choice B, should is illogical after requires, or at least unnecessary, and so is better omitted; in choices B and E, job does not agree in number with jobs（尤其要注意，在并列中，单复数也要对应，一致）
                ;

2简洁一级排除D,

In D, the phrase beginning regardless ... is awkward and wordy in addition to being illogical.

3词法   二级排除B,C,D
                

require

Require somebody to do sth

Require of somebody that…/that 从句形式比不定式结构简洁

require sb. To do sth. / require that / require of sb. That  è
            注意require 带的从句里面不能用should

require 的用法。(OG 109, 138,181,227）

require of sb. that 

require sb. to do sth. 

require sth. of sb.

require that X be Y ( 当require,wish等词用于虚拟语气,表示某个愿望或者某人行为要求,用此格式）

即：wish/require that X be Y ( correct)

wish/require that X should be Y ( incorrect)

wish/require that X is Y ( incorrect)

4修饰

in choices B, D, and E, the wording illogically describes the comparable skills rather than the jobs as being "usually held by men." （用定语从句多重修饰就没问题, 因为主谓一致的数的要求）这里的that are可是不能省略的!!!

分词要修饰它紧跟的那个词/用定语从句多重修饰就没问题, 因为主谓一致的数的要求；可以根据单复数判断前面的修饰中心词

5 in/for
                

In C, the use of in rather than for is unidiomatic, and jobs of comparable skill confusedly suggests that the jobs rather than the workers possess the skills (仔细体会表大意思的细微差别，这大概就是所谓的语感吧).

elinaqu

1110. It has been estimated that the annual cost to the United States of illiteracy in lost industrial output and tax revenues is at least $20 billion a year.

(A)  the annual cost to the United States of illiteracy in lost industrial output and tax revenues is at least $20 billion a year

(B)   the annual cost of illiteracy to the United States is at least $20 billion a year because of lost industrial output and tax revenues

(C)  illiteracy costs the United States at least $20 billion a year in lost industrial output and tax revenues

(D)  $20 billion a year in lost industrial output and tax revenues is the annual cost to the United States of illiteracy

(E)   lost industrial output and tax revenues cost the United States at least $20 billion a year because of illiteracy

1简洁一级排除A,B,D,

annual / a year In choices A, B, and D, the combined use of annual and a year is redundant.

 

2.修饰： cost of … 的核心词应该越近越好。

Choices A, D, and E are awkward and confused because other constructions intrude within the phrase cost... of illiteracy: for greatest clarity, cost should be followed immediately by a phrase (e.g., of illiteracy ) that identifies the nature of the cost(of 连接的是核心本质，应该和核心词离的越近越好).

Because of sth, sth是原因, 这里的lost industrial output and tax revenues其实是结果

3 介词： in / because of  in 比 because of 要好。

在什么方面怎么着用 in…… 来表达比较好

increase/decrease/decline/rise/change in sthè sth是前面那个词的真是组成成分

4句子意思：二级排除E
                

要分清楚动词的发出者合理
                

 

还是有点分不清C 和E ？？？

elinaqu

111. Egyptians are credited as having pioneered embalming methods as long ago as 2650 B.C.

(A)  as having

(B)   with having

(C)  to have

(D)  as the ones who

(E)   for being the ones who

1习语：一级排除A,C,D,E

be credited with doing sth. / regard as… / believe to ….

 

credit 的用法。(OG 111, 226）

--V. credit sb./sth. with doing sth. 认为。。。具有/认为（某人）。。能够/把。。。归因于

--N. give credit to...for..doing相信，信任

elinaqu

112. Domestic automobile manufacturers have invested millions of dollars into research to develop cars more gasoline-efficient even than presently on the road.

(A)  into research to develop cars more gasoline-efficient even than presently on the road

(B)   into research for developing even more gasoline-efficient cars on the road than at present

(C)  for research for cars to be developed that are more gasoline-efficient even than presently the road

(D)  in research to develop cars even more gasoline-efficient than those at present on the road

(E)   in research for developing cars that are even more gasoline-efficient than presently on the road

1平行结构：一级排除A,B,C,E

从意思上理解比较的对象平行, 比较对象只有D有. 其他几个都没有

 

2不定式表示目的一级排除B,C,E

Choices B, C, and E all use research for [verb] where the idiom requires research to [verb](动作目的用不定式表达). 能用动词就不要用名词形式

3修饰：
                

cars even more gasoline-efficient / even more gasoline-efficient cars è後一个容易造成歧义。

In B, the misuse of modifying phrases produces an ambiguous and awkward statement: even more gasoline-efficient cars could refer either to more cars that are efficient or to cars that are more efficient(修饰歧义).

 og225 a sizeable wolf population有歧义, 可能是大型的狼, 也可能是大群的狼!

修饰一个名词的时候, 修饰语尽量放在后面è英文的习惯, 把明确的东东先说出来, 再说修饰语

最典型就是定语从句放在被修饰的名词的后面, 同位语, 同位语

英文说: Someone, “头衔”, does sth. =èthe opposite to CHINESE