OG10语法268题及GWD22语法总结日记，监督自己并欢迎大家多给意见

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139. The extraordinary diary of William Lyon Mackenzie King, prime minister of Canada for over twenty years, revealed that this most bland and circumspect of men was a mystic guided in both public and private life by omens, messages received at seances, and signs from heaven.

(A)  that this most bland and circumspect of men was a mystic guided in both public and

(B)  that this most bland and circumspect of men was a mystic and also guided both in public as well as

(C)  this most bland and circumspect of men was a mystic and that he was guided in both public and

(D)  this most bland and circumspect of men was a mystic and that he was guided in both public as well as

(E)   this most bland and circumspect of men to have been a mystic and that he guided himself both in public as well as

1宾语从句that不能省略
            一级排除C,D,E,

 

2词法 both…and
            二级排除B

Choice B ungrammatically uses and also to link the noun mystic and the past participle guided.(这两个东西是不能并列的)

名词和过去分词不能并列, 因为过去分词=形容词

过去分词和现在分词可以并列

mystic

 n.

One who practices or believes in mysticism or a given form of mysticism:

 神秘主义者，神秘家实行或相信神秘主义或其特定形式的人：

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140. Declining values for farm equipment and land, the collateral against which farmers borrow to get through the harvest season, is going to force many lenders to tighten or deny credit this spring.

(A)  the collateral against which farmers borrow to get through the harvest season, is

(B)  which farmers use as collateral to borrow against to get through the harvest season, is

(C)  the collateral which is borrowed against by farmers to get through the harvest season, is

(D)  which farmers use as collateral to borrow against to get through the harvest season, are

(E)   the collateral against which farmers borrow to get through the harvest season, are

 

1主谓一致
            一级排除A,B,C

In choices A, B, and C, the singular verb is does not agree with values, the subject of the sentence.

 

2简洁两个不定式连用
            二级排除 D

Choices B, C, and D use awkward and wordy expressions. In B and D, the expres­sion use as collateral to borrow against to get through... awkwardly juxtaposes two infinitives两个不定式放在一起笨拙）and is unnecessarily redundant, since use as collateral and borrow against have the same meaning.(又是一个意思重复)

 

Choice C presents the wordy expression the collateral which is borrowed against by farmers to get through..., in which the passive verb creates an awkward and confusing construction. Choice E, the best answer, succinctly and clearly identifies the Declining values as the collateral against which farmers borrow(重要) and correctly uses the plural verb are.

Collateral

n

抵押品；担保物

adj.

并行的，
            并联的，
            平［并］行的

附属的，
            次要的，
            第二位的，
            副的

侧面的，
            旁边的，
            旁系的；
            间接的

附属担保的

 

为什么不是D, which 从句不是更好吗？？？？从句和短语修饰的问题

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141. Unlike transplants between identical twins, whose genetic endowment is the same, all patients receiving hearts or other organs must take antirejection drugs for the rest of their lives.

(A)  Unlike transplants between identical twins, whose genetic endowment is the same

(B)  Besides transplants involving identical twins with the same genetic endowment

(C)  Unless the transplant involves identical twins , who have the same genetic endowment

(D)  Aside from a transplant between identical twins with the same genetic endowment

(E)   Other than transplants between identical twins, whose genetic endowment is the same

 

1比较中的逻辑意思  一级排除 A,B, D, E

In A and B, the phrases beginning Unlike... and Besides... modify patients, the subject of the main clause; thus A absurdly states that Unlike transplants ..., patients... must take ... drugs, and B that all patients except for transplants... must take ... drugs.

In B and D the expression identical twins with the same genetic endowment wrongly suggests that only some identical twin pairs are genetically identical (逻辑意思表达的准确性).

 

A b d e 几个答案都有这个问题，除了移植。。。病人。。。
            这种毛病，只有c用条件从句来说明除非怎么样，最恰当。

D 中identical twins with the same genetic endowment 说有相同排列的除外，就是说还有一些idetical twins 没有相同的基因排列，而c 中用who 来进一步说明，是非限定的定于从句。

由此可见，介词短语修饰和定语从句修饰的区别: 限定性定语和非限定性定语的区别就在于整体和局部的关系—

现在分词和that定语从句的区别恰恰就是: 限定和非限定定语的区别；with属于限定定语。

 

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142. In one of the most stunning reversals in the history of marketing, the Coca-Cola company in July 1985 yielded to thousands of irate consumers demanding that it should bring back the original Coke formula.

(A)  demanding that it should

(B)   demanding it to

(C)  and their demand to

(D)  who demanded that it

(E)   who demanded it to

 

1词法demand的用法
            一级排除 A,B, C, E

Choice D, the best answer, uses the grammatically correct expression demanded that it bring back, in which demanded that it is followed by the subjunctive verb bring.
                

Choice A incorrectly uses should bring rather than bring: demanding that already conveys the idea of "should," and at any rate a modal auxiliary verb, such as should or must, cannot gram­matically follow the expression demanded that (一种简洁原则).

两个简洁原则: demand that

后面的should不简洁, 必须省略

demand that 比demand to 简洁
                require that/ require to do 都是动词的宾语从句that从句简洁

Similarly, B and E use the ungrammatical expression demanding/demanded it to.

2逻辑意思

In C, the expression yielded to... customers and their demand to bring... unnecessarily states that the company yielded to the customers as well as to their demand.

This expression also fails to specify that the company is expected to bring back the original formula.(逻辑意思表达的准确性，另外，从并列的角度考虑，把人和要求并列也不妥当)

 

体会区别: 三个表示限制修饰的形式

thousands of irate consumers demanding that  （现在分词-限定
            ）

thousands of irate consumers with the demand that (with介词短语
                –限定)

thousands of irate consumers who demanded that   （定语从句
                – 非限定）

介词短语修饰和定语从句修饰的区别: 限定性定语和非限定性定语的区别就在于整体和局部的关系—

现在分词和that定语从句的区别恰恰就是: 限定和非限定定语的区别；with属于限定定语。

 

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143. Recently discovered fossil remains strongly suggest that the Australian egg-laying mammals of today are a branch of the main stem of mammalian evolu­tion rather than developing independently from a common ancestor of mammals more than 220 mil­lion years ago.

(A)  rather than developing independently from

(B)   rather than a type that developed independently from

(C)  rather than a type whose development was independent of

(D)  instead of developing independently from

(E)   instead of a development that was indepen­dent of

1比较rather than/instead of
            前后的平行
            一级排除 A,D

... are a branch... rather than a type

2逻辑意思  二级排除 C,E

In C, the expres­sion a type whose development was independent of a common ancestor states the opposite of the original point_that the type of mammal mentioned was thought to have developed independently of the main stem of mammalian evolution, but still to have descended from a common ancestor(两句话表达的意思完全不同，区别在于是不是同一个祖先). Choice E repeats the error of C, further straying from the intended meaning by referring to the type as a development.

 

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144. Efforts to equalize the funds available to school districts, a major goal of education reformers and many states in the 1970's, has not significantly reduced the gaps existing between the richest and poorest districts.

(A)  has not significantly reduced the gaps existing

(B)  has not been significant in reducing the gap that exists

(C)  has not made a significant reduction in the gap that exists

(D)  have not significantly reduced the gap that exists

(E)   have not been significant in a reduction of the gaps existing

 

1主谓一致一级排除 A,B.C

has does not agree with the plural subject of the sentence, Efforts

2逻辑意思的准确  二级排除
                E

Choice E uses a similarly wordy expression that changes the meaning of the sentence, stating not that the efforts have significantly reduced the gap but that they failed to play a significant role in some already-existing reduction of several gaps.(逻辑意思表达的准确性)

3 that exists 和 existing的区别？？？

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145. Most state constitutions now mandate that the state budget be balanced each year.

(A)  mandate that the state budget be balanced

(B)  mandate the state budget to be balanced

(C)  mandate that the state budget will be balanced

(D)  have a mandate for a balanced state budget

(E)   have a mandate to balance the state budget

 

1词法一级排除
                B.C,D,E

mandate意思为动词强制的时候，必须跟that从句用虚拟语气。

When mandate is used as a verb to mean "make it mandatory,' it must be followed by that and a verb in the subjunctive mood, as in A, the best answer: mandate that x be balanced.

 

Choice B uses the ungrammatical mandate x to be balanced. Mandate/demand不能加
                to do

Choice C inappropriately uses the future indicative, will be, rather than the subjunctive.

Choices D and E use wordy and imprecise expressions in place of the verb mandate: neither have a mandate for a balanced... budget nor have a mandate to balance the ... budget makes clear that the requirement is made by the constitution(名词不能表示动作的发出者
            不清晰).

 

D中的for 介词短语，不能限定后面的each year是在介短内，还是介短外；所以，会有两种看法，

1、have a mandate （ for a balanced state budget） each year；

2、have a mandate（ for a balanced state budget each year）

E答案中的to是不定式，do1 to do2 each year，我个人认为，each year作为副词是就近修do2的。

E应该没有这问题，have a mandate to balance the state budget each year，很明显，each year 是用来修to balance 的；如果它想修mandate不能放在这个位置，要改为：have, each year, a mandate to balance the state budget.

It is also unclear in D whether each year refers to the mandating or the balancing.

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146. A patient accusing a doctor of malpractice will find it difficult to prove damage if there is a lack of some other doctor to testify about proper medical proce­dures.

(A)  if there is a lack of some other doctor to testify

(B)   unless there will be another doctor to testify

(C)  without another doctor's testimony

(D)  should there be no testimony from some other doctor

(E)   lacking another doctor to testify

1.句子结构
            一级排除B

If条件从句用一般现在时x will do y if z does p

Choice B incorrectly uses a future-tense verb (will be) in the if clause;

the if clause must use the present tense if it is preceded, as here, by a result clause that uses a future-tense verb (e.g., will find).

 

2简洁
            二级排除A,D

Choices A and D are plagued by awkwardness and wordiness. Choice A also introduces the unidiomatic phrase lack of some other doctor(托福错误).

Some other doctor某个医生

3逻辑意思  三级排除 E

Choice E introduces a dangling modifier: the lacking ... phrase cannot logically modify damage, the nearest noun.

 

做SC的时候，一定要注意划线部分和未划线部分的联络，这是整体把握最主要的。本题用划线后的about基本上马上就可以选出答案。

Testify against

Testify to

Testify that

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147. Samuel Sewall viewed marriage, as other seventeenth-century colonists, like a property arrangement rather than an emotional bond based on romantic love.

(A)  Samuel Sewall viewed marriage, as other seventeenth-century colonists, like a property arrangement rather than

(B)   As did other seventeenth-century colonists, Samuel Sewall viewed marriage to be a prop­erty arrangement rather than viewing it as

(C)  Samuel Sewall viewed marriage to be a property arrangement, like other seventeenth-century colonists, rather than viewing it as

(D)  Marriage to Samuel Sewall, like other seventeenth-century colonists, was viewed as a property arrangement rather than

(E)   Samuel Sewall, like other seventeenth-century colonists, viewed marriage as a property arrangement rather than

1词法
            一级排除 A,B,C

view …as 对

view… to be 错

view …like 错
                

2逻辑意思
            二级排除 D

D offers a confusing and awkward passive construction marriage to. Samuel Sewall... was viewed....

 

In E, the best choice, a modifying phrase begun by like immediately follows the name it modifies, Samuel Sewall(一个重要原则，修饰语离的越近越清楚).
                    

E also uses the idiomatic construction viewed marriage as...

as是作为的意思

 

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148. Under the Safe Drinking Water Act, the Environ­mental Protection Agency is required either to approve individual state plans for controlling the discharge of wastes into underground water or that they enforce their own plan for states without adequate regulations.

(A)  that they enforce their

(B)  for enforcing their

(C)  they should enforce their

(D)  it should enforce its

(E)   to enforce its

1平行  一级排除 A,B,C,D

 either to do ……nor to do…….

 

E is the only one that maintains grammatical parallelism by using an infinitive--to enforce--to complete the construction either to approve ... or....

All of the other choices offer syntactic structures that are not parallel to the infinitive phrase to approve.

2单复数
                

In addition, choices A, B, and C use plural pronouns (they and their) that have no grammatical referents.

 

Act 法案，法规