OG10语法268题及GWD22语法总结日记，监督自己并欢迎大家多给意见

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175. Two new studies indicate that many people become obese more due to the fact that their bodies burn calories too slowly than overeating.

(A)  due to the fact that their bodies burn calories too slowly than overeating

(B)  due to their bodies burning calories too slowly than to eating too much

(C)  because their bodies bum calories too slowly than that they are overeaters

(D)  because their bodies bum calories too slowly than because they eat too much

(E)   because of their bodies burning calories too slowly than because of their eating too much

1. 1平行  一级排除A,B,C,E

more because … than because ………..

Choice E uses parallel forms, but the convoluted structures are awkward and wordy. Furthermore, the word bodies would need an apostrophe (bodies') since it is the logical subject of the gerund burning (that is, it answers the question, "Whose burning?"即便这样，也不可能成为答案).

due to is synonymous with attributable to.(due to是形容词，只能按形容词的用法来用)

E不选的真正原因是什么啊？？？

 

elinaqu

176. As a result of the ground-breaking work of Barbara McClintock, many scientists now believe that all of the information encoded in 50.000 to 100.000 of the different genes found in a human cell are contained in merely three percent of the cell's DNA.

(A)  50,000 to 100,000 of the different genes found in a human cell are contained in merely

(B)   50,000 to 100,000 of the human cell's different genes are contained in a mere

(C)  the 50,000 to 100,000 different genes found in human cells are contained in merely

(D)  50,000 to 100,000 of human cells' different genes is contained in merely

(E)   the 50,000 to 100,000 different genes found in a human cell is contained in a mere

 

1主谓一致  一级排除 A,B,C

all of information 不可数名词用is …...

The subject, all of the information, must be taken as singular because the mass noun information is singular

2单复数：  二级排除 D

 a cell …. Cell’s

D, by referring to cells in the plural, do not make it clear whether the number mentioned is to be found in each individual cell or in a collection of cells.

后边是单数cell，前边最好也用单数cell(这个很重要，虽然敌人没有说)

 

3定冠词： the 表示全部。。。。

关于限定词 the 其实也考了很多了，在这儿可以看出来如果用the就表示是全部(应该是the和后边的后置定语共同起作用的)，不用就不清楚。另外释放奴隶的那道题也考到了the的用法，注意就是了

 

* encode 译成电码，编码

elinaqu

177. So poorly educated and trained are many young recruits to the United States work force that many business executives fear this country will lose its economic preeminence.

(A)  So poorly educated and trained are many young recruits to the United States work force that

(B)  As poorly educated and trained as many young recruits to the United States work force are,

(C)  Because of many young recruits to the United States work force who are so poorly educated and trained,

(D)  That many young recruits to the United States work force are so poorly educated and trained is why

(E)   Many young recruits to the United States work force who are so poorly educated and trained explains why

 

1简洁  一级排除 C,D

In D, the sentence form X is why is unidiomatic (X is the reason why would be idiomatic but needlessly wordy and awkward).  

That clause is noun-clause, must be paralleled with noun or noun-clause. ==》 why 从句不是名词性从句。

2逻辑意思  二级排除 B, E

E exhibits subject-verb disagreement: young recruits ... explains why.

另外，who放在work force后边，到底修饰那个也是有歧义的; 很多年轻人解释什么也有很大的歧义。

In B, the subject of the as ... as clause (young recruits) should be the subject of the main clause as well (e.g., they).

 Furthermore, main clauses following concessive clauses must express a contrasting notion: for example,

"As ill-prepared as they are, they nevertheless find good jobs.

(意思是如果要套这个句型的话，满足两点1、for main clause and subordinate clause主语要一致2、前后意思由转折。显然两个都不满足)"

 

A, the best choice, uses the idiomatic form So X that Y to establish a cause/effect relationship between clauses X and Y.

elinaqu

178. In the last few years, the number of convicted criminals given community service sentences. which allow the criminals to remain unconfined while they perform specific jobs benefiting the public, have risen dramatically.

(A)  sentences, which allow the criminals to remain unconfined while they perform specific jobs benefiting the public, have

(B)  sentences, performing specific jobs that benefit the public while being allowed to remain unconfined, have

(C)  sentences, performing specific jobs beneficial to the public while they are allowed to remain unconfined, have

(D)  sentences which allow them to remain unconfined in their performing of specific jobs beneficial to the public has

(E)   sentences allowing them to remain unconfined while performing specific jobs that benefit the public has

1 主谓一致   一级排除 A,B,C
                

At issue in this question is subject-verb agreement; the number ... has risen must be the kernel(要点，精髓) of the main clause

2 修饰   二级排除 D

D is wordy and imprecise (in their performing of specific jobs).

DE选项作比较：

1、  which allow and allowing本身意思上没差别，但allowing要简洁。

2、  while performing 有省略，省略的主语和remain unconfined的主语一致。没办法，记住这是允许的，我错就是因为没看出来这个。

3、  benefit比beneficial要好，表达的更清楚。---Benefit > beneficial 动词
            》形容词

4、  that限定定语从句在这儿也是恰当的（指出犯人做的这部分工作）。

5、 in one’s doing 不好。

Sentence (宣判，判决)

E用的动词多，而且也说的更清楚。

 

elinaqu

179. During the early years of European settlement on a continent that was viewed as "wilderness" by the newcomers. Native Americans, intimately knowing the ecology of the land. were a help in the rescuing of many Pilgrims and pioneers from hardship, or even death.

(A)
                        Native Americans, intimately knowing the ecology of the land, were a help in the rescuing of

(B)
                        Native Americans knew the ecology and the land intimately and this enabled them to help in the rescue of

(C)
                        Native Americans, with their intimate knowledge of the ecology of the land, helped to rescue

(D)
                        having intimate knowledge of the ecology of the land. Native Americans helped the rescue of

(E)  knowing intimately the ecology of the land, Native Americans helped to rescue

 

1简洁
                  一级排除 A,B, D

a help in the rescuing of/ help the resecue of  罗索

this enable  罗索

2 逻辑意思   二级排除 D, E
                

D and E are confusingly worded because they begin with present participles (having and knowing) that appear at first to refer to the immediately preceding noun, newcomers, rather than to Native Ameri­cans. D also has the wordy and unidiomatic helped the rescue of.

3修饰:

被修饰的对象应该紧跟着修饰语

4逗号：

两个并列句在一起的时候，
            后一个句子的and 前面要加上逗号

the comma required before and in larger compound sentences is omitted.(这个问题至少讲了3次了)

分句1, and 分句2.

主句, because 从句1and 从句2.

5动词
            》
            动名词

elinaqu

180. Quasars are so distant that their light (这里用的是单数啊!!!) has taken billions of years to reach the Earth; consequently, we see them (这里是复数的they, 毫无歧义指代的就是Quasars) as they were during the formation of the universe.

(A)  we see them as they were during

(B)  we see them as they had been during

(C)  we see them as if during

(D)
                        they appear to us as they did in

(E)  they appear to us as though in

 

 

1时态    一级排除 B

Choice B inappropriately switches to the past perfect (had been); the past perfect properly describes action that is completed prior to some other event described with the simple past tense. è原文里面没有过去完成时态的时间参照点, 根本不能用è just as mentioned before, STRUCTURE first

 

2逻辑意思
            二级排除C, D, E
                

as though（adv.好象, 仿佛

In E, as though in distorts the meaning to suggest that we see the quasars in a hypothetical situation_ that is, that they may not have been involved in the formation of the universe.

D是说当他形成的时候他也让我们看见，很多年前我们就看了，逻辑上有错误,他们形成的时候，连人都没有呢。They appear to us as they did appear to us in the formation of the universe.

 

c d 都是有省略，补全后就能看出歧义来了。

选项A念10遍—不熟悉这个表达。

本题纯粹看意思，多体会.

elinaqu

181. Because of the enormous research and development expenditures required to survive in the electronics industry, an industry marked by rapid innovation and volatile demand, such firms tend to be very large.

(A)
                    to survive

(B)  of firms to survive

(C)
                    for surviving

(D)
                    for survival

(E)  for firms' survival

1 指代：
            一级排除 A,C,D,E

such firms 出现，那之前必须也应该有一个firms出现，那样such才可以指代

such 的指代：
            前面必须出现对应的名词。
            所有格的名词 A ‘s B  中的A 后面无法指代。

 

In choice E, the illogical and awkward use of a prepositional phrase (for firms' survival)—这个结构本身就很笨拙 buries the needed initial reference to firms in a possessive modifier.------很重要，用所有格以后，后面的such firm 就没有指代对象了è用所有格镶嵌的名词不能被单独指代

 

习惯用语：

It requires that ...

有...的必要

require sth. of sb.

对某人有...的要求

require sb. to do sth.

要求某人做某事

elinaqu

182. Consumers may not think of household cleaning products to be hazardous substances, but many of them can be harmful to health, especially if they are used improperly.

(A)  Consumers may not think of household cleaning products to be

(B)  Consumers may not think of household cleaning products being

(C)  A consumer may not think of their household cleaning products being

(D)  A consumer may not think of household cleaning products as

(E)   Household cleaning products may not be thought of, by consumers, as

1词法  一级排除 A,B,C

Think of X as Y  使用as 做比较，用 to be / being 都不好

Think of / perceive/ _____ as 把…作为….

2单复数  二级排除C

代词的指代：用单复数将要指代的对象和不一致的对象区分开来。

in C the plural pronoun their does not agree with the singular noun referent, consumer

3被动语态   三级排除E
                

E is awkward and wordy in its use of the passive voice.

D 同时也解决了代词指代不清的可能，正确答案再各方面都很好。

elinaqu

183. Archaeologists in Ireland believe that a recently discovered chalice, which dates from the eighth century, was probably buried to keep from being stolen by invaders.

(A)
                        to keep from

(B)
                        to keep it from

(C)
                        to avoid

(D)
                        in order that it would avoid

(E)  in order to keep from

1词法   一级排除 C,D

Avoid 仅用与人。

Moreover, avoid is used imprecisely in C and D because it illogically suggests that the chalice is acting to prevent its own theft.

 

2代词：    二级排除 A,E

以逻辑意思清晰为第一要点。

being stolen lacks the necessary noun or pronoun that specifies what it is that might be stolen

elinaqu

 

184. As measured by the Commerce Department, corporate profits peaked in the fourth quarter of 1988 and have slipped since then, as many companies have been unable to pass on higher costs.

(A)
                        and have slipped since then, as many companies have been unable to pass on higher costs

(B)
                        and have slipped since then, the reason being because many companies have been unable to pass on higher costs

(C)
                        and slipped since then, many companies being unable to pass on higher costs

(D)
                        but, many companies unable to pass on higher costs, they have slipped since then

(E)  yet are slipping since then, because many companies were unable to pass on higher costs

1时态  一级排除C,E

since then 这里应该用现在完成时

2句子结构  二级排除B,D

简洁  排除 B
                        

B suffers from the redundant and unidiomatic expression the reason being because.
                

逗号
            排除D

In D, the intrusion of the awkward many ... costs causes the antecedent of they to become unclear. Further­more, a comma should precede the but since it introduces a second independent clause(祥林嫂第4遍).
                

转折连接的句子，应该都算是一个重新独立的句子，故应该用逗号隔开。

, as 表原因。
            没有逗号的话表伴随。/ as 放在句首一般会产生歧义。

 

Pass on

to not accept an invitation or offer