OG10语法268题及GWD22语法总结日记，监督自己并欢迎大家多给意见

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215. Parliament did not accord full refugee benefits to twelve of the recent immigrants because it believed that to do it rewards them for entering the country illegally.

(A)  to do it rewards

(B)  doing it rewards

(C)  to do this would reward

(D)  doing so would reward

(E)   to do it would reward

1时态/逻辑意思    一级排除 A.B

believe that ... would / will …

A and B use the indicative verb rewards, whereas the logic of the sentence demands the conditional would reward (what Parliament believes to be the undue rewarding of illegal immigrants has not actually taken place but is considered only as an outcome of a hypothetical action).(一个2-3split in terms of would)

这里表示假设的结果

2 指代词   二级排除C,E
                

名词指代可以用 it/this

动词指代只能用 so

Choice D, the best answer, appropriately uses the adverb so to refer back to the verb accord. The other choices inappropriately use pronouns (it or this) to refer back to the verb.

Also, Accord 同意，给予

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216. Many policy experts say that shifting a portion of health-benefit costs back to the workers helps to control the employer's costs, but also helps to limit medical spending by making patients more careful consumers.

(A)  helps to control the employer's costs, but also helps

(B)  helps the control of the employer's costs, and also

(C)  not only helps to control the employer's costs, but also helps

(D)  helps to control not only the employer's costs, but

(E)   not only helps to control the employer's costs, and also helps

1平行  一级排除 A,B,D, E

not only .. but also

 

2动词》名词

Also, the phrase helps the control in B is vague and unidio­matic(动词大于名词). 名词没有明确的发出者, 动词才有发出者

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217. The plot of The Bostonians centers on the rivalry between Olive Chancellor, an active feminist, with her charming and cynical cousin, Basil Ransom, when they find themselves drawn to the same radiant young woman whose talent for public speaking has won her an ardent following.

(A)  rivalry between Olive Chancellor, an active feminist, with her charming and cynical cousin, Basil Ransom

(B)   rivals Olive Chancellor, an active feminist, against her charming and cynical cousin, Basil Ransom

(C)  rivalry that develops between Olive Chancellor, an active feminist, and Basil Ransom, her charming and cynical cousin

(D)  developing rivalry between Olive Chancellor, an active feminist, with Basil Ransom, her charming and cynical cousin

(E)   active feminist, Olive Chancellor, and the rivalry with her charming and cynical cousin Basil Ransom

 

1比较对象的平行对应    一级排除 A,B,D,E

the rivalry between x and y

the rivals x and y,

the rivalry that develops between x and y.

 

*Rival   n.竞争者, 对手        v.竞争, 对抗, 相匹敌

to be as good or important as someone or something else
The college's facilities rival those of Harvard and Yale.
a stadium to rival any in the world

rivalry.   n.竞争, 竞赛, 敌对, 敌对状态plural rivalries

a situation in which two or more people, teams, or companies are competing for something, especially over a long period of time, and the feeling of competition between them

rivalry between

There has always been intense rivalry between New Zealand and Australia.

The two players have developed a friendly rivalry.

She had never overcome her feelings of sibling rivalry (=rivalry between brothers and sisters) .

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218. Despite protests from some waste-disposal compa­nies, state health officials have ordered the levels of bacteria in seawater at popular beaches to be measured and that the results be published.

(A)  the levels of bacteria in seawater at popular beaches to be measured and that the results be

(B)  that seawater at popular beaches should be measured for their levels of bacteria, with the results being

(C)  the measure of levels of bacteria in seawater at popular beaches and the results to be

(D)  seawater measured at popular beaches for levels of bacteria, with their results

(E)   that the levels of bacteria in seawater at popular beaches be measured and the results

1词法/平行    一级排除 A,B,C,D

x ordered y to be z‘ed or x ordered that y be z 'ed.

 

记住这种省略的形式，为什么省略要查一查

并列句中的省略（张道真）

在并列句中如果后面分句中有与前面相同的部分，就常常给省略掉，以免重复：

I work in a factory and my brother on a farm.

my room is on the second floor and his, on the third

he majors in English and I in French.

the scenery was beautiful, and the acting superb.

some one has borrowed my pen, but I don’t remember who.

本题也是一个省略很好的例子，要熟悉！！！

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219. While larger banks can afford to maintain their own data-processing operations, many smaller regional and community banks are finding that the cost asso­ciated with upgrading data-processing equipment and with the development and maintenance of new products and technical staff are prohibitive.

(A)  cost associated with

(B)  costs associated with

(C)  costs arising from

(D)  cost of

(E)   costs of

 

1主谓一致/平行    一级排除 A,C,D,E

are 对应要用复数 costs

未划线部分有一个with所以要平行对应with

做题时要机敏，紧记用平行的原则，看到with用30秒就应该告定。。。

 

* be associated (with somebody/something)

a) to be related to a particular subject, activity etc

problems associated with cancer treatment

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220. For almost a hundred years after having its begin­ning in 1788, England exiled some 160,000 criminals to Australia.

(A)   For almost a hundred years after having its beginning in 1788,

(B)   Beginning in 1788 for a period of a hundred years,

(C)   Beginning a period of almost a hundred years, in 1788 (1788年放逐了多少罪犯，开始一个时期，在一个时期干什么没说。。。，原文是要讲在100年内英国放逐了多少罪犯)

(D)  During a hundred years, a period beginning in 1788,

(E)   Over a period of a hundred years beginning in 1788,

 

1逻辑意思   排除A,B,C, D

A--- its 指代England,, --England had its beginning in 1788  无意义
                

B --- beginning in 1788也修饰句子主语

C -- Beginning a period of almost a hundred years发生了什么没说

Choice C is imprecise, saying that England in 1788 was Beginning a period... but not conveying the sense that anything happened within that period.

D ---awkward and unidiomatic, and nonsensically suggests that a hundred years is defined as a period beginning in 1788.

 

over : 介词、Through the period or duration of: 在…时期或期间：

句首状语修饰全句,特别是全句主语-考虑逻辑主语!!!

A b c 已经解释的很清楚了，d选项中：同位语的功能是进一步说明（解释）某一个东西的，甚至可以翻译成什么东西是什么东西
            这样
            。。。而d中，说100年就是从1788年开始的一段时期，逻辑上显然很荒唐！！！！！！

 

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221. Eating saltwater fish may significantly reduce the risk of heart attacks and also aid for sufferers of rheumatoid arthritis and asthma, according to three research studies published in the New England Journal of Medicine.

(A)  significantly reduce the risk of heart attacks and also aid for

(B)  be significant in reducing the risk of heart attacks and aid for

(C)  significantly reduce the risk of heart attacks and aid

(D)  cause a significant reduction in the risk of heart attacks and aid to

(E)   significantly reduce the risk of heart attacks as well as aiding

 

1平行   一级排除B,D, E

动词
            》
            名词

2 词法 aid的用法  二级排除A
                

Aid sb (动词)   / Aid in doing sth , aid to sb (名词)

aid 是及物动词，直接后面接名词
                

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222. By a vote of 9 to 0, the Supreme Court awarded the Central Intelligence Agency broad discretionary (任意的，自由决定的) powers enabling it to withhold from the public the identities of its sources of intelligence information.

(A)  enabling it to withhold from the public

(B)  for it to withhold from the public(用不定式，成了目的状语，主语应该是supreme court, nonsense…)???

(C)  for withholding disclosure to the public of

(D)  that enable them to withhold from public disclosure

(E)   that they can withhold public disclosure of

1代词单复数：一级排除 D,E
                 

代词指代的数；
            代词指代不清晰 

2 逻辑意思   二级排除 C,D, E
                

withhold from.再用disclosure就很累赘了

withhold
                from public the identities of its sources of intelligence information
                

withhold
                the identities of its sources of intelligence information
                from public
            这里是双宾语的倒装避免头重脚轻

 

3修饰/介词短语和分词的区别  排除B

介词短语通常指向句子的主语；分词/从句指向前面紧跟着的名词。

In choices B and C, the preposition for is used unidiomatically in place of the "-ing" modifier to introduce the phrase describing powers.

修饰:   同等意思条件下，分词表示更加清晰和简洁; 为了表达清晰，可以将比较短的修饰语前提。

and that in E mistakenly introduces a new independent clause rather than a modifying phrase for powers.

为什么从句不行，想知道定语从句和分词修饰哪个更简洁？？？？

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223. As business grows more complex, students majoring in specialized areas like those of finance and marketing have been becoming increasingly successful in the job market.

(A)  majoring in specialized areas like those of finance and marketing have been becoming increasingly

(B)   who major in such specialized areas as finance and marketing are becoming more and more

(C)  who majored in specialized areas such as those of finance and marketing are being increas­ingly

(D)  who major in specialized areas like those of finance and marketing have been becoming more and more

(E)   having majored in such specialized areas as finance and marketing are being increasingly

 

1时态  一级排除A.D

The phrase As business grows more complex introduces an ongoing condition that is leading to consequences described in the rest of the sentence.

句首的一般现在时态=进行时态, 因为, as的意义就是进行时态. 作为表示原因, 那么句子后面的结果也应该和原因一样, 用一般现在时态或者进行时态è
            就是说不能用完成时态. 如果是完成时态, 就产生荒谬的现象: 结果发生在原因前面了………….

2词法 like/such as   二级排除 A,D

In A and D, the use of like rather than such as is incorrect: like makes a comparison; such as introduces examples.

3简洁 being     排除C,E
                

In A, C, and D, those of is unnecessary verbiage, and being in C and E is less precise than becoming for describing a pattern of events that is unfolding.-

Unfold v. 逐渐显露

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224. Inuits of the Bering Sea were in isolation from contact with Europeans longer than Aleuts or Inuits of the North Pacific and northern Alaska.

(A)  in isolation from contact with Europeans longer than

(B)   isolated from contact with Europeans longer than

(C)  in isolation from contact with Europeans longer than were

(D)  isolated from contact with Europeans longer than were

(E)   in isolation and without contacts with Europeans longer than

1比较成分对应  一级排除A,B,E

比较结构： A do B longer than C  è
            需要补出清楚倒底是 A 和 C 比还是
            Ｂ
            和 C　比。    A do B longer than do C  è A 和 C 比较。

A do from B longer than from C è B 和 C 比较。

The phrasing of the comparisons in choices A, B, and E is incomplete, so the comparisons are ambiguous: because longer than could be followed by either from or were, it is unclear whether Inuits of the Bering Sea were isolated from Europeans longer than from the other Native American groups, or whether they were isolated from Europeans longer than the other groups were..由此可见than后边补出were是绝对必要的，否则会有歧义，比较点可能是inuit被老欧隔开比被老美隔开长，实际上是inuit被老欧隔开比老美被老欧隔开长。

 

2动词
            》名词   二级排除C
                

In A and C, in isolation from contact is wordy and unidiomatic