OG10语法268题及GWD22语法总结日记，监督自己并欢迎大家多给意见

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225. Minnesota is the only one of the contiguous forty-eight states that still has a sizable wolf population. and where this predator remains the archenemy of cattle and sheep.

(A)  that still has a sizable wolf population, and where

(B)  that still has a sizable wolf population, where

(C)  that still has a sizable population of wolves, and where

(D)  where the population of wolves is still sizable;

(E)   where there is still a sizable population of wolves and where

 

1并列
            ：一级排除 A, C

不同的从句不能并列

In choices A and C, the construction that still has ..., and where modifies Minnesota with clauses that are not gram­matically parallel (不同从句不能并列).

 

2修饰：二级排除A,B

sizable wolf population / sizable population of wolves  è
            后面一种说法能够避免

Sizable wolf population 大群的狼? 大型的狼?

中 sizable修饰有歧义，到底修饰wolf还是population不清楚

3逻辑意思  排除D
                

Choice D is grammatically constructed, but it lacks a conjunction that establishes a logical relation between the clauses; since Minnesota as a grammatical subject is separated from the clause following the semicolon, the statement there need not even pertain to Minnesota. D 在语法上是没有任何错误的，但是这句话的意思显然是要说在明泥塑大这个地方狼依然是这些鸟玩艺的天敌，而分号把名泥塑大完全隔开理解上便有问题了

由此可见，分号可以把前后句完全隔开，前边的主语根本影响不了后边的句子了

 

In E, the best choice, the parallel construction of where ... and where ... allows both clauses to modify Minnesota.(并列的优先级非常高，骑虎难下的时候我看做好选并列的选项)  句子整体的把握。

elinaqu

226. Pablo Picasso, the late Spanish painter, credited African art with having had a strong influence on his work.

(A)   with having had

(B)   for its having

(C)   to have had

(D)  for having

(E)   in that it had

1词法    一级排除B,C,D,E    credit something with having had some effect.

Credit 作名词，
            可以接to /for ,

give credit to sb/sth for sth/doing sth

相信; 信任
                

称赞, 赞扬

Both for (in B and D) and to (in C) can be used idio­matically when credit is a noun, as in "Picasso gave credit to African art for having had a strong influence on his work."

Credit 作动词
            接with doing
                

credit sb. with

credit sth. with

认为某人[某事]具有...; 认为某人[某事]能够...; 把...归因于某人[某事]

The verb form having had is used appropriately in choice A to indicate action that occurred prior to action expressed in the simple past tense--that is, to indicate that African art had influenced Picasso before he credited it with having done so.

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227. Judicial rules in many states require that the identities of all prosecution witnesses are made known to defendants so they can attempt to rebut the testi­mony (证词(尤指在法庭所作的), 宣言, 陈述), but the Constitution explicitly requires only that the defendant have the opportunity to confront an accuser in court.

(A)  that the identities of all prosecution witnesses are made known to defendants so they can attempt to rebut

(B)  that the identities of all prosecution witnesses be made known to defendants so that they can attempt to rebut

(C)  that the defendants should know the identities of all prosecution witnesses so they can attempt a rebuttal of

(D)  the identities of all prosecution witnesses should be made known to defendants so they can attempt rebutting

(E)   making known to defendants the identities of all prosecution witnesses so that they can attempt to rebut

1词法  一级排除 A,C,D,E

require that x be y

虚拟语气来表达wish or requirement

Such phrasing takes the form to wish [or] require that x be y, not that x should be y or that x is y.

2 词法
                so that  一级排除A,C,D
                

3动词》名词

大并列也能看出那个答案好。

elinaqu

228. Quasars, at billions of light-years from Earth the most distant observable objects in the universe, believed to be the cores of galaxies in an early stage of development.

(A)  believed to be

(B)  are believed to be

(C)  some believe them to be

(D)  some believe they are

(E)   it is believed that they are

1句子结构 /完整性
            一级排除 A,C,D,E

Choice A produces a sentence fragment because it omits the verb are and supplies only an adjectival phrase, believed to be ....

Choices C, D, and E all introduce new clauses (some believe ..., it is believed...) that cannot grammatically complete the construction begun with Quasars.è参考一下那个student are so lacking in ….的解释, 就是说, 把前面的部分变成了dangling part, cannot be attached to any part of the sentence.

 

Quasars . . . are believed to be the cores....

 

quasars n.类恒星体, 半恒星状球体

 

这个就是ETS的最爱è  主语, 老长老长的同位语, 谓语动词+宾语从句.

 

然后在谓语动词的时态, 单复数, 宾语从句的修饰, 同位语的时态, 数, 上面狂作文章. 就是欺负偶记性不好.

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229. The colorization of black-and-white films by computers is defended by those who own the film rights, for the process can mean increased revenues for them; many others in the film industry, however, contend that the technique degrades major works of art, which they liken to putting lipstick on a Greek statue.

(A)  which they liken to putting lipstick on a Greek statue

(B)   which they liken to a Greek statue with lipstick put on it

(C)  which they liken to lipstick put on a Greek statue

(D)  likening it to a Greek statue with lipstick put on it

(E)   likening it to putting lipstick on a Greek statue

1修饰   一级排除 A,B,C

从句和分词修饰的区别

逗号+从句，从句修饰它紧跟的名词  (which 必须就近指代修饰

逗号+分词    分词可以跳跃修饰9分词可以跳跃修饰表示一种伴随的结果

 

嘻嘻有趣, 逗号分词就可以跳跃修饰è
            那个猴子睡觉的好像也是

2比较
                –比较对象
                  一级排除 A,B,C,D

A.      major works of art 比较  putting lipstick on.

B.       major works of art 比较 a Greek Status

C.      major works of art 比较  lipstick

D.      the technique 比较 a Greek Status

E.       the technique 比较 putting lipstick on

 

Liken

To see, mention, or show as similar; compare.

看作、当作或显示相似的；比较

vt.

把...比喻成(to); 使象

Life is often likened to a dream.

人生常被喻为一场梦。

The nervous system can be likened to a telephone exchange

神经系统好比一部电话交换机。

liken sth. to

把某事物比作

elinaqu

230. In reference to the current hostility toward smoking, smokers frequently expressed anxiety that their prospects for being hired and promoted are being stunted by their habit.

(A)  In reference to the current hostility toward smoking, smokers frequently expressed anxiety that

(B)   Referring to the current hostility toward smoking, smokers frequently expressed anxiety about

(C)  When referring to the current hostility toward smoking, smokers frequently express anxiety about

(D)  With reference to the current hostility toward smoking, smokers frequently expressed anxiety about

(E)   Referring to the current hostility toward smoking, smokers frequently express anxiety that

1句子结构   一级排除 B,C,D
                

Furthermore, B, C, and D produce ungrammatical sentences by introducing this clause with the preposition about; the conjunction that is required to link anxiety with the clause that modifies it.

 

2. 时态   二级排除A,B,D

做题时还是要注意时态的呼应，动词划线的时候留意一下总好！！！

:* their prospects for being hired and promoted are being stunted by their habit.   --- For being hired and promotedè being 表示被动的时候, 不能省略

refer to

提到, 谈到, 涉及
                

参考, 查阅
                

向...打听[查询]

认为与...有关, 认为...起源于...

refer to sb. [sth.] as

称某人[物]为

elinaqu

231. Ms. Chambers is among the forecasters who predict that the rate of addition to arable lands will drop while those of loss rise.

(A)  those of loss rise

(B)  it rises for loss

(C)  those of losses rise

(D)  the rate of loss rises

(E)   there are rises for the rate of loss

1代词指代   一级排除 A,C

those 无复数名词指代In A and C, the plural pronoun those has no plural noun to which it can logically refer.

2逻辑意思 /简洁  二级排除 B,E

In B, it refers to the rate of addition; consequently, B makes the nonsensical statement that the rate of addition... rises for loss(代词指代引起的歧义).

3平行
            优选

清晰：回忆in soils 比较的那道题，一般情况下，比较中重复前边的名词而不用代词that or those的话是为了更清晰，往往就是正确的答案。

时态呼应：本题也可以看出来：表示将来的情况，一般主句用将来时，儿从句一般用现在时。

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232. Unlike auto insurance, the frequency of claims does not affect the premiums for personal property coverage, but if the insurance company is able to prove excessive loss due to owner negligence, it may decline to renew the policy.

(A)  Unlike auto insurance, the frequency of claims does not affect the premiums for personal property coverage

(B)  Unlike with auto insurance, the frequency of claims do not affect the premiums for personal property coverage

(C)  Unlike the frequency of claims for auto insurance, the premiums for personal prop­erty coverage are not affected by the frequency of claims

(D)  Unlike the premiums for auto insurance, the premiums for personal property coverage are not affected by the frequency of claims

(E)   Unlike with the premiums for auto insurance, the premiums for personal property coverage is not affected by the frequency of claims

 

1比较平行   一级排除 A,B,C,E

the premiums for auto insurance 比较
                 the premiums for personal property coverage.

Unlike with in choices B and E is an unidiomatic form of comparison. 介词和介词不能比较

介词介词不能连用. 介词要接宾语.

In B, the plural do not affect fails to agree with frequency; in E, the singular is does not agree with premiums.

这题太简单了，只用并列就可以搞定，不过敏感的话，同时可以发现错误选项还是有很多不爽，错的地方。

elinaqu

233. Recently implemented "shift-work equations" based on studies of the human sleep cycle have reduced sickness, sleeping on the job, fatigue among shift workers, and have raised production efficiency in various industries.

(A)  fatigue among shift workers, and have raised

(B)  fatigue among shift workers, and raised

(C)  and fatigue among shift workers while raising

(D)  lowered fatigue among shift workers, and raised

(E)   and fatigue among shift workers was lowered while raising

1并列   一级排除 A,B,C

大并列+小并列   A，B , and C  要有大平行和小平行的概念

小并列
                sickness, sleeping on the job, and fatigue among shift workers

大并列 reduce,….rise 发出动作的主语要一致   while doing 的逻辑主语和句子主语要一致

while 顺带提一下。。。

连词加分词的这种情况，是省略了主语加be动词，但读的时候，不一定要把这些东西补奇，看看逻辑主语对了，把他就当分词表伴随就可以了

while doing

if taken

……

* 此题可以看出ETS是要先意思准确表达再要公正

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234. The physical structure of the human eye enables it to sense light of wavelengths up to 0.0005 millimeters; infrared radiation, however, is invisible because its wavelength--0.1 millimeters--is too long to be registered by the eye.

(A)  infrared radiation, however, is invisible because its wavelength--0.1 millimeters--is too long to be registered by the eye

(B)   however, the wavelength of infrared radia­tion--0.1 millimeters--is top long to be registered by the eye making it invisible

(C)  infrared radiation, however, is invisible because its wavelength--0.1 millimeters--is too long for the eye to register it

(D)  however, because the wavelength of infrared radiation is 0.1 millimeters, it is too long for the eye to register and thus invisible

(E)   however, infrared radiation has a wavelength of 0.1 millimeters that is too long for the eye to register, thus making it invisible

1逻辑意思   一级排除 B,C,D,E

对比看句子重心

 

In B, the misplaced participial phrase making it invisible modifies eye rather than wavelength, 修饰对象错误造成意思改变。看到名词+分词的形式the eye making it invisible就要敏感些

In C, D, and E the use of the second it is so imprecise as to be confusing(所有CDE中的it都称的上是前后眼的，或者墙头草式的指带，因为前边有两个可供指带的选择，就搞不清除它到底指的是那个。Furthermore, in D, and thus invisible incorrectly modifies wavelength rather than infrared radiation.

c的句型本身没有错（解释中就有同样的句子），错在it指带不清楚

 

Choice E produces an illogical statement by using a restrictive clause introduced by that where a comma followed by the nonrestrictive "which" is required: a wavelength of 0.1 millimeters that is too long nonsensically suggests that not all wavelengths of 0.1 milli­meters are too long for the eye to register.非常重要，又是一个限定性和非限定性定语的区别，多看几遍！！！！！！！！

 

重要总结：该用非限定定语从句修饰的时候该用限定定语从句，常常产生这样的结果：非限定定义的范围是先行词的全部，而限定定语指的是先行词的部分，也就是说非限定和限定定语有整体和局部的关系。