OG10语法268题及GWD22语法总结日记，监督自己并欢迎大家多给意见

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195. Dr. Tonegawa won the Nobel Prize for discovering how the body can constantly change its genes to fashion a seeming unlimited number of antibodies, each specifically targeted at an invading microbe or foreign substance.

(A)  seeming unlimited number of antibodies, each specifically targeted at

(B)  seeming unlimited number of antibodies, each targeted specifically to

(C)  seeming unlimited number of antibodies, all specifically targeted at

(D)  seemingly unlimited number of antibodies, all of them targeted specifically to

(E)   seemingly unlimited number of antibodies, each targeted specifically at

 

1修饰   一级排除 A,B,C
                

seemingly 修饰  unlimited  副词修饰形容词

2 词法   一级排除  B,D

target at 为正确词组B also uses the unidiomatic preposition to instead of the correct at after targeted(target 后边要求跟介词at, 表示接触, 接触点或者线),

3单复数一致  each 对应an
                

C violates sense by having all the antibodies specifically targeted at an, that is, one, invading microbe or substance.

each常常作同位语,
managers, each…..
dwellings, each…...

fashion [transitive]

1to shape or make something, using your hands or only a few tools

fashion something from something

He fashioned a box from a few old pieces of wood.

fashion something into something

Jamie could take a piece of wood and fashion it into a wonderful work of art.

2[usually passive] to influence and form someone's ideas and opinions

We are all unique human beings, fashioned by life experiences.

 

elinaqu

196. It is possible that Native Americans originally have migrated to the Western Hemisphere over a bridge of land that once existed between Siberia and Alaska.

(A)  have migrated to the Western Hemisphere over a bridge of land that once existed

(B)  were migrating to the Western Hemisphere over a bridge of land that existed once

(C)  migrated over a bridge of land to the Western Hemisphere that once existed

(D)  migrated to the Western Hemisphere over a bridge of land that once existed

(E)   were migrating to the Western Hemisphere over a bridge of land existing once

 

1时态   一级排除A,B, E

Choices A, B, and E present incorrect verb forms for expressing simple past action, and existing once in E is imprecise.
                

 

2逻辑意思  二级排除C

choice C misplaces the sentence elements so as to suggest that the Western Hemisphere once existed between Siberia and Alaska.逻辑关系

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197. In the fall of 1985, only 10 percent of the women entering college planned to major in education, while 28 percent chose business, making it the most popular major for women as well as for men.

(A)  as well as for men

(B)   as well as the men

(C)  and men too

(D)  and men as well

(E)   and also men

1平行  一级排除 B,C,D,E

for … as well as … for

2词法  and 和 as well as 在这里的区别
In addition, by using the simple coordinate conjunction and, C, D, and E create the illogical impression that the decision of 28 percent of the women entering college in 1985 to choose business as a major also made the major the most popular among men.

 The conjunction as well as implies that business had already been the most popular major for men and that in 1985, for the first time, it became the most popular major for both sexes (体会这个歧义 and 和 as well as 的区别).

As well as 是并列连词

elinaqu

198. Although Napoleon's army entered Russia with far more supplies than they had in their previous campaigns, it had provisions for only twenty-four days.

(A)  they had in their previous campaigns

(B)  their previous campaigns had had

(C)  they had for any previous campaign

(D)  in their previous campaigns

(E)   for any previous campaign

1单复数   一级排除 A,B,C,D

If than is followed by a clause referring to army, the subject of that clause must be singular (it).

2时态  二级排除 A,C
                

应用过去完成时Furthermore, the verb of that clause will need to be in the past perfect form (had had) because it refers to a time before the simple past of entered.

3修饰 /介词  二级排除A,D

介词for更合适Finally, the preposition for is more precise than in because supplies are gathered for an upcoming campaign.

 

并列产生省略:

Although Napoleon's army entered Russia with far more supplies (for the campaign) than for any previous campaign, it had provisions for only twenty-four days.

这里的for the campaign / for any previous campaign都是单数, 都是目的

一道比较怪怪的比较，多念几遍吧。

sloth, firms 两道题和这个提差不多，都是要求看完全局，从没划线部分找线索。

elinaqu

199. Because the Earth's crust is more solid there and thus better able to transmit shock waves, an earthquake of a given magnitude typically devastates an area 100 times greater in the eastern United States than it does in the West.

(A)  of a given magnitude typically devastates an area 100 times greater in the eastern United States than it does in the West

(B)   of a given magnitude will typically devastate 100 times the area if it occurs in the eastern United States instead of the West

(C)  will typically devastate 100 times the area in the eastern United States than one of comparable magnitude occurring in the West

(D)  in the eastern United States will typically devastate an area 100 times greater than will a quake of comparable magnitude occurring in the West

(E)   that occurs in the eastern United States will typically devastate 100 times more area than if it occurred with comparable magnitude in the West

这一题有点晕

 

1逻辑意思  一级排除 B,C,E

应该是100times greater 而不是 100 times the area

2代词指代

it 指代同一个earthquake发生在来个地方不符合逻辑

Choices A, B, and E use it incorrectly to suggest that the same quake strikes both the eastern and the western United States.

 

*In the eastern united states 放在越靠前的地方越好，对应because从句中的there。--仅仅凭这一条就可以在10秒钟之内解决问题。

elinaqu

200. Certain pesticides can become ineffective if used repeatedly in the same place: one reason is suggested by the finding that there are much larger populations of pesticide-degrading microbes in soils with a relatively long history of pesticide use than in soils that are free of such chemicals.

(A)  Certain pesticides can become ineffective if used repeatedly in the same place; one reason is suggested by the finding that there are much larger populations of pesticide-degrading microbes in soils with a relatively long history of pesticide use than in soils that are free of such chemicals.

(B)   If used repeatedly in the same place, one reason that certain pesticides can become ineffective is suggested by the finding that there are much larger populations of pesticide-degrading microbes in soils with a relatively long history of pesticide use than in soils that are free of such chemicals.

(C)  If used repeatedly in the same place, one reason certain pesticides can become ineffective is suggested by the finding that much larger populations of pesticide-degrading microbes are found in soils with a relatively long history of pesticide use than those that are free of such chemicals.

(D)  The finding that there are much larger populations of pesticide-degrading microbes in soils with a relatively long history of pesticide use than in soils that are free of such chemicals is suggestive of one reason, if used repeatedly in the same place, certain pesticides can become ineffective.

(E)   The finding of much larger populations of pesticide-degrading microbes in soils with a relatively long history of pesticide use than in those that are free of such chemicals suggests one reason certain pesticides can become ineffective if used repeatedly in the same place.

 

1句子结构  一级排除 B,C,D,E

ets基本上不喜欢类似于A中的比较结构，尽量用句子来表达比较，这样清楚，不会有歧义。句子不平衡

逻辑主语加比较结构搞定，另外后边的句子全都有头重脚轻

2代词

正确选项中为什么比较的时候后边还用in soils 而不用those? 因为这样更清楚，避免了代词指带的不清楚。

3修饰one reason that 的that 漏掉

4 词法  动词>形容词be suggested, suggested 和be suggestive意义不同=è
            动词直接, 清楚, 明确

suggestive 由于相似, 让人想起什么东东

elinaqu

201. One view of the economy contends that a large drop in oil prices should eventually lead to lowering interest rates, as well as lowering fears about inflation, a rally in stocks and bonds, and a weakening of the dollar.

(A)  lowering interest rates, as well as lowering fears about inflation,

(B)   a lowering of interest rates and of fears about inflation,

(C)  a lowering of interest rates, along with fears about inflation,

(D)  interest rates being lowered, along with fears about inflation,

(E)   interest rates and fears about inflation being lowered, with

 

1平行.  一级排除 A,C,D,E

先要看清楚平行的对象和结构

list three effects of a drop in oil prices: a lowering of..., a rally in ..., and a weakening of....

 

rally  反弹股市价格和成交额在下跌后显著的上升

 

along with somebody/something: 前后成分要并列, 但是强调的是前者, 不是后者Dunne was murdered, along with three guards.

as well in addition to something or someone else   Why don't you come along as well?

as well as something/somebody in addition to something or someone else

They own a house in France as well as a villa in Spain.

as well as doing something

The organization gives help and support to people in need, as well as raising money for local charities.

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202. After the Civil War, contemporaries of Harriet Tubman's maintained that she has all of the qualities of a great leader: coolness in the face of danger, an excellent sense of strategy, and an ability to plan in minute detail.

(A)  Tubman's maintained that she has

(B)   Tubman's maintain that she had

(C)  Tubman's have maintained that she had

(D)  Tubman maintained that she had

(E)   Tubman had maintained that she has

1时态  一级排除 A,B,C,E

after the Civil War这里标志要用过去时

2双重所有格不好

双重所有格加上’s, 足够不爽的了

* contemporaries  同时代的人

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203. From 1982 to 1987 sales of new small boats increased between five and ten percent annually.

(A)  From 1982 to 1987 sales of new small boats increased between five and ten percent annually.

(B)   Five to ten percent is the annual increase in sales of new small boats in the years 1982 to 1987.

(C)  Sales of new small boats have increased annually five and ten percent in the years 1982 to 1987.

(D)  Annually an increase of five to ten percent has occurred between 1982 and 1987 in the sales of new small boats.

(E)   Occurring from 1982 to 1987 was an annual increase of five and ten percent in the sales of new small boats.

 

1 句子意思  一级排除B,C,D,E

主语要保持Because the focus of interest is the sales of new small boats, that should be the subject of the sentence.

主要强调什么，什么做主语-----这就是语感。-----通常在A选项里头有提示

 

2时态   一级排除B,C,D

from 1982 to 1987 过去时

Since the period of time covered began and ended in the past, the verb should be in the simple past tense (increased).

 

3 修饰：
            修饰语的顺序不能随意改变：increased  between five and ten percent annually./ increased annually five and ten percent

The adverb annually fits most logically after the amount of the increases. 增长发生在每年. 每年修饰的是每年的数量, 不是每年增长

 

4词法 between…and
                

In C, the expression five and ten percent makes no sense without the word between.and 表示两个点了. Between and表示一个范围

elinaqu

204. In recent years cattle breeders have increasingly used crossbreeding, in part that their steers should acquire certain characteristics and partly because crossbreeding is said to provide hybrid vigor.

(A)  in part that their steers should acquire certain characteristics

(B)   in part for the acquisition of certain characteristics in their steers

(C)  partly because of their steers acquiring certain characteristics

(D)  partly because certain characteristics should be acquired by their steers

(E)   partly to acquire certain characteristics in their steers

1并列  一级排除 A,B, C,  要知道有前置省略这么当子事。
In both A and B, in part is not parallel with and partly in the nonunderlined portion. Choice C causes a misreading, suggesting that the steers' acquisition has caused the crossbreeding.

2被动次选  二级排除 D
                

D awkwardly and illogically shifts to the passive voice: certain characteristics should be acquired by their steers; the steers, however, are not agents in the acquisition.看懂意思的话，这句很荒谬---出现被动语态的时候一定要小心，除非有确切的证据（比如，后边有提示词 by-光线那个题目，并列考虑等等），否则都是错误的

根本上讲还是对并列理解的问题，说说容易，真正深刻的理解还是很难的，比如说形式上要并列，D看上去很美-because 同because of 的并列很奇特

但E却是形式上最对称的（从本质上看）-划线部分: 看动作的发出者是否合理有效-联想: to keep it from being stolen VS avoid being stolen/
and partly because crossbreeding is said to provide hybrid vigor.=相当于一个插入成分, it is said,

* steer 食用牛一种, 年轻公牛，尤指于性成熟前被阉割并食用的肉牛

hybrid 混血的，杂交的