OG10语法268题及GWD22语法总结日记，监督自己并欢迎大家多给意见

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129. In an effort to reduce their inventories, Italian vint­ners have cut prices; their wines have been priced to sell. and they are.

(A)  have been priced to sell, and they are

(B)  are priced to sell, and they have

(C)  are priced to sell, and they do

(D)  are being priced to sell, and have

(E)   had been priced to sell, and they have

 

1 时态  一级排除D,E

 

2平行二级排除D,E

在由省略出现的时候，尝试补出省略成分，再来比较。

从解释中可以infer出来，they 必须指代 wines（由此判断后边省略的只能不定式to sell）；their可以跨过分号指代前边的vintners.

sell 可以做不及物动词，被卖出去。

大并列的感觉 (本题会不会作并不重要，重要的是要知道ets是多么的重视并列，而并列应首先考虑本质上并列：本题中do sell 中sell是不带to的不定式)。

 

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130. In a 5-to-4 decision, the Supreme Court ruled（裁定）
                that two upstate New York counties owed restitution to three tribes of Oneida Indians for the unlawful seizure of their ancestral lands in the eighteenth century.

(A)  that two upstate New York counties owed resti­tution to three tribes of Oneida Indians for the unlawful seizure of

(B)  that two upstate New York counties owed resti­tution to three tribes of Oneida Indians because of their unlawful seizure of

(C)  two upstate New York counties to owe restitu­tion to three tribes of Oneida Indians for their unlawful seizure of

(D)  on two upstate New York counties that owed restitution to three tribes of Oneida Indians because they unlawfully seized

(E)   on the restitution that two upstate New York counties owed to three tribes of Oneida Indians for the unlawful seizure of

 

1修饰一级排除C,D,E

判决 / 裁定优先使用宾语从句
            必须要that

用宾语从句就是为了说明判决结果, 比用sb to do 形式要简洁优先

2代词指代二级排除B

The plural pronouns their in B and C and they' in D are confusing as references to counties, especially since their refers to the Oneida in the phrase their ancestral lands.

3 介词:  for 比 because of 要简洁。

restitution... for.

In choice B, restitution... because of is not idiomatic.

restitution n.赔偿,恢复,归还

 

rule

[ ru:l ]

n.规则, 惯例, 统治, 章程, 破折号, 准则, 标准, 控制

vt.规定, 统治, 支配, 裁决

vi.统治, 管辖, 裁定

n.规则, 水线

 

elinaqu

131. The Commerce Department announced that the economy grew during the second quarter at a 7.5 percent annual rate, while inflation eased when it might have been expected for it to rise.

(A)  it might have been expected for it to rise

(B)   it might have been expected to rise

(C)  it might have been expected that it should rise

(D)  its rise might have been expected

(E)   there might have been an expectation it would rise

 

1简洁  一级排除E

Choice E is needlessly wordy, roundabout, and vague.

2词法  二级排除A,C,D

 X is expected to y / expected for it / expected that

x [is] expected to y is idiomatic usage: expected for it to in choice A and expected that it should in choice C are thus unidiomatic

动词本来就比名词表达的意思要清晰；

主从句中如果主语能尽量一致的话最好—这样也是为了清晰，而且也符合大并列的原则).

3代词太多代词造成歧义。

 

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132. According to a study by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, companies in the United States are providing job training and general education for nearly eight million people, about equivalent to the enrollment of the nation's four-year colleges and universities.

(A)  equivalent to the enrollment of

(B)  the equivalent of those enrolled in

(C)  equal to those who are enrolled in

(D)  as many as the enrollment of

(E)   as many as are enrolled in

 

1.词法一级排除A,B,C

equal 和 as many as的区别

The phrases equivalent to in A, the equivalent of in B, and equal to in C have too broad a range of meanings to be used precisely here: that is, they can suggest more than merely numerical equality 而且, 往往表示的是等价物, 完全代替物

as quantitative expressions, equiva­lent and equal often modify nouns referring to uncountable things

(用词的恰当性，和whether and if 的区别是一样的，能用whether的时候用了if 就是有 overuse 之嫌).

After> following

2并列二级排除D

eight million people<>the enrollment

eight million people=the people are enrolled in the ……

Choice D, however, uses this phrase improperly in comparing eight million people to enrollment, not to other people. The comparison in E, the best choice, is logical because people is understood as the subject of are enrolled.

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133. In Holland, a larger percentage of the gross national product is spent on defense of their coasts from rising seas than is spent on military defense in the United States.

(A)  In Holland, a larger percentage of the gross national product is spent on defense of their coasts from rising seas than is spent on mili­tary defense in the United States.

(B)  In Holland they spend a larger percentage of their gross national product on defending their coasts from rising seas than the United States does on military defense.

(C)  A larger percentage of Holland's gross national product is spent on defending their coasts from rising seas than the United States spends on military defense.

(D)  Holland spends a larger percentage of its gross national product defending its coasts from rising seas than the military defense spending of the United States.

(E)   Holland spends a larger percentage of its gross national product on defending its coasts from rising seas than the United States does on military defense.

1并列一级排除A,B,C,D

A states confusedly that Holland spends a percentage of its gross national product on military defense in the United States (状语位置原因引起的修饰歧义). In C, the passive is spent is not parallel with the active spends(语态的并列一致).

一下几个形式都是可以的. 但是意思不同. 跟着哪个尽量修饰那个, 越远越弱

1. 介词短语, 主谓宾.

2. 主谓宾介词短语.

3. Doing, 主谓宾.

4. 主谓宾, doing.   è注意分清doing的意思

5. 主谓宾doing.

下面这个就不行了, 主谓之间尽量不要有别的东东

1. 主, doing, 谓宾. Doing修饰可能有问题, 特别是è   主语, doing, 同位语, 谓语宾语.

2. 主, 介词短语, 谓宾.

elinaqu

134. Canadian scientists have calculated that one human being should be struck every nine years by a meteorite, while each year sixteen buildings can be expected to sustain damage from such objects.

(A)
                        one human being should be struck every nine years by a meteorite

(B)  a human being should be struck by a meteorite once in every nine years

(C)
                        a meteorite will strike one human being once in every nine years

(D)
                        every nine years a human being will be struck by a meteorite

(E)  every nine years a human being should be struck by a meteorite

 

1并列一级排除A,B,C,

主从句之间的呼应：主从句语态上都用被动，以达到一致;时间状语的位置也一样（3-2区分，做题速度会非常快的）;

情态动词用should的话，感觉上和后边的can be也不般配的
            è意思完全不对等不能并列, 语气很重要, 象那个cattle raising

2情态动词二级排除E

Choices A, B, and E can be faulted for using should in place of will to indicate future occurrences: should carries the suggestion, especially unwarranted in this context, that the Canadian scientists are describing what ought to happen (情态动词用词的准确性—2-3 split).

The phrase once in every nine years is needlessly wordy in B and C(咬文嚼字了，但不管怎么说还是冗余了—一个流星当然只能砸着一次了). 前面的
                a 和后面的once重复了.

Also, the language of C implies more than can reasonably be maintained: i.e., that a meteorite will strike one person, and no one else, exactly once during every nine-year period.(定冠词使用得准确性上—one是定冠词，确指一个人)

Choice D is best: the phrasing is concise and free of unintended suggestions, and the use of the indefinite article in a human being is appropriate for describing what is expected to be true only on the average(用不定冠词来表达大概的一个平均).

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135. Intar, the oldest Hispanic theater company in New York, has moved away from the Spanish classics and now it draws on the works both of contemporary Hispanic authors who live abroad and of those in the United States.

(A)   now it draws on the works both of contemporary Hispanic authors who live abroad and of

(B)   now draws on the works of contemporary Hispanic authors, both those who live abroad and those who live

(C)   it draws on the works of contemporary Hispanic authors now, both those living abroad and who live

(D)  draws now on the works both of contemporary Hispanic authors living abroad and who are

(E)   draws on the works now of both contemporary Hispanic authors living abroad and those

 

 

1并列both ,,,and一级排除A,C,D,E,

 

it intrudes between the halves of the compound verb has moved... and [now] draws to introduce a new grammatical subject, thereby creating a run-on sentence: the inclusion of it requires a comma after classics to set off the new independent clause (以此类推，and 连接并列句，如果第二句中出现主语的话，则and前一定要有逗号隔开

 

The placement of now is awkward in C（状语位置导致笨拙）,

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136. Although schistosomiasis is not often fatal, it is so debilitating that it has become an economic drain on many developing countries.

(A)  it is so debilitating that it has become an economic

(B)   it is of such debilitation, it has become an economical

(C)  so debilitating is it as to become an economic

(D)  such is its debilitation, it becomes an econom­ical

(E)   there is so much debilitation that it has become an economical

 

1并列一级排除B,C,D,E,

主从句大并列可以直接判断出答案来。

从主从句大并列的角度考虑：从句主系表，主句也应该主系表，而不用名词(什么东东并列, 酒用什么东东)

1，没见过so as to倒装（到底能不能有待检验）。
2，主要问题在于so as to的逻辑主语是谁不清楚。
千万注意：没有语法规则保证它的逻辑主语就是主句主语。所以，虽然从逻辑上说很容易想到它的主语就是主句主语，而且这样理解起来也非常自然，但在语法上是无法保证的，所以可能造成理解上的混乱。

从主从句大并列的角度考虑：从句主系表，主句也应该主系表，而不用名词

 

so as to 和so that 的另一重要区别是:so that 中包含了时态,在这种情况下,不能用so as to 代替

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137. In 1982 the median income for married-couple families with a wage-earning wife was $9,000 more than a family where the husband only was employed.

(A)  a family where the husband only

(B)  of a family where only the husband

(C)  that for families in which only the husband

(D)  a family in which only the husband

(E)   those of families in which the husband only

1比较的并列一级排除A,B,D,E,

比较中比较对象的一致Choices A and D illogically compare the median income to a family rather than to another median income.

比较中数的一致Also, families would be preferable to a family in A, B, and D because the comparison is between groups of families。

比较中介词的一致In B and E, of is less idiomatic than for, 看并列成分吧the median income for families

2修饰
                

副词位置的准确only    Choices A and E misplace only so that it seems to modify was employed rather than the husband. è造成意思混乱

用词的准确性in which / where  In A and B, in which would be preferable to where, since where properly refers to location.(where只能用来指地点，gmat经常错误之一)

代词指代的一致 those  ---The plural pronoun those in E does not agree with the singular noun referent income(介词准确性和代词指代).

 

A family不是地点

An age不是时间

 

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138. Senator Lasker has proposed legislation requiring that employers should retain all older workers indef­initely or show just cause for dismissal.

 

(A)  that employers should retain all older workers

(B)  that all older workers be retained by employers

(C)  the retaining by employers of all older workers

(D)  employers' retention of all older workers

(E)   employers to retain all older workers

1词法一级排除A,B,C,D,

require

Require somebody to do sth

Require of somebody that…/that 从句形式比不定式结构简洁

require sb. To do sth. / require that / require of sb. That  è
            注意require 带的从句里面不能用should

 

Choice A is less concise and contains the unnecessary should before retain,

in B, the awkward shift to the passive construc­tion makes workers the subject of show, thus producing the unintended statement that older workers [rather than employ­ers] are required to show just cause for dismissal

2被动次选/并列对应

Choices C and D are ungrammatical because the retaining and retention function as nouns, which cannot be joined by or to the verb show: grammar requires that the compound predicate consist of two verbs, retain... or show.

 

require 的用法。(OG 109, 138,181,227）

require of sb. that 

require sb. to do sth. 

require sth. of sb.

require that X be Y ( 当require,wish等词用于虚拟语气,表示某个愿望或者某人行为要求,用此格式）

即：wish/require that X be Y ( correct)

wish/require that X should be Y ( incorrect)

wish/require that X is Y ( incorrect)

 

Dismissal  免职，解雇