GWD6-6

Q5 to Q7:

      According to a theory advanced

            by researcher Paul Martin, the wave

            of species extinctions that occurred

Line     in North America about 11,000 years

  (5)      ago, at the end of the Pleistocene era,

can be directly attributed to the arrival

of humans, i.e., the Paleoindians, who

were ancestors of modern Native

Americans.  However, anthropologist

(10)     Shepard Krech points out that large

animal species vanished even in areas

where there is no evidence to demon-

strate that Paleoindians hunted them.

Nor were extinctions confined to large

(15)     animals:  small animals, plants, and

insects disappeared, presumably not

all through human consumption.  Krech

also contradicts Martin’s exclusion of

climatic change as an explanation by

(20)     asserting that widespread climatic

            change did indeed occur at the end of

            the Pleistocene.  Still, Krech attributes

secondary if not primary responsibility

for the extinctions to the Paleoindians,

(25)     arguing that humans have produced

local extinctions elsewhere.  But,

according to historian Richard White,

even the attribution of secondary

responsibility may not be supported

(30)     by the evidence.  White observes that

Martin’s thesis depends on coinciding

dates for the arrival of humans and the

            decline of large animal species, and

Krech, though aware that the dates

(35)     are controversial, does not challenge

them; yet recent archaeological

discoveries are providing evidence

that the date of human arrival was

much earlier than 11,000 years ago.

Q6:

Which of the following, if true, would most weaken Krech’s objections to Martin’s theory?

原文10－17行说明K反驳M说这些东西不是因为人们使用造成灭绝，题干问如何去削弱？

B说新的发现显示P使用这些逐渐灭绝的东西。其实就是将原文取非了。原文的consumption在这里用made use of替换了。

I don't agree.

使用这些逐渐灭绝的东西 doesn't mean it caused this small animals,plants to become extinct. And in the passage, K alread admitted "small animal" was consumed by human being but it's not all consumed by human being. So it doesn't weaken.

But C says "Additional evidence indicating that widespread climatic change occurred not only at the end of the Pleistocene era but also in previous and subsequent eras"

In line 17-22"Krech also contradicts Martin’s exclusion of climatic change as an explanation by asserting that widespread climatic change did indeed occur at the end of the Pleistocene."

By saying the wide spead climatic change not only happened at the end of the P, but also happened in previous, which did not cause the extinction, the reason of climatic change was weakened.

为何C错？

I support C.

首先我们搞清楚K反对M的是什么.

1. M认为human是动物灭绝的主因, K认为这个是secondary而不是primary的原因. 所以, 我认为K这里是qualification, 不是objection.

2. M认为天气不是原因, K表示反对, 这才是K反对M的内容.

所以C is better than B.

注意题目Which of the following, if true, would most weaken Krech’s objections to Martin’s theory。

在文章中K已经对M将天气变化的原因排除在外进行了反驳，反驳的理由是该世纪末期确实天气有变化了。因此C对这个的加强，而不是削弱

请注意K的反驳逻辑, K认为天气变化出现在动物灭绝的同时, 所以K认为动物灭绝与气候变化相关.

而C的意思是, 天气变化早就出现了, 而且持续了很久, 那么动物灭绝自然就和天气无关了. 很明显的削弱啊...

og里面有一道削弱题，大意是关于环境污染的，说现在检查出有病的人比去年少。有官员认为是因为种了树使得水源质量提高。它的正确答案是今年使用的仪器使去年诊断为得病得人确诊是误诊。

这道题目得a选项内容是，过去5年确实种了很多树（大意如此）。ets就认为这个是加强。

和这道题目非常类似，我当初想了很久所以记得很清楚。可惜记不得题号

＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝

再补充一点，这个是我当初选b的原因。我觉得气候变化之类的东东其实并不在文章一开始提出的理论范围内。文章一开始说的很清楚，他的理论是人对动物灭绝起绝对作用。

(10)     Shepard Krech points out that large

animal species vanished even in areas

where there is no evidence to demon-

strate that Paleoindians hunted them.

Nor were extinctions confined to large

(15)     animals:  small animals, plants, and

insects disappeared, presumably not

all through human consumption.

SK指出 small animals, plants, and

insects disappeared, presumably not

all through human consumption. 而

B选项中只能说明人类在extinction作用中

起到了某些作用，而文中SK并未完全否定人的作用，如文中所说：Still, Krech attributes

secondary if not primary responsibility

for the extinctions to the Paleoindians,而SK真正反驳的人为主因的解释是large animal extiction，如果B中谈到人对large animal 的extinction起到了主要作用，那么就是很好的weaken

所以，我认为B选项并不能做到很好的消弱。

而C选项中Additional evidence indicating that widespread climatic change occurred not only at the end of the Pleistocene era but also in previous and subsequent eras直接反驳了SK 将as an explanation by   asserting that widespread climaticchange did indeed occur at the end of the Pleistocene.作为extintion主要原因的说法。

所以我认为C是正确答案。

欢迎讨论和板砖