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Matthew Arnold, through his Culture and Anarchy (1869), placed the word “culture” at the center of debates about the goals of intellectual life and humanistic society. Arnold’s definition of culture as “the pursuit of perfection by getting to know the best which has been thought and said” helped define the Western world’s liberal arts curriculum over the next century. Although three forms of dissent from his views have had considerable impact of their own, each one misunderstands Arnold.
The first protested Arnold’s designation of “anarchy” as culture’s enemy, viewing this dichotomy simply as a struggle between a privileged power structure and radical challenges to it. Yet, Arnold himself was plagued in his soul by the blind arrogance of the world’s reactionary powers. Another form of opposition saw Arnold’s culture as a perverse perpetuation of literary learning in a world where science had become the new arch from which any new order of thinking must develop. At the center of the “two cultures” debate were the goals of the formal educational curriculum, the principal vehicle through which Arnoldian culture operates. But Arnold himself had viewed culture as enacting its life in a much more broadly conceived set of institutions. Today, Arnoldian culture is sustained, if indirectly, by a third form of dissent, multiculturalism, which seeks to deflate the imperious authority that “high culture” exercises over curriculum while promoting the idea that we must learn what is representative because we have overemphasized what is exceptional. Yet, multiculturalism actually affirms Arnold by returning us to a tension inherent in the idea of culture. The social critics, defenders of science, and multiculturalists wrongly insist that Arnold’s culture is simply a device for ordering us about. Instead, it is designed to register the gathering of ideological clouds on the horizon. Perfection mattered to Arnold only as the background against which we could form a just image of our actual circumstances, just as we can conceive finer sunsets and unheard melodies.
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发表于 2023-6-5 09:12:23
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