俺的GMAT家

女王的肥皂

Jon Clark’s study of the effect of the modernization of a telephone exchange on exchange maintenance work and workers is a solid contribution to a debate that encompasses two lively issues in the history and sociology of technology: technological determinism and social constructivism.
Clark makes the point that the characteristics of a technology have a decisive influence on job skills and work organization. Put more strongly, technology can be a primary determinant of social and managerial organization. Clark believes this possibility has been obscured by the recent sociological fashion, exemplified by Braverman’s analysis, that emphasizes the way machinery reflects social choices. For Braverman, the shape of a technological system is subordinate to the manager’s desire to wrest control of the labor process from the workers. Technological change is construed as the outcome of negotiations among interested parties who seek to incorporate their own interests into the design and configuration of the machinery. This position represents the new mainstream called social constructivism.
The constructivists gain acceptance by misrepresenting technological determinism: technological determinists are supposed to believe, for example, that machinery imposes appropriate forms of order on society. The alternative to constructivism, in other words, is to view technology as existing outside society, capable of directly influencing skills and work organization.
Clark refutes the extremes of the constructivists by both theoretical and empirical arguments. Theoretically he defines “technology” in terms of relationships between social and technical variables. Attempts to reduce the meaning of technology to cold, hard metal are bound to fail, for machinery is just scrap unless it is organized functionally and supported by appropriate systems of operation and maintenance. At the empirical level Clark shows how a change at the telephone exchange from maintenance-intensive electromechanical switches to semielectronic switching systems altered work tasks, skills, training opportunities, administration, and organization of workers. Some changes Clark attributes to the particular way management and labor unions negotiated the introduction of the technology, whereas others are seen as arising from the capabilities and nature of the technology itself. Thus Clark helps answer the question: “When is social choice decisive and when are the concrete characteristics of technology more important?”

the alternative of constructivism , 是 social contructivism 的一种变体，就是个这个主意还是拥护 social constructivism 的。

第二段， 就是social constructivisim （B）的观点是，技术体系的结构是有经理的偏好决定的， 是有管理层和workers 的negotiations 来决定的。但是， technology determinism （clark）认为，技术控制着管理结构，控制着社会结构。
第三段，不写了
第四段， Clark 从理论，和实践两个方面回答这个问题： 理论上，重新定义了什么technology(解决的了极端 social constructivism 的刁难。) 实践上， 这个实证研究Clark 认为，有些变化是来自于technology 本身。

因此， 作者认为认为 clark 的研究回答了， 什么时候 social choice 重要， 什么时候 technology 重要。

错误 120 125 127

120. The primary purpose of the passage is to
(A) advocate a more positive attitude toward technological change
(B) discuss the implications for employees of the modernization of a telephone exchange
(C) consider a successful challenge to the constructivist view of technological change
(D) challenge the position of advocates of technological determinism
(E) suggest that the social causes of technological change should be studied in real situations

121. Which of the following statements about the modernization of the telephone exchange is supported by information in the passage?
(A) The new technology reduced the role of managers in labor negotiations.
(B) The modernization was implemented without the consent of the employees directly affected by it.
(C) The modernization had an impact that went significantly beyond maintenance routines.
(D) Some of the maintenance workers felt victimized by the new technology.
(E) The modernization gave credence to the view of advocates of social constructivism.

122. Which of the following most accurately describes Clark’s opinion of Braverman’s position?
(A) He respects its wide-ranging popularity.
(B) He disapproves of its misplaced emphasis on the influence of managers.
(C) He admires the consideration it gives to the attitudes of the workers affected.
(D) He is concerned about its potential to impede the implementation of new technologies.
(E) He is sympathetic to its concern about the impact of modern technology on workers.

123. The information in the passage suggests that which of the following statements from hypothetical sociological studies of change in industry most clearly exemplifies the social constructivists’ version of technological determinism?
(A) It is the available technology that determines workers’ skills, rather than workers’ skills influencing the application of technology.
(B) All progress in industrial technology grows out of a continuing negotiation between technological possibility and human need.
(C) Some organizational change is caused by people; some is caused by computer chips.
(D) Most major technological advances in industry have been generated through research and development.
(E) Some industrial technology eliminates jobs, but educated workers can create whole new skills areas by the adaptation of the technology.


124. The information in the passage suggests that Clark believes that which of the following would be true if social constructivism had not gained widespread acceptance?
(A) Businesses would be more likely to modernize without considering the social consequences of their actions.
(B) There would be greater understanding of the role played by technology in producing social change.
(C) Businesses would be less likely to understand the attitudes of employees affected by modernization.
(D) Modernization would have occurred at a slower rate.
(E) Technology would have played a greater part in determining the role of business in society.

125. According to the passage, constructivists employed which of the following to promote their argument?
(A) Empirical studies of business situations involving technological change
(B) Citation of managers supportive of their position
(C) Construction of hypothetical situations that support their view
(D) Contrasts of their view with a misstatement of an opposing view
(E) Descriptions of the breadth of impact of technological change
这个 我自己又写错选项了

126. The author of the passage uses the expression “are supposed to” in line 27 primarily in order to
(A) suggest that a contention made by constructivists regarding determinists is inaccurate
(B) define the generally accepted position of determinists regarding the implementation of technology
(C) engage in speculation about the motivation of determinists
(D) lend support to a comment critical of the position of determinists
(E) contrast the historical position of determinists with their position regarding the exchange modernization

127. Which of the following statements about Clark’s study of the telephone exchange can be inferred from information in the passage?
(A) Clark’s reason for undertaking the study was to undermine Braverman’s analysis of the function of technology.
(B) Clark’s study suggests that the implementation of technology should be discussed in the context of conflict between labor and management.
(C) Clark examined the impact of changes in the technology of switching at the exchange in terms of overall operations and organization.
(D) Clark concluded that the implementation of new switching technology was equally beneficial to management and labor.
(E) Clark’s analysis of the change in switching systems applies only narrowly to the situation at the particular exchange that he studied.
B 明显是 constructivism 的观点。

Jon Clark’s study of the effect of the modernization of a telephone exchange on exchange maintenance work and workers is a solid contribution to a debate that encompasses two lively issues in the history and sociology of technology: technological determinism and social constructivism.

Clark makes the point that the characteristics of a technology have a decisive influence on job skills and work organization. Put more strongly, technology can be a primary determinant of social and managerial organization. Clark believes this possibility has been obscured by the recent sociological fashion, exemplified by Braverman’s analysis, that emphasizes the way machinery reflects social choices. For Braverman, the shape of a technological system is subordinate to the manager’s desire to wrest control of the labor process from the workers. Technological change is construed as the outcome of negotiations among interested parties who seek to incorporate their own interests into the design and configuration of the machinery. This position represents the new mainstream called social constructivism.

The constructivists gain acceptance by misrepresenting technological determinism: technological determinists are supposed to believe, for example, that machinery imposes appropriate forms of order on society. The alternative to constructivism, in other words, is to view technology as existing outside society, capable of directly influencing skills and work organization.

Clark refutes the extremes of the constructivists by both theoretical and empirical arguments. Theoretically he defines “technology” in terms of relationships between social and technical variables. Attempts to reduce the meaning of technology to cold, hard metal are bound to fail, for machinery is just scrap unless it is organized functionally and supported by appropriate systems of operation and maintenance. At the empirical level Clark shows how a change at the telephone exchange from maintenance-intensive electromechanical switches to semielectronic switching systems altered work tasks, skills, training opportunities, administration, and organization of workers. Some changes Clark attributes to the particular way management and labor unions negotiated the introduction of the technology, whereas others are seen as arising from



120. The primary purpose of the passage is to

(A) advocate a more positive attitude toward technological change

(B) discuss the implications for employees of the modernization of a telephone exchange

(C) consider a successful challenge to the constructivist view of technological change

(D) challenge the position of advocates of technological determinism (C)

(E) suggest that the social causes of technological change should be studied in real situations



121. Which of the following statements about the modernization of the telephone exchange is supported by information in the passage?

(A) The new technology reduced the role of managers in labor negotiations.

(B) The modernization was implemented without the consent of the employees directly affected by it.

(C) The modernization had an impact that went significantly beyond maintenance routines.

(D) Some of the maintenance workers felt victimized by the new technology. (C)

(E) The modernization gave credence to the view of advocates of social constructivism.



122. Which of the following most accurately describes Clark’s opinion of Braverman’s position?

(A) He respects its wide-ranging popularity.

(B) He disapproves of its misplaced emphasis on the influence of managers.

(C) He admires the consideration it gives to the attitudes of the workers affected.

(D) He is concerned about its potential to impede the implementation of new technologies. (B)

(E) He is sympathetic to its concern about the impact of modern technology on workers.



123. The information in the passage suggests that which of the following statements from hypothetical sociological studies of change in industry most clearly exemplifies the social constructivists’ version of technological determinism?

(A) It is the available technology that determines workers’ skills, rather than workers’ skills influencing the application of technology.

(B) All progress in industrial technology grows out of a continuing negotiation between technological possibility and human need.

(C) Some organizational change is caused by people; some is caused by computer chips.

(D) Most major technological advances in industry have been generated through research and development. (A)

(E) Some industrial technology eliminates jobs, but educated workers can create whole new skills areas by the adaptation of the technology.



124. The information in the passage suggests that Clark believes that which of the following would be true if social constructivism had not gained widespread acceptance?

(A) Businesses would be more likely to modernize without considering the social consequences of their actions.

(B) There would be greater understanding of the role played by technology in producing social change.

(C) Businesses would be less likely to understand the attitudes of employees affected by modernization.

(D) Modernization would have occurred at a slower rate. (B)

(E) Technology would have played a greater part in determining the role of business in society.



125. According to the passage, constructivists employed which of the following to promote their argument?

(A) Empirical studies of business situations involving technological change

(B) Citation of managers supportive of their position

(C) Construction of hypothetical situations that support their view

(D) Contrasts of their view with a misstatement of an opposing view (D)

(E) Descriptions of the breadth of impact of technological change



126. The author of the passage uses the expression “are supposed to” in line 27 primarily in order to

(A) suggest that a contention made by constructivists regarding determinists is inaccurate

(B) define the generally accepted position of determinists regarding the implementation of technology

(C) engage in speculation about the motivation of determinists

(D) lend support to a comment critical of the position of determinists (A)

(E) contrast the historical position of determinists with their position regarding the exchange modernization



127. Which of the following statements about Clark’s study of the telephone exchange can be inferred from information in the passage?

(A) Clark’s reason for undertaking the study was to undermine Braverman’s analysis of the function of technology.

(B) Clark’s study suggests that the implementation of technology should be discussed in the context of conflict between labor and management.

(C) Clark examined the impact of changes in the technology of switching at the exchange in terms of overall operations and organization.

(D) Clark concluded that the implementation of new switching technology was equally beneficial to management and labor. (C)

(E) Clark’s analysis of the change in switching systems applies only narrowly to the situation at the particular exchange that he studied.

女王的肥皂

The Gross Domestic Product (GDP), which measures the dollar value of finished goods and services produced by an economy during a given period, serves as the chief indicator of the economic well-being of the United States. The GDP assumes that the economic significance of goods and services lies solely in their price, and that these goods and services add to the national well-being, not because of any intrinsic value they may possess, but simply because they were produced and bought. Additionally, only those goods and services involved in monetary transactions are included in the GDP. Thus, the GDP ignores the economic utility of such things as a clean environment and cohesive families and communities. It is therefore not merely coincidental, since national policies in capitalist and noncapitalist countries alike are dependent on indicators such as the GDP, that both the environment and the social structure have been eroded in recent decades. Not only does the GDP mask this erosion, it can actually portray it as an economic gain: an oil spill off a coastal region "adds" to the GDP because it generates commercial activity. In short, the nation's central measure of economic well-being works like a calculating machine that adds but cannot subtract.


总结， GDP 记录的是价格不是内在价值，记录的是流通中的价格。 GDP 对于环境和家庭是不是和睦，不考虑，有时候还把环境破坏算成adding well being. 总之，ＧＤＰ 只做加法，不做减法。

这篇看的不是很懂。

1. The primary purpose of the passage is to
(A) identify ways in which the GDP could be modified so that it would serve as a more accurate indicator of the economic well-being of the United States
(B) suggest that the GDP, in spite of certain shortcomings, is still the most reliable indicator of the economic well-being of the United States
(C) examine crucial shortcomings of the GDP as an indicator of the economic well-being of the United States
(D) argue that the growth of the United States economy in recent decades has diminished the effectiveness of the GDP as an indicator of the nation's economic well-being
(E) discuss how the GDP came to be used as the primary indicator of the economic well-being of the United States

2. Which of the following best describes the function of the second sentence of the passage in the context of the passage as a whole?
(A) It describes an assumption about the GDP that is defended in the course of the passage.
(B) It contributes to a discussion of the origins of the GDP.
(C) It clarifies a common misconception about the use of the GDP.
(D) It identifies a major flaw in the GDP.
(E) It suggests a revision to the method of calculating the GDP.

3. It can be inferred that the author of the passage would agree with which of the following about the “economic significance” of those goods and services that are included in the GDP?
(A) It is a comprehensive indicator of a nation’s economic well-being.
(B) It is not accurately captured by the price of those goods and services.
(C) It is usually less than the intrinsic value of those goods and services.
(D) It is more difficult to calculate than the economic significance of those goods and services that are not included in the GDP.
(E) It is calculated differently in capitalist countries than in noncapitalist countries.

4. The comparison of the GDP to a calculating machine serves to do which of the following?
(A) Refute an assertion that the calculations involved in the GDP are relatively complex in nature
(B) Indicate that the GDP is better suited to record certain types of monetary transactions than others
(C) Suggest that it is likely that the GDP will be supplanted by other, more sophisticated economic indicators
(D) Illustrate the point that the GDP has no way of measuring the destructive impact of such things as oil spills on the nation's economic well-being
(E) Exemplify an assertion that the GDP tends to exaggerate the amount of commercial activity generated by such things as oil spills

5. The passage implies that national policies that rely heavily on economic indicators such as the GDP tend to
(A) become increasingly capitalistic in nature
(B) disagree the economic importance of environmental and social factors that do not involve monetary transactions
(C) overestimate the amount of commercial activity generated by environmental disasters
(D) overestimate the economic significance of cohesive families and communities
(E) assume that the economic significance of goods and services does not lie solely in price of those goods and services

6. It can be inferred that the author of the passage would agree with which of the following assessments of GDP as an indicator of the economic well-being of the United States?
(A) It masks social and environmental erosion more fully than the chief economic indicators of other nations.
(B) It is based on inaccurate estimations of the prices of many goods and services.
(C) It overestimates the amount of commercial activity that is generated in the United States.
(D) It is conducive to error because it conflates distinct types of economic activity.
(E) I t does not take into account the economic utility of certain environmental and social conditions.

The Gross Domestic Product (GDP), which measures the dollar value of finished goods and services produced by an economy during a given period, serves as the chief indicator of the economic well-being of the United States. The GDP assumes that the economic significance of goods and services lies solely in their price, and that these goods and services add to the national well-being, not because of any intrinsic value they may possess, but simply because they were produced and bought. Additionally, only those goods and services involved in monetary transactions are included in the GDP. Thus, the GDP ignores the economic utility of such things as a clean environment and cohesive families and communities. It is therefore not merely coincidental, since national policies in capitalist and noncapitalist countries alike are dependent on indicators such as the GDP, that both the environment and the social structure have been eroded in recent decades. Not only does the GDP mask this erosion, it can actually portray it as an economic gain: an oil spill off a coastal region "adds" to the GDP because it generates commercial activity. In short, the nation's central measure of economic well-being works like a calculating machine that adds but cannot subtract.



1. The primary purpose of the passage is to

(A) identify ways in which the GDP could be modified so that it would serve as a more accurate indicator of the economic well-being of the United States

(B) suggest that the GDP, in spite of certain shortcomings, is still the most reliable indicator of the economic well-being of the United States

(C) examine crucial shortcomings of the GDP as an indicator of the economic well-being of the United States

(D) argue that the growth of the United States economy in recent decades has diminished the effectiveness of the GDP as an indicator of the nation's economic well-being (C)

(E) discuss how the GDP came to be used as the primary indicator of the economic well-being of the United States



2. Which of the following best describes the function of the second sentence of the passage in the context of the passage as a whole?

(A) It describes an assumption about the GDP that is defended in the course of the passage.

(B) It contributes to a discussion of the origins of the GDP.

(C) It clarifies a common misconception about the use of the GDP.

(D) It identifies a major flaw in the GDP. (D)

(E) It suggests a revision to the method of calculating the GDP.



3. It can be inferred that the author of the passage would agree with which of the following about the “economic significance” of those goods and services that are included in the GDP?

(A) It is a comprehensive indicator of a nation’s economic well-being.

(B) It is not accurately captured by the price of those goods and services.

(C) It is usually less than the intrinsic value of those goods and services.

(D) It is more difficult to calculate than the economic significance of those goods and services that are not included in the GDP. (B)

(E) It is calculated differently in capitalist countries than in noncapitalist countries.



4. The comparison of the GDP to a calculating machine serves to do which of the following?

(A) Refute an assertion that the calculations involved in the GDP are relatively complex in nature

(B) Indicate that the GDP is better suited to record certain types of monetary transactions than others

(C) Suggest that it is likely that the GDP will be supplanted by other, more sophisticated economic indicators

(D) Illustrate the point that the GDP has no way of measuring the destructive impact of such things as oil spills on the nation's economic well-being (D)

(E) Exemplify an assertion that the GDP tends to exaggerate the amount of commercial activity generated by such things as oil spills



5. The passage implies that national policies that rely heavily on economic indicators such as the GDP tend to

(A) become increasingly capitalistic in nature

(B) disagree the economic importance of environmental and social factors that do not involve monetary transactions

(C) overestimate the amount of commercial activity generated by environmental disasters

(D) overestimate the economic significance of cohesive families and communities (B)

(E) assume that the economic significance of goods and services does not lie solely in price of those goods and services



6. It can be inferred that the author of the passage would agree with which of the following assessments of GDP as an indicator of the economic well-being of the United States?

(A) It masks social and environmental erosion more fully than the chief economic indicators of other nations.

(B) It is based on inaccurate estimations of the prices of many goods and services.

(C) It overestimates the amount of commercial activity that is generated in the United States.

(D) It is conducive to error because it conflates distinct types of economic activity. (E)

(E) I t does not take into account the economic utility of certain environmental and social conditions.



The Gross Domestic Product (GDP), which measures the dollar value of finished goods and services produced by an economy during a given period, serves as the chief indicator of the economic well-being of the United States. The GDP assumes that the economic significance of goods and services lies solely in their price, and that these goods and services add to the national well-being, not because of any intrinsic value they may possess, but simply because they were produced and bought. Additionally, only those goods and services involved in monetary transactions are included in the GDP. Thus, the GDP ignores the economic utility of such things as a clean environment and cohesive families and communities. It is therefore not merely coincidental, since national policies in capitalist and noncapitalist countries alike are dependent on indicators such as the GDP, that both the environment and the social structure have been eroded in recent decades. Not only does the GDP mask this erosion, it can actually portray it as an economic gain: an oil spill off a coastal region "adds" to the GDP because it generates commercial activity. In short, the nation's central measure of economic well-being works like a calculating machine that adds but cannot subtract.



1. The primary purpose of the passage is to

(A) identify ways in which the GDP could be modified so that it would serve as a more accurate indicator of the economic well-being of the United States

(B) suggest that the GDP, in spite of certain shortcomings, is still the most reliable indicator of the economic well-being of the United States

(C) examine crucial shortcomings of the GDP as an indicator of the economic well-being of the United States

(D) argue that the growth of the United States economy in recent decades has diminished the effectiveness of the GDP as an indicator of the nation's economic well-being (C)

(E) discuss how the GDP came to be used as the primary indicator of the economic well-being of the United States



2. Which of the following best describes the function of the second sentence of the passage in the context of the passage as a whole?

(A) It describes an assumption about the GDP that is defended in the course of the passage.

(B) It contributes to a discussion of the origins of the GDP.

(C) It clarifies a common misconception about the use of the GDP.

(D) It identifies a major flaw in the GDP. (D)

(E) It suggests a revision to the method of calculating the GDP.



3. It can be inferred that the author of the passage would agree with which of the following about the “economic significance” of those goods and services that are included in the GDP?

(A) It is a comprehensive indicator of a nation’s economic well-being.

(B) It is not accurately captured by the price of those goods and services.

(C) It is usually less than the intrinsic value of those goods and services.

(D) It is more difficult to calculate than the economic significance of those goods and services that are not included in the GDP. (B)

(E) It is calculated differently in capitalist countries than in noncapitalist countries.



4. The comparison of the GDP to a calculating machine serves to do which of the following?

(A) Refute an assertion that the calculations involved in the GDP are relatively complex in nature

(B) Indicate that the GDP is better suited to record certain types of monetary transactions than others

(C) Suggest that it is likely that the GDP will be supplanted by other, more sophisticated economic indicators

(D) Illustrate the point that the GDP has no way of measuring the destructive impact of such things as oil spills on the nation's economic well-being (D)

(E) Exemplify an assertion that the GDP tends to exaggerate the amount of commercial activity generated by such things as oil spills



5. The passage implies that national policies that rely heavily on economic indicators such as the GDP tend to

(A) become increasingly capitalistic in nature

(B) disagree the economic importance of environmental and social factors that do not involve monetary transactions

(C) overestimate the amount of commercial activity generated by environmental disasters

(D) overestimate the economic significance of cohesive families and communities (B)

(E) assume that the economic significance of goods and services does not lie solely in price of those goods and services



6. It can be inferred that the author of the passage would agree with which of the following assessments of GDP as an indicator of the economic well-being of the United States?

(A) It masks social and environmental erosion more fully than the chief economic indicators of other nations.

(B) It is based on inaccurate estimations of the prices of many goods and services.

(C) It overestimates the amount of commercial activity that is generated in the United States.

(D) It is conducive to error because it conflates distinct types of economic activity. (E)

(E) I t does not take into account the economic utility of certain environmental and social conditions.

女王的肥皂

In 1994, a team of scientists led by David McKay began studying the meteorite ALH84001 , which had been discovered in Antarctica in 1984. Two years later, the McKay team announced that ALH8400l, which scientists generally agree originated on Mars, contained compelling evidence that life once existed on Mars. This evidence includes the discovery of organic molecules inALH84001, the first ever found in Martian rock. Organic molecules-complex, carbon-based compounds-form the basis for terrestrial life. The organic molecules found inALH84001 are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, or PAHs. When microbes die, their organic material often decays into PAHs. Skepticism about the McKay team's claim remains, however. For example, ALH84001 has been on Earth for 13,000years, suggesting to some scientists that its PAHs might have resulted from terrestrial contamination. However, McKay's team has demonstrated that the concentration of PAHs increases as one looks deeper into ALH8400l, contrary to what one would expect from terrestrial contamination. The skeptics' strongest argument, however, is that processes unrelated to organic life can easily produce all the evidence found by McKay's team, including PAHs. For example, star formation produces PAHs . Moreover, PAHs frequently appear in other meteorites, and no one attributes their presence to life processes. Yet McKay's team notes that the particular combination of PAHs inALH84001 is more similar to the combinations produced by decaying organisms than to those originating from nonbiological processes.

流星上，发现martian life.
但是有两个质疑，这个流星在地球上很长时间，是不是地球上的，M 认为流星越往里，PHA 越多。
第二个质疑，ＰＨＡ其他 star形成过程中也会存在的。M认为，这些发现的PHA 很 decaying organism 的PHA 接近。


18. The primary purpose of the passage is to
(A) describe new ways of studying the possibility that life once existed on Mars
(B) revise a theory regarding the existence of life on Mars in light of new evidence
(C) reconcile conflicting viewpoints regarding the possibility that life once existed on Mars
(D) evaluate a recently proposed argument concerning the origin of ALH84001
(E) describe a controversy concerning the significance of evidence fromALH84001

19. The passage asserts which of the following about the claim that ALH84001 originated on Mars?
(A) It was initial ly proposed by the McKay team of scientists.
(B) It is not a matter of widespread scientific dispute.
(C) It has been questioned by some skeptics of the McKay team's work.
(D) It has been undermined by recent work on PAHs.
(E) It is incompatible with the fact thatALH84001 has been on Earth for 13,000 years.

20. The passage suggests that the fact that ALH84001 has been on Earth for 13,000years has been used by some scientists to support which of the following claims aboutALH84001?
(A) ALH84001 may not have originated on Mars.
(B) ALH84001 contains PAHs that are the result of nonbiological processes.
(C) ALH84001 may not have contained PAHs when it landed on Earth.
(D) The organic molecules found inALH84001 are not PAHs.
(E) The organic molecules found inALH84001 could not be the result of terrestrial contamination.

21. The passage suggests that if a meteorite contained PAHs that were the result of terrestrial contamination, then one would expect which of the following to be true ?
(A) The meteorite would have been on Earth for more than 13,000years.
(B) The meteorite would have originated from a source other than Mars.
(C) The P AHs contained in the meteorite would have originated from nonbiological processes.
(D) The meteorite would contain fewer PAHs than most other meteorites contain.
(E) The PAHs contained in the meteorite would be concentrated toward the meteorite's surface.

22. Which of the following best describes the function of the last sentence of the first paragraph?
(A) It identifies a possible organic source for the PAHs found inALH8400l.
(B) It describes a feature of PAHs that is not shared by other types of organic molecules.
(C) It explains how a characteristic common to most meteorites originates.
(D) It suggests how the terrestrial contamination of ALH84001 might have taken place.
(E) It presents evidence that undermines the claim that life once existed on Mars.

23. The passage suggests that McKay's team would agree with which of the following regarding the PAHs produced by nonorganic processes?
(A) These PAHs are not likely to be found in any meteorite that has been on Earth for 13,000 years or more.
(B) These PAHs are not likely to be found in any meteorite that originated from Mars.
(C) These PAHs are not likely to be produced by star formation.
(D) These PAHs are likely to be found in combinations that distinguish them from the PAHs produced by organic processes.
(E) These PAHs are likely to be found in fewer meteorites than the PAHs produced by organic processes.

In 1994, a team of scientists led by David McKay began studying the meteorite ALH84001 , which had been discovered in Antarctica in 1984. Two years later, the McKay team announced that ALH8400l, which scientists generally agree originated on Mars, contained compelling evidence that life once existed on Mars. This evidence includes the discovery of organic molecules inALH84001, the first ever found in Martian rock. Organic molecules-complex, carbon-based compounds-form the basis for terrestrial life. The organic molecules found inALH84001 are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, or PAHs. When microbes die, their organic material often decays into PAHs. Skepticism about the McKay team's claim remains, however. For example, ALH84001 has been on Earth for 13,000years, suggesting to some scientists that its PAHs might have resulted from terrestrial contamination. However, McKay's team has demonstrated that the concentration of PAHs increases as one looks deeper into ALH8400l, contrary to what one would expect from terrestrial contamination. The skeptics' strongest argument, however, is that processes unrelated to organic life can easily produce all the evidence found by McKay's team, including PAHs. For example, star formation produces PAHs . Moreover, PAHs frequently appear in other meteorites, and no one attributes their presence to life processes. Yet McKay's team notes that the particular combination of PAHs inALH84001 is more similar to the combinations produced by decaying organisms than to those originating from nonbiological processes.



18. The primary purpose of the passage is to

(A) describe new ways of studying the possibility that life once existed on Mars

(B) revise a theory regarding the existence of life on Mars in light of new evidence

(C) reconcile conflicting viewpoints regarding the possibility that life once existed on Mars

(D) evaluate a recently proposed argument concerning the origin of ALH84001 (E)

(E) describe a controversy concerning the significance of evidence fromALH84001



19. The passage asserts which of the following about the claim that ALH84001 originated on Mars?

(A) It was initial ly proposed by the McKay team of scientists.

(B) It is not a matter of widespread scientific dispute.

(C) It has been questioned by some skeptics of the McKay team's work.

(D) It has been undermined by recent work on PAHs. (B)

(E) It is incompatible with the fact thatALH84001 has been on Earth for 13,000 years.



20. The passage suggests that the fact that ALH84001 has been on Earth for 13,000years has been used by some scientists to support which of the following claims aboutALH84001?

(A) ALH84001 may not have originated on Mars.

(B) ALH84001 contains PAHs that are the result of nonbiological processes.

(C) ALH84001 may not have contained PAHs when it landed on Earth.

(D) The organic molecules found inALH84001 are not PAHs. (C)

(E) The organic molecules found inALH84001 could not be the result of terrestrial contamination.



21. The passage suggests that if a meteorite contained PAHs that were the result of terrestrial contamination, then one would expect which of the following to be true ?

(A) The meteorite would have been on Earth for more than 13,000years.

(B) The meteorite would have originated from a source other than Mars.

(C) The P AHs contained in the meteorite would have originated from nonbiological processes.

(D) The meteorite would contain fewer PAHs than most other meteorites contain. (E)

(E) The PAHs contained in the meteorite would be concentrated toward the meteorite's surface.



22. Which of the following best describes the function of the last sentence of the first paragraph?

(A) It identifies a possible organic source for the PAHs found inALH8400l.

(B) It describes a feature of PAHs that is not shared by other types of organic molecules.

(C) It explains how a characteristic common to most meteorites originates.

(D) It suggests how the terrestrial contamination of ALH84001 might have taken place. (A)

(E) It presents evidence that undermines the claim that life once existed on Mars.



23. The passage suggests that McKay's team would agree with which of the following regarding the PAHs produced by nonorganic processes?

(A) These PAHs are not likely to be found in any meteorite that has been on Earth for 13,000 years or more.

(B) These PAHs are not likely to be found in any meteorite that originated from Mars.

(C) These PAHs are not likely to be produced by star formation.

(D) These PAHs are likely to be found in combinations that distinguish them from the PAHs produced by organic processes. (D)

(E) These PAHs are likely to be found in fewer meteorites than the PAHs produced by organic processes.

女王的肥皂

In a 1918 editorial, W. E. B. Du Bois advised African Americans to stop agitating for equality and to proclaim their solidarity with White Americans for the duration of the First World War. The editorial surprised many African Americans who viewed Du Bois as an uncompromising African American leader and a chief opponent of the accommodationist tactics urged by Booker T. Washington. In fact, however, Du Bois often shifted positions along the continuum between Washington and confrontationists such as William Trotter. In 1895, when Washington called on African Americans to concentrate on improving their communities instead of opposing discrimination and agitating for political rights, Du Bois praised Washington's speech. In 1903, however, Du Bois aligned himself with Trotter , Washington's militant opponent, less for ideological reasons than because Trotter had described to him Washington's efforts to silence those in the African American press who opposed Washington's positions.
Du Bois's wartime position thus reflected not a change in his long-term goals but rather a pragmatic response in the face of social pressures: government officials had threatened African American journalists with censorship if they continued to voice grievances. Furthermore, Du Bois believed that African Americans' contributions to pastwar efforts had brought them some legal and political advances. Du Bois's accommodationism did not last, however. Upon learning of systematic discrimination experienced by African Americans in the military, he called on them to "return fighting" from the war.

called on them to "return fighting" from the war.
这话什么意思？是在呼吁African American 继续作战，这样的一个务实的作法？


第一段， Du 的态度一直在 Washington and confrontationists (对抗主义者) 之间变化。（但是，我看支持和反对的理由，都是对African American 有利的。）
第二段，Du 的这种态度转变反映了一种务实的态度。一是政府危险要censorship, 而是战后的斗争 African Americans 会可以获得了一些法律上的，政治上的好处。

错误 49

45. The passage is primarily concerned with
(A) identifying historical circumstances that led Du Bois to alter his long-term goals
(B) defining "accommodationism" and showing how Du Bois used this strategy to achieve certain goals
(C) accounting for a particular position adopted by Du Bois during the First World War
(D) contesting the view that Du Bois was significantly influenced by either Washington or Trotter
(E) assessing the effectiveness of a strategy that Du Bois urged African Americans to adopt

46. The passage indicates which of the following about Du Bois's attitude toward Washington?
(A) It underwent a shift during the First World War as Du Bois became more sympathetic with Trotter's views.
(B) It underwent a shift in 1903 for reasons other than Du Bois's disagreement with Washington's accommodationist views.
(C) It underwent a shift as Du Bois made a long-term commitment to the strategy of accommodation.
(D) It remained consistently positive even though Du Bois disagreed with Washington's efforts to control the African American press.
(E) It was shaped primarily by Du Bois's appreciation of Washington's pragmatic approach to the advancement of the interests of African Americans.


47. The passage suggests which of the following about the contributions of African Americans to the United States war effort during the First World War?
(A) The contributions were made largely in response to Du Bois's 1918 editorial.
(B) The contributions had much the same effect as African Americans' contributions to previous wars.
(C) The contributions did not end discrimination against African Americans in the military.
(D) The contributions were made in protest against Trotter's confrontationist tactics.
(E) The contributions were made primarily by civil rights activists who returned to activism after the war .


48. The author of the passage refers to Washington's call to African Americans in 1895 primarily in order to
(A) identify Du Bois's characteristic position on the continuum between accommodationism and confrontationism
(B) explain why Du Bois was sympathetic with Washington's views in 1895
(C) clarify how Trotter's views differed from those of Washington in 1895
(D) support an assertion about Du Bois's tendency to shift his political positions
(E) dismiss the claim that Du Bois's position in his 1918 editorial was consistent with his previous views
AD 比较，文章强调的是shifts， 而不是 certain position， 而这个却是A项想说的东西。


49. According to the passage, which of the following is true of the strategy that Du Bois's 1918 editorial urged African Americans to adopt during the First World War?
(A) It was a strategy that Du Bois had consistently rejected in the past.
(B) It represented a compromise between Du Bois's own views and those of Trotter.
(C) It represented a significant redefinition of the long-term goals Du Bois held prior to the war.
(D) It was advocated by Du Bois in response to his recognition of the discrimination faced by African Americans during the war.
(E) It was advocated by Du Bois in part because of his historical knowledge of gains African Americans had made during pastwars.
believed that African Americans' contributions to pastwar efforts had brought them some legal and political advances
第一遍没有看懂。

In a 1918 editorial, W. E. B. Du Bois advised African Americans to stop agitating for equality and to proclaim their solidarity with White Americans for the duration of the First World War. The editorial surprised many African Americans who viewed Du Bois as an uncompromising African American leader and a chief opponent of the accommodationist tactics urged by Booker T. Washington. In fact, however, Du Bois often shifted positions along the continuum between Washington and confrontationists such as William Trotter. In 1895, when Washington called on African Americans to concentrate on improving their communities instead of opposing discrimination and agitating for political rights, Du Bois praised Washington's speech. In 1903, however, Du Bois aligned himself with Trotter , Washington's militant opponent, less for ideological reasons than because Trotter had described to him Washington's efforts to silence those in the African American press who opposed Washington's positions.

Du Bois's wartime position thus reflected not a change in his long-term goals but rather a pragmatic response in the face of social pressures: government officials had threatened African American journalists with censorship if they continued to voice grievances. Furthermore, Du Bois believed that African Americans' contributions to pastwar efforts had brought them some legal and political advances. Du Bois's accommodationism did not last, however. Upon learning of systematic discrimination experienced by African Americans in the military, he called on them to "return fighting" from the war.



45. The passage is primarily concerned with

(A) identifying historical circumstances that led Du Bois to alter his long-term goals

(B) defining "accommodationism" and showing how Du Bois used this strategy to achieve certain goals

(C) accounting for a particular position adopted by Du Bois during the First World War

(D) contesting the view that Du Bois was significantly influenced by either Washington or Trotter (C)

(E) assessing the effectiveness of a strategy that Du Bois urged African Americans to adopt



46. The passage indicates which of the following about Du Bois's attitude toward Washington?

(A) It underwent a shift during the First World War as Du Bois became more sympathetic with Trotter's views.

(B) It underwent a shift in 1903 for reasons other than Du Bois's disagreement with Washington's accommodationist views.

(C) It underwent a shift as Du Bois made a long-term commitment to the strategy of accommodation.

(D) It remained consistently positive even though Du Bois disagreed with Washington's efforts to control the African American press. (B)

(E) It was shaped primarily by Du Bois's appreciation of Washington's pragmatic approach to the advancement of the interests of African Americans.



47. The passage suggests which of the following about the contributions of African Americans to the United States war effort during the First World War?

(A) The contributions were made largely in response to Du Bois's 1918 editorial.

(B) The contributions had much the same effect as African Americans' contributions to previous wars.

(C) The contributions did not end discrimination against African Americans in the military.

(D) The contributions were made in protest against Trotter's confrontationist tactics. (C)

(E) The contributions were made primarily by civil rights activists who returned to activism after the war .



48. The author of the passage refers to Washington's call to African Americans in 1895 primarily in order to

(A) identify Du Bois's characteristic position on the continuum between accommodationism and confrontationism

(B) explain why Du Bois was sympathetic with Washington's views in 1895

(C) clarify how Trotter's views differed from those of Washington in 1895

(D) support an assertion about Du Bois's tendency to shift his political positions (D)

(E) dismiss the claim that Du Bois's position in his 1918 editorial was consistent with his previous views



49. According to the passage, which of the following is true of the strategy that Du Bois's 1918 editorial urged African Americans to adopt during the First World War?

(A) It was a strategy that Du Bois had consistently rejected in the past.

(B) It represented a compromise between Du Bois's own views and those of Trotter.

(C) It represented a significant redefinition of the long-term goals Du Bois held prior to the war.

(D) It was advocated by Du Bois in response to his recognition of the discrimination faced by African Americans during the war. (E)

(E) It was advocated by Du Bois in part because of his historical knowledge of gains African Americans had made during pastwars.

女王的肥皂

http://forum.chasedream.com/GMAT_Preparation/thread-584279-1-1.html

这个帖子值得好好读读。

女王的肥皂

“语法词典”，

OG12 RC+补充资料以小安阅读法进行三遍。前4天每天20篇过完第一遍。中2天每天40篇第二遍，后2天每天40篇第三遍

这个量呀，我也感觉到自己的工作量小，但是不敢加码，这样还反复呢。

第一遍：
拿到一篇文章我进行如下步骤：
1读文章
2做题
3看OG解释
4把题目分类，我直接按OG12的分类，并没有自己的分类
5把细节题准确在文中定位，看看这个考察点是什么，是对比、转折、比较级、态度....
6总结还是使用EXCLE，共9列：阅读篇号，领域(如商业)，套路(如新旧对比)，结构(如老观点-老观点的坏处-新观点)，题号，题目类型(如supporting ideas)，考察点(如比较级)，破题方式(如直接定位)，细节标志词(如exceed，这一列只有那些定位原文的题目才有)。这种总结方式，相当于把小安阅读法想让我们知道的东西，都总结出来。我的总结在附件中，大家参考形式，内容尽量摒弃，怕误导大家，形成自己的思路永远强于照搬别人的方法。

第二遍：
读文章，每段读完一句话总结大意，看到自己认为可能成为考点的细节就标记(虽然有第一遍的印象，知道哪些内容出题哪些内容不出题，但硬要根据第一遍的总结把所有你认为能出题的内容标记)。读完全篇用1-2句话总结。脑中画出逻辑结构图。然后做题，细节题强迫自己不定位原文(肯定有很多题是有困难的，因为确实有部分题考察的是普通细节)。
这么做的目的，就是使得读者在考场上读文章的时候，对于GMAT喜欢考察的点高度敏感、记忆清晰，看到某些标志词(像more than什么的)浑身如触电一般。实际上也是让读者自己知道了哪些该细读，哪些该略读。

第三遍：
把自己感悟到的，应用于第三遍中，并尝试去做新题。

以下的时间表互相之间会有重复，因为我把执行固定任务的数天时段放在一起来表述。

把阅读机经总结一遍。我总结阅读机经的方法是，把每道题的所有版本凝聚成一篇，不遗漏任何信息，也没有重复信息，把所有机经提供者回忆起来的题目列在下面。在这个整理过程中，题目的逻辑自然烂熟于心了，特别是那些多达十几个版本的。值得一提的是，我把机经提供者的答案背了，一来我有信心到时候不受影响，二来怕万一时间不够能够顶上。此方法仅供参考，如果思路易受影响就不要采用。

8.7-8.17——号每天在考试时段做两套GWD，中间休息8分钟，50道PREP语法笔记07(做完之后又弄的大全)、30道PREP语法笔记逻辑，4篇阅读。我对GWD的总结非常草略，仅仅是把语法部分的新考点放入那个“语法词典”中，因此没有值得一说的经验。我的GWD错误率开始在8个上下，后来减少到5个以内。

机经：
我的机经使用方法还是比较非主流的，我把所有机经的答案都记住了，不能保证自己不受影响的筒子们就别这么干了。另外想上750的一定要注意，语法和逻辑机经的帮助可能非常有限，我的感受是，可能进入750以上的题库后，你会发现语法逻辑机经基本见不到。我这次考试我分别只遇到1个和2个，但阅读机经还是全中的。数学机经一定要看，这个都知道。

8.9——把阅读机经总结一遍。我总结阅读机经的方法是，把每道题的所有版本凝聚成一篇，不遗漏任何信息，也没有重复信息，把所有机经提供者回忆起来的题目列在下面。在这个整理过程中，题目的逻辑自然烂熟于心了，特别是那些多达十几个版本的。值得一提的是，我把机经提供者的答案背了，一来我有信心到时候不受影响，二来怕万一时间不够能够顶上。此方法仅供参考，如果思路易受影响就不要采用。


看这个步骤，就是我已经进行完第二遍了。第三遍是什么意思？ 自己的感悟。看看这个牛牛后面的经验，感觉一手抓语法，一手抓阅读。但是还是狠狠总结了阅读机经。这个基础还做这样的事情，显然阅读不是拿练得水平去做。

我很不愿意做分类。文章这样的东西，每个都是不一样的。分类我觉得嘲笑了文章本身传递的东西。

阅读之后的部分，就是ＧＷＤ，机经总结了。零零碎碎的东西真是很多。我还有IR没做过呢。

再看看这个机经经验，明显阅读大家都是一样的，不会随着高分，低分而变化的。这个阅读机经整理可以参考。

作文给的时间也很多的。

刚才，我终于找到Word里有类似CD的界面了。我就不用天天在这里乱了。

女王的肥皂

“小安阅读法绝对不是让你仅仅分析结构，这种短时间内的暴力练习实则是帮你参透考点的设置。main point我只错过一次，而有些题目确实在考察阅读能力，比如类比题，和举例/段落作用题，这种题目读不懂文章就没法做，必须得搞懂作者说的什么。我认为，在短时间内数遍阅读者81篇文章，考生的阅读能力一定会有所提升，这也是一个作用。最主要的，我认为阅读最麻烦的还是需要考察细节的题（包括supporting ideas和部分imply），特别是那种普通细节题，毫无征兆的就考到了，只能回归原文而且还很难找，比如84和134题。但是绝大部分是可以在首读文章的时候就提高注意的。
在OG12的139道题目中。91道题目主要考察文中的细节点。其中只有9道题目是普通细节，也就是没有特征的那种细节。2道考察了实验的作用。其余的题目全部考察的大众考点：不同、相同、比较级、特殊符号、优缺点、态度、因果、反常......这说明细节题GMAC考来考去就几个花样而已。
分析做过的题目更好的帮助你感受出题点的设定。在做题的过程中，很多人掐着时间做，按考试状态做，就很难细细体会提点的设定，所以这应该放在做完之后的分析中。
关于结构，我曾经非常仔细的分析每一篇文章的结构，把总论点，分论点，支持，背景，闲话都分的清清楚楚，但仅仅做了OG12上的这些文章。因为我发现结构这个东西你要整理它非常吃力不讨好，有些文章剑走偏锋。而且结构没必要分析的很细致，感受到总论点分论点和对应的支持意群就可以了。
最后，希望你在整理阅读机经的时候用心一点，这是非常有用的。
还有，你的SC速度还要提升一下才行，尽量在1分钟1道 ”

我是把这牛牛的话也当阅读了。我细节错的不多，但是一到类比，段落作用就出问题。（我知道为什么，但这个问题我就不说。）细节的时候不要出现排比，一出这个我就死了，好像OG很爱玩这个。

按考试状态做，就很难细细体会提点的设定，所以这应该放在做完之后的分析中。
看到这句话我有信心多了。
看见标红 我猜对了，机经整理很重要。

女王的肥皂

我发现识别改写这种说法不准确。没有读懂的情况下，你很难识改写的，这些GMAC真能把文章改的面目全非的。我还是好好练我的阅读。

左手语法，右手阅读。
放在这里了， 就算自己的经验总结了

1)Always read the first sentence of a paragraph carefully, It’s the key to understand entire paragraph.

When you’ve identified the main idea, it’s a good idea to jot down a couple of key words to encapsulate it.

刚刚从别人那里看到的，我看的时候很有感触了。原来别人说的第一句话如何如何重要，没有什么感觉。这段时间阅读下来，吃了这么多亏，才知道真理早在那里。

女王的肥皂

“第二遍总结与第一遍总结的最大不同在于题目都已经做过一遍了。第一遍总结之所以效果不好首先是因为当时缺乏最起码的对文章的感觉，而且有难句和单词的障碍。（第一遍时按难句和单词的首字母提炼方法训练了一下，有了阅读速度的提高并建立了正确的阅读习惯：不回读，段落之间的回忆思考）第一遍总结之所以效果不好的另一个原因是：一下子读的文章太少，没有形成强烈的对于gmat阅读文章的感觉。所以在第二遍总结时，阅读强度要大（2-3天完成所有80篇文章的总结），这样短时间的强刺激会让你在遗忘前一天作题感觉前迅速把握所读文章的共有特点，以及各种散在不同文章中的相同类型题目的共同特点。
我建议大家第二遍总结时要作以下工作：
1、阅读强度要大，每天计划阅读量要尽量大，比如2-3天内总结完og+补充材料的所有80篇文章。（不建议总结gre和lsat文章，因为阅读和题目的特点不同）
2、detail和information题目的还原，这很重要。最好能划在书上（有影印版的话），加强对题目的感觉
3、注意不同体裁文章的特点。
4、总结完后一个单元（比如8篇文章），再看一遍文章（结合还原后的考点，不作题），然后合上书，把该篇文章的主题、文章结构和考点全部回忆出来（假想你是在为别人写机经）。这是锻炼你的逻辑记忆力（可以提高作题速度），并让你对考点更敏感。
5、要试着在作阅读和横向总结的过程中培养一种比较固定的最佳阅读速度：这种速度是对文章的理解程度和阅读速度的一个组合。再快些恐怕会看不懂，从而导致正确率的下降；再慢些，正确率提高很少，但阅读占据的时间太多了。注意这种最佳速度应该根据文章体裁和生词量有所调整，而不是单一的。
第三遍总结很简单，1天内通读全部80篇文章，把第二遍总结出来的成果运用一遍，形成固定的思维。
三遍过后，gmat阅读就没有难题了。你已经学会gmat阅读了，但提醒一句：不要忘了，总结出来的是gmat阅读的方法，不要用于gre和lsat阅读。”

我还是再来一遍吧。这次好几篇没有读明白。这次加上 阅读大全的第二部分，那部分我觉得很难的。不能只是读，我这人太没有自觉，不做题就走样。

貌似很大一部分是以前的真题，因为版权问题所以才做成蓝皮书，而不是像OG那样光明正大印上新东方三个字~我们老师是说封面上也没有印GMAT阅读指导而是商学院什么的~

好的，我就好好整理 OG 13新增， GWD 和 PREP 07 08, 像是 08没有word版的。

女王的肥皂

根据我的上课的记录
核心篇：老师说做5遍
增补篇：前33是老的（老的什么我没记。。难道是老gmat题？）做3遍 后34-60篇做4遍
后续篇：3遍
加强篇：162是gre的文章，只看文章就行。

也就是说核心最重要 然后就是增补的后半部分。。。。。

这个人也是这么说的。多做呀，别觉得两边就可以了。