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女王的肥皂 · 发表于 2012-10-3 19:53:45

1. Sneakers

Brand X designs and builds custom sneakers, one sneaker at a time. It recently announced plans to sell "The Gold Standard," a sneaker that will cost five times more to manufacture than any other sneaker that has been ever been created.
Which of the following, if true, most supports the prediction that The Gold Standard shoe line will be profitable?(A) Because of its reputation as an original and exclusive sneaker, The Gold Standard will be favored by urban hipsters willing to pay exceptionally high prices in order to standout.
(B) Of the last four new sneakers that Brand X has released, three have sold at a rate that was higher than projected.
(C) A rival brand recently declared bankruptcy and ceased manufacturing shoes. '
(0) The market for The Gold Standard will not be more limited than the market for other Brand X shoes.
(E) The Gold Standard is made using canvas that is more than five times the cost of the canvas

Conclusion: the Gold Standard shoe will be profitable.
Premise: Golde Standard shoe will cost five times more to manufacuture than any other products Brand X have created.

Reasoning: This product will be profitable even thouth its cost is higher. The support information will provide information about the extreme revenues.
A correct
B Irrelevant. This topic is focusing on the Gold standard shoe and its profitability.
C Irrelevant. rival's bankruptcy is good news for Brand X, but have no direct relations with the Gold Standard shoe.
D strength or irrelevant, because the main focus is the Gold Standard shoe's profit, is not the Gold Stanard shoe's market.
E Irrelevant. This choice just provide information supporting premise that says the Gold Standard shoe has higher cost.

B 错误。 all things are equal; In any case, the result of the past release is not necessary indicative of the case at hand. Sales that is higher than projection is not related with profitability.

2. Farmsbq Cm",.
The Farmsley Center for the Performing Arts, designed by a world-renowned architect, was built ten years ago in downtown Metropolis. A recent study shows that, on average, a person who attends a performance at the Farmsley Center spends eighty-three dollars at downtown businesses on the day of the performance. Citing this report, the
chairman of the Farmsley Center's Board of Trustees contends that the Farmsley Center has been a significant source of the economic revitalization of downtown Metropolis.
Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the chairman's contention?
(A) The Metropolis Chamber of Commerce honored the Farmsley chairman this year for his contributions to the city.
(B) Restaurants near the Farmsley Center tend to be more expensive than restaurants in outlying areas.
(C) The Farmsley Center is the only building in Metropolis designed by a worldrenowned contemporary architect.
(0) For major theater companies on national tours, the Farmsley Center is the first choice among venues in downtown Metropolis.
(E) Many suburbanites visit downtown Metropolis on weekends primarily in order to see performances at the Farrnsley Center.

Conclusion: FC has been a significant source of the economic revitalization of downtown Metropolis.
Premise; People attends the performance at the FC and they spend 83 on the day of performance.

Reasoning: again, correlation does not mean causation. people spend many and people attend the performance at the FC are two different thing. It needs another information to establish the causation relathionship between them.
A Irrelevant. The conclusion is FC is the source of economic revitalization.
B Irrelevant. This choice is talking about the neaby restaurant. But the focus of this arugument and conclusion is FC. These are totally different two things.
C Irrelevant. The Conclusion is on the economic. It is whether or not Fc will provide revenue.
D Irrelevant. Pay attention for the bold words. The CEO drew his conclusion based on the survey. Even though, world wide theater would offer revenues for FC, but this revenue is not the people spending.
E correct.

这里我的总结不好。people‘s same day spendingprovide the resource of economic revitalization of the downtwon Metropolis.

D Fc is just making money. But economic revitalization is to bring the moeny into the downtown, spending in the downtown.

2. Farmsbq Cm",.
The Farmsley Center for the Performing Arts, designed by a world-renowned architect, was built ten years ago in downtown Metropolis. A recent study shows that, on average, a person who attends a performance at the Farmsley Center spends eighty-three dollars at downtown businesses on the day of the performance. Citing this report, the
chairman of the Farmsley Center's Board of Trustees contends that the Farmsley Center has been a significant source of the economic revitalization of downtown Metropolis.
Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the chairman's contention?
(A) The Metropolis Chamber of Commerce honored the Farmsley chairman this year for his contributions to the city.
(B) Restaurants near the Farmsley Center tend to be more expensive than restaurants in outlying areas.
(C) The Farmsley Center is the only building in Metropolis designed by a worldrenowned contemporary architect.
(0) For major theater companies on national tours, the Farmsley Center is the first choice among venues in downtown Metropolis.
(E) Many suburbanites visit downtown Metropolis on weekends primarily in order to see performances at the Farrnsley Center.

Conclusion: FC has been a significant source of the economic revitalization of downtown Metropolis.
Premise; People attends the performance at the FC and they spend 83 on the day of performance.

Reasoning: again, correlation does not mean causation. people spend many and people attend the performance at the FC are two different thing. It needs another information to establish the causation relathionship between them.
A Irrelevant. The conclusion is FC is the source of economic revitalization.
B Irrelevant. This choice is talking about the neaby restaurant. But the focus of this arugument and conclusion is FC. These are totally different two things.
C Irrelevant. The Conclusion is on the economic. It is whether or not Fc will provide revenue.
D Irrelevant. Pay attention for the bold words. The CEO drew his conclusion based on the survey. Even though, world wide theater would offer revenues for FC, but this revenue is not the people spending.
E correct.

这里我的总结不好。people‘s same day spendingprovide the resource of economic revitalization of the downtwon Metropolis.

D Fc is just making money. But economic revitalization is to bring the moeny into the downtown, spending in the downtown.

女王的肥皂 · 发表于 2012-10-11 09:18:31

This has prompted hand-wringing in the academic community, which is fearful that Harvard is beginning to mirror the practice at some other schools of cutting corners for prized athletes and admitting some students just because they can throw a football or shoot a basketball.

我有些不理解这里的which和主句的关系。

女王的肥皂 · 发表于 2012-10-30 16:37:07

花了这么多时间看比较，最后还是求到了manhattan。还是看书有用。结论就是两条：

1. 主谓宾全面的是时候， A do something of a than B do something of b. 这样的句式，需要区分的就是第二个比较部分，是和前句主语比较，还是和前句宾语比较。和主语比较，就需要加入 do

2. 其他时候，是不是需要加入 do or be ，这个条件判断一个句子对错是很弱的。不构成充分条件推出一个句子一定是错的。

女王的肥皂 · 发表于 2012-10-31 09:27:38

关于逻辑。
我应该有这样的一个宏观观念：
1 基本的逻辑概念：概念，判断，推论。
概念是不是很简单。比如这个题，我就是把结论中any tiger sharks看成了any sharkers. 结果，我就选了C。
Tiger sharks are common in the waters surrounding Tenare Island. Usually tiger sharks feed on smaller sharks, but sometimes they have attacked tourists swimming and surfing at Tenare’s beaches. This has hurt Tenare’s tourism industry, which is second only to its fishing industry in annual revenues. In order to help the economy, therefore, the mayor of the island has proposed an ongoing program to kill any tiger sharks within a mile of the beaches.
Which of the following, if true, most strongly calls into question the likelihood that implementation of the mayor’s proposal will have the desired consequences?
(A) Even if not all the tiger sharks that come close to the beaches are killed, the existence of the program would reassure tourists.
(B) Business owners who depend on tourism are willing to pay most of the cost of implementing the program.
(C) Tourists come to Tenare Island for its beaches, even though the island features a number of other tourist attractions.
(D) The small sharks on which tiger sharks prey feed on fish that are commercially important to the island’s fisheries.
(E) Not all tourists who come to Tenare Island enjoy swimming or surfing.”
答案 D

女王的肥皂 · 发表于 2012-11-3 14:37:37

IT IS among the hoariest of film clichés. The hero subdues one foe and turns his attention to another only to find that the first villain is still alive and bent on destruction. Two years ago the rich world thought that the global recession was over, vanquished by a wave of fiscal and monetary stimulus. Policymakers turned their backs to clean up the government debt that had been left behind. In 2011 and 2012 structural deficits across the rich world will have been reduced by about 0.75% of GDP, a pace that is forecast to rise in 2013. But economic gloom has not gone; indeed, fiscal consolidation seems to have deepened it.

Solvency worries drove the turn from stimulus to austerity. Markets started losing their appetite for Greek debt in late 2009. Many governments feared they might be next. In October 2010 the IMF called for belt-tightening and turned to gauging its probable impact. Yet controversy surrounded this switch. The IMF argued that austerity would be painful but necessary; some academics reckoned that cuts could do more harm than good.

The debate centred on the value of an economic variable called a “multiplier”. A fiscal multiplier describes the change in GDP that is due to a change in tax-and-spending policy. A multiplier of 1.5, for instance, means that $1 in government-spending cuts reduces GDP by $1.50; a multiplier of 0.5 means a $1 cut in spending only reduces GDP by 50 cents. Multipliers work both ways: during the recession experts bickered over the extra economic bang to be expected from a given stimulus buck. But it is the impact of austerity that now preoccupies people.

A simple example illustrates the multiplier’s importance. Take an economy growing at 1.5% a year and with a government budget deficit of 1% of GDP. If the multiplier is 2, spending cuts big enough to close the deficit produce a drop in GDP in the year the cuts take effect. For its pains the economy ends the year with a higher debt-to-GDP ratio than it started with. A multiplier below 1.5 means slow growth and a lower debt burden at year’s end.

Estimates of fiscal multipliers are all over the map（是指estimate 五花八门）. Some, like Alberto Alesina and Silvia Ardagna of Harvard University, argue that fiscal consolidation may actually raise growth, even in the short run. But the loose consensus a couple of years ago was that multipliers were typically around 1, or perhaps a bit below. In their 2010 analysis IMF economists reckoned that governments cutting deficits by 1% of GDP could expect a short-run hit to GDP growth of about half a percentage point: a multiplier of about 0.5.

This view was predicated on the idea that other factors can offset the blow from budget cuts. Spending cuts may “crowd in” private-sector activity: if governments are using up scarce capital and labour then austerity creates room for private firms to expand. In open economies, austerity’s bite can be passed on to other countries through reduced imports. Most important of all, monetary policy can act as a counterweight to fiscal policy. Spending cuts that threaten to drag growth below a desired level should prompt monetary easing, limiting the multiplier.

What that means is that austerity may hurt much more at some times than others. In a 2010 paper Alan Auerbach and Yuriy Gorodnichenko of the University of California, Berkeley argued that the fiscal multiplier may be negative during booms, meaning that spending cuts actually raise growth. In recessions, by contrast, it could be as high as 2.5. A study by Lawrence Christiano, Martin Eichenbaum and Sergio Rebelo of Northwestern University suggested that although the multiplier may hover at around 1 normally, it could rise to more than 3 when interest rates fall to near zero, leaving the central bank with less room to act.

The timing of post-crisis austerity could hardly have been less auspicious（你怎么不再加一个呀。）. , as many interest rates neared zero, monetary-policy action had less scope.First, with many economies cutting budgets at once, the impact of austerity on growth couldn’t easily be deflected elsewhere. That is a big problem in the euro zone where trade links are tight and countries are unable to devalue their currencies. Second, whereas cuts in government spending might normally be expected to free up resources for private use, that mattered far less when unemployment and saving were high. Third, with borrowing costs already at rock bottom in safe havens like Britain and America, there was less room for them to fall further to offset the impact of austerity on demand. Finally
这个fiscal multiplier 还真是神奇，是个会变的东西，经济好的时候，越是财政紧缩越能能刺激经济的增长，经济不好的时候就糟糕了，变得会落井下石了。
最后一段说的是危机过后采用austerity 这个时点的选择很不好。最后一段很难的。

Slasher movie

To be fair, the IMF cautioned in 2010 that austerity might be more painful than normal for just these reasons. Even so, it underestimated the hit from budget cuts. In the fund’s latest “World Economic Outlook”, released this month, Olivier Blanchard, its chief economist, and Daniel Leigh study how well their past forecasts turned out. They analyse the IMF’s 2010-vintage forecasts for 28 rich economies and find that planned fiscal cuts of 1% of GDP generally led the IMF to overestimate a country’s subsequent growth by about a percentage point. Fiscal multipliers since the recession seem to have been between 0.9 and 1.7, they write, rather than the 0.5 figure used in initial forecasts. That meant more economic hardship for less improvement in public finances.

Given the small sample size, these conclusions should also be treated cautiously. Yet a battery of tests conducted by Mr Blanchard and Mr Leigh shows that the fund’s new results hold when controlling for things such as banking crises, and remain statistically meaningful when countries on IMF programmes, such as Greece and Portugal, are excluded. Rapid belt-tightening may bring down deficits, but it hurts growth more than the fund anticipated. The IMF has seen this film before, say critics of austerity: it should have seen this coming.

怪不得国外很推崇中国的阴阳，真的困难，不是知道好，知道不好，或者全部知道好与不好。真的困难是怎么把握火候。

女王的肥皂 · 发表于 2012-11-25 12:52:34

PICKING locks can presage a crime—or be a useful skill for those who lose their keys. Cracking the digital-rights management (DRM) that secures works that are distributed electronically, such as e-books and films, is illegal in many countries. But it can be tempting when rules seem unfair or arbitrary. Calibre, a free software programme, can be fitted with a third-party plug-in to strip the DRM from proprietary e-book formats. It has over 11m users. Other more furtive means are available too. David Price, head of piracy intelligence at NetNames, a brand-protection firm, says no DRM system has yet remained uncracked

Stoking the trend is consumers’ growing realisation that they may not be (as they often think) buying their e-books, music downloads and other digital content outright. In many cases they are in effect just renting them, subject to tough rules buried in small print. Proprietary software can tie the e-book to a particular device. And the provider of the content can revoke the owner’s rights at whim.

Last month Amazon blocked a Kindle account belonging to Linn Jordet Nygaard, a Norwegian, meaning that she could no longer read the 43 books she had bought (after a burst of publicity Amazon restored the account, though it declined to explain its actions to her, or to comment publicly on the case “though”这里整个转折我都觉得句子很好。). The European Consumers’ Organisation denounces “copyright shackles” on online content, and berates the European Commission for having “dallied” on ruling whether DRM is unfair.

For most digital libertarians, who believe DRM stifles competition and traps consumers, that will not be enough. Cory Doctorow, a blogger and author (who gives his books away free on the internet) says “rotten lawmaking” has set market terms that nobody wants—including many authors and publishers, who would prefer a more open system. In July Macmillan was the first book publisher of the “Big Six” to free its science fiction and fantasy e-book range from DRM. It termed the restrictions on copying and moving content a “constant annoyance”, for readers. In August Harvard Business Review Press launched an outlet for e-books, also DRM-free.

In October sales of the “Humble eBook Bundle”, a package of no-locks books for which consumers paid whatever they wanted (and chose how to split it between the author and a charity), was a big success. The average price paid was a record $14. Consumers seem to reward authors who trust them with their content.（我觉得这里这两个them 和their指代是不同的东西）

1.tempting adj. something that is tempting seems very good and you should like to have it or to it.
2.proprietary adj. 私人的，有产权的。 ep: proprietary e-book formates.
3. furtive adj. secretative
Other more furtive means are avaible too
4. stoke v. add more coal or wood to fire 加火
stoking the trend is consumers' growing realisation
5. outright adj. complete and total
they may not be buying their books, music downloads and other digital content outright.
6. small print
7. revoke v. to officially state that the law, decision, or agreement is no longer effective,
the provider can revoke the owner's rights at whim
8. decline v. to say no politeley when someone invite you somewhere or offer you something.
Amazon declined to explain its actions to her, or to comment publicly on the case
9.dally v . dally with ： to do something or think about something, but not in a serious way.
10. stifle v. to stop something from happening or developing.
DRM stifles competition and traps consumers.
11. rotten adj. 腐烂的
12. terms n. conditions offered or accepted
peace terms 和平条件
Rotten lawmaking has set market terms that nobody wants.
market terms 市场规则
13. Big Six
14 It termed the restrictions on copying and moving content a “constant annoyance
我觉得这个句子语法错误，应该是
it termed the restrictions on copying, moving contenct a "constant annoyance"
15 Consumers seem to reward authors who trust them with their content.（我觉得这里这两个them 和their指代是不同的东西）

女王的肥皂 · 发表于 2012-11-28 17:17:38

我恨逻辑呀。

想想开始的时候，连assumption都不知道是什么，suffcient, necessary, inference 也一样不知道的。

逻辑呀，逻辑题真是因为英文看不懂才会错？换成中文就能全对，或对80%？反正，我不信。

前些天，我才猛然意识到。感情语法也是为逻辑服务的，语法的平行，简洁，非歧义都是为逻辑服务的。

jeffery2541 · 发表于 2012-11-29 22:14:20

来瞧瞧~
内容好充实啊~~

女王的肥皂 · 发表于 2012-11-30 12:27:21

来瞧瞧~
内容好充实啊~~

-- by 会员 jeffery2541 (2012/11/29 22:14:20)

这个论坛的操作界面我很喜欢，有时候就是把看的东西贴到这里了

jeffery2541 · 发表于 2012-11-30 14:07:49

来瞧瞧~
内容好充实啊~~

-- by 会员 jeffery2541 (2012/11/29 22:14:20)

这个论坛的操作界面我很喜欢，有时候就是把看的东西贴到这里了

-- by 会员女王的肥皂 (2012/11/30 12:27:21)

话说你什么时候考试呢~

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