俺的GMAT家

女王的肥皂

Bottom Line Up Front: Everything hinges on your ability to conquer any SC question (except those that are truly brutal) in around 60 seconds max.

1. Attack SC questions quickly and efficiently, aim for no more than 60 seconds per question. Obviously you will have 2-3 per test that are real tricky and require 60-120 seconds to analyze, break down, and compare answer choices. Think about it - you will get 4 RC passages per test, each with 4 questions. Therefore you're left with 25 CR/SC questions. Assuming you get about 10 CR and 15 SC, you can make up close to 30 seconds per SC question. Assuming you have the 2-3 that require a full 90 or even 120 seconds, you will still be ahead of schedule by about 6 minutes. This is key. It all starts here.

2. Now that you are working with a full extra 5-6-7 minutes of head-scratching, nail-biting POE time, you can really dig into those tough CR and RC passages. Everyone swears by the MGMAT SC guide, but most fail to tout the MGMAT CR and RC guides! These are GOLDEN. You have GOT to use MGMAT CR and RC if you want to score high 90 percentiles on Verbal. A lot of people claim that the "Diagramming" and "Highlighting" Techniques for CR and RC are time consuming and not feasible on the real GMAT due to time constraints. Let me tell you right now: I diagrammed every single CR question and highlighted all four RC passages when I took the GMAT. How was I able to do this? Yes, I worked efficiently and quickly, but I also had those extra 5 or so minutes I had made up by knocking out SC questions in a timely manner. See how it is all related?

3. Early in my prep, I noticed trends in my verbal test-taking. I never had significant problems with SC, but often got tough CR or RC questions incorrect. I couldn't figure out why until I attempted diagramming and highlighting. As it turns out, I was taking TOO MUCH TIME ON SC, leaving me insufficient time to process the barrage of information thrown at you in an RC passage, or leaving me too rushed as I analyzed CR, which often led to careless errors. REMEMBER: for BOTH CR and RC, the key to ascertaining the correct answer is COMPREHENSION of the passage. The best way to do this is make "highlight" or "diagram" notes as you are reading! This way you are literally reading and writing it simultaneously, which maximizes your brain's ability to truly process the meaning behind the words. Yes, this is difficult to do with an average of 2 mins per question, but if you are ahead of pace with good SC skill, you will have more along the lines of 2:15-2:20 average for RC and CR. These extra seconds are CRUCIAL because they allow you the opportunity to really think about the information, and then seriously consider how it relates to what the question is really asking.

Bottom line - first establish your skill with SC. This will gently ease you into verbal in general. Become more familiar with subject-verb agreement, parallelism, and modifiers. These are the things the GMAT will beat you with the most. Once you are at the 700+ level, you will see questions with all three of these issues at fault within the prompt. Read the sentence over once, and cross off the first option as soon as you know it's wrong (or leave it if a possible correct answer). Then read through the other four choices and place them back in the original sentence, looking for those key elements of SV agreement, parallelism, and modifier placement. Obviously this is overly broad, but if you have read the MGMAT SC guide, you'll know what I'm talking about.

这是国外那个牛牛的经验，时间配比。还是要左手 SC ，右手 RC。RC 是根本，SC要一分钟一个。这个牛牛都做了笔记的，不仅仅是RC 呀，而且有 CR呀。 人家是native speaker, 人家为什么还这样？ 我呢。。。。。

女王的肥皂

GWD1-Q4 to Q6:


The fields of antebellum (pre-Civil War) political history and women’s history use separate sources and focus on separate issues.Political historians, examining sources such as voting records, newspapers, and politicians’ writings, focus on the emergence in the 1840’s of a new “American political nation,” and since women were neither voters nor politicians, they receive little discussion.Women’s historians, meanwhile, have shown little interest in the subject of party politics, instead drawing on personal papers, legal records such as wills, and records of female associations to illuminate women’s domestic lives, their moral reform activities, and the emergence of the woman’s rights movement.

However, most historians have underestimated the extent and significance of women’s political allegiance in the antebellum period.For example, in the presidential election campaigns of the 1840’s, the Virginia Whig party strove to win the allegiance of Virginia
’s women by inviting them to rallies and speeches.According to Whig propaganda, women who turned out at the party’s rallies gathered information that enabled them to mold party-loyal families, reminded men of moral values that transcended party loyalty, and conferred moral standing on the party. Virginia Democrats, in response, began to make similar appeals to women as well.By the mid-1850’s the inclusion of women in the rituals of party politics had become commonplace, and the ideology that justified such inclusion had been assimilated by the Democrats.

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antebellum  
我是第一次见到这样的没有平行的转折 Instead这里。
注意看数字，我对英文中的数字一直不敏感。

这两 两个词很重要， 1  political allegiance， 我觉得不是loyalty， 而是 support , 是政治支持的意思。
2 moral standing,  这些天我有些怕standing 这个词。 standing 应该是立场的意思。

第一段， antebellum 时期， politcal history and women's history 关注的领域是不一样的。
第二段，就是需要重视。

怎么考试的时候的阅读都是一样的文章吗？



GWD1-Q4:

The primary purpose of the passage as a whole is to

A.examine the tactics of antebellum political parties with regard to women

B.trace the effect of politics on the emergence of the woman’s rights movement

C.point out a deficiency in the study of a particular historical period

D.discuss the ideologies of opposing antebellum political parties

E.contrast the methodologies in two differing fields of historical inquiry

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GWD1-Q5:

According to the second paragraph of the passage (lines 20-42), Whig propaganda included the assertion that

A.women should enjoy more political rights than they did

B.womenwere the most important influences on political attitudes within a family

C.women’s reform activities reminded men of important moral values

D.women’s demonstrations at rallies would influence men’s voting behavior

E.women’s presence at rallies would enhance the moral standing of the party

------------------------------------------------------------------  这个题改写的要注意了。 我就说改写题怎么能这样好拿下呢。
GWD1-Q6:

According to the passage, which of the following was true of Virginia Democrats in the mid-1850’s?



A.They feared that their party was losing its strong moral foundation.

B.They believed that the Whigs’ inclusion of women in party politics had led to the Whigs’ success in many elections.

C.They created an ideology that justified the inclusion of women in party politics.

D.They wanted to demonstrate that they were in support of the woman’s rights movement.

E.They imitated the Whigs’ efforts to include women in the rituals of party politics.


BE的比较呀，B 又在一种可能结果说成一种确定。

女王的肥皂

GWD1-Q9 to Q12:
Over the last 150 years, large stretches of salmon habitat have been eliminated by human activity: mining, livestock grazing, timber harvesting, and agriculture as well as recreational and urban development.The numerical effect is obvious:there are fewer salmon in degraded regions than in pristine ones; however, habitat loss also has the potential to reduce genetic diversity.This is most evident in cases where it results in the extinction of entire salmon populations.Indeed, most analysts believe that some kind of environmental degradation underlies the demise of many extinct salmon populations. Although some rivers have been recolonized, the unique genes of the original populations have been lost.

Large-scale disturbances in one locale also have the potential to alter the genetic structure of populations in neighboring areas, even if those areas have pristine habitats.Why?Although the homing instinct of salmon to their natal stream is strong, a fraction of the fish returning from the sea (rarely more than 15 percent) stray and spawn in nearby streams.Low levels of straying are crucial, since the process provides a source of novel genes and a mechanism by which a location can be repopulated should the fish there disappear.Yet high rates of straying can be problematic because misdirected fish may interbreed with the existing stock to such a degree that any local adaptations that are present become diluted. Straying rates remain relatively low when environmental conditions are stable, but can increase dramatically when streams suffer severe disturbance.The 1980 volcanic eruption of Mount Saint Helens, for example, sent mud and debris into several tributaries of the Columbia River.For the next couple of years, steelhead trout (a species included among the salmonids) returning from the sea to spawn were forced to find alternative streams.As a consequence, their rates of straying, initially 16 percent, rose to more than 40 percent overall.

Although no one has quantified changes in the rate of straying as a result of the disturbances caused by humans, there is no reason to suspect that the effect would be qualitatively different than what was seen in the aftermath of the Mount Saint Helens eruption.Such a dramatic increase in straying from damaged areas to more pristine streams results in substantial gene flow, which can in turn lower the overall fitness of subsequent generations.

 Low levels of straying are crucial, since the process provides a source of novel genes and a mechanism by which a location can be repopulated should the fish there disappear.
这话什么意思？
我真是死了算了，原来是这两个是paralleled.
should the fish there disappear 这里是虚拟语气的条件句
misdirected=stray

第一段，就是the skretches of habitates 没有了，所有salmon的genetic  diversity 收到很大的影响。
第二段， 就是 第一句话， large scale ddisturbances in one place also have the potential to alter the genetric structure of populationd in neighbouring areas.
第三段，就是这样做会影响整体的fitness of subsequent generations.

其实，这个就是说了一个意思，就是human acitivities destroy  the genetic structure of the Salmon.


GWD1-Q9:

The primary purpose of the passage is to

A.argue against a conventional explanation for the extinction of certain salmon populations and suggest an alternative

B.correct a common misunderstanding about the behavior of salmon in response to environmental degradation caused by human activity

C.compare the effects of human activity on salmon populations with the effects of natural disturbances on salmon populations

D.differentiate the particular effects of various human activities on salmon habitats

E.describe how environmental degradation can cause changes in salmon populations that extend beyond a numerical reduction

也不知道怎么回事，我看OG的答案变得都是很傻乎乎的，就死你看懂，选项设置不是刁难人。但是GWD的东西是怎么回事？ 选项这么刁难人呀。

GWD1-Q10:

It can be inferred from the passage that the occasional failure of some salmon to return to their natal streams in order to spawn provides a mechanism by which



A.pristine streams that are near polluted streams become polluted themselves

B.the particular adaptations of a polluted stream’s salmon population can be preserved without dilution

C.the number of salmon in pristine habitats decreases relative to the number in polluted streams

D.an environmentally degraded stream could be recolonized by new salmon populations should the stream recover

E.the extinction of the salmon populations that spawn in polluted streams is accelerated

就是我没有看懂的那个句子

GWD1-Q11:

According to the passage, human activity has had which of the following effects on salmon populations?

A.An increase in the size of salmon populations in some previously polluted rivers

B.A decline in the number of salmon in some rivers

C.A decrease in the number straying salmon in some rivers

D.A decrease in the gene flow between salmon populations that spawn in polluted streams and populations that spawn in pristine streams



E.A decline in the vulnerability of some salmon populations to the effects of naturally occurring habitat destruction






GWD1-Q12:

The author mentions the “aftermath of the Mount Saint Helens eruption” (lines 73-74) most likely in order to



A.provide an example of the process that allows the repopulation of rivers whose indigenous salmon population has become extinct

B.indicate the extent to which the disturbance of salmon habitat by human activity in one stream might affect the genetic structure of salmon populations elsewhere

C.provide a standard of comparison against which the impact of human activity on the gene flow among salmon populations should be measured

D.show how salmons’ homing instinct can be impaired as a result of severe environmental degradation of their natal streams

E.show why straying rates in salmon populations remain generally low except when spawning streams suffer severe environmental disturbance

9 E
10 D
11 B
12 C

女王的肥皂

GWD1-Q25 to Q28:
Recently biologists have been interested in atide-associated periodic behavior displayed by the diatom Hantzschia virgata, a microscopic golden-brown alga that inhabits that portion of a shoreline washed by tides (the intertidal zone). Diatoms of this species, sometimes called “commuter” diatoms, remain burrowed in the sand during high tide, and emerge on the sand surface during the daytime low tide. Just before the sand is inundated by the rising tide, the diatoms burrow again. Some scientists hypothesize that commuter diatoms know that it is low tide because they sense an environmental change, such as an alteration in temperature or a change in pressure caused by tidal movement. However, when diatoms are observed under constant conditions in a laboratory, they still display periodic behavior, continuing to burrow on schedule for several weeks. This indicates that commuter diatoms, rather than relying on environmental cues to keep time,possess an internal pacemaker or biological clock that enables them to anticipate periodic changes in the environment. A commuter diatom has an unusually accurate biological clock, a consequence of the unrelenting environmental pressures to which it is subjected; any diatoms that do not burrow before the tide arrives are washed away.
This is not to suggest that the period of this biological clock is immutably fixed. Biologists have concluded that even though a diatom does not rely on the environment to keep time, environmental factors—including changes in the tide’s hydrostatic pressure, salinity, mechanical agitation, and temperature—can alter the period of its biological clock according to changes in the tidal cycle. In short, the relation between an organism’s biological clock and its environment is similar to that between a wristwatch and its owner: the owner cannot make the watch run faster or slower, but can reset the hands. However, this relation is complicated in intertidal dwellers such as commuter diatoms by the fact that these organisms are exposed to the solar-day cycle as well as to the tidal cycle, and sometimes display both solar-day and tidal periods in a single behavior. Commuter diatoms, for example, emerge only during those low tides that occur during the day.
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constant conditions 是指没有变化的情况，是相对于 temperation and presure 会变化的情况。

第一段，就是说diatom 这种海藻的biological clock, 是不是受制与temperature and pressure changes in the environments.
第二段，就是说 tide cycle 会影响the biologicals clocks of these species. 但是这种影响很复杂，中间伴随着solar cycles,

我就是怕类比，这里是文章中出类比。
注意，这次类比说的environment =watch owner. 我觉得这里的意思，是说不能适应tide 变化的就被tide 冲走了，所以tide will reset the time.

GWD1-Q25:
The passage suggests which of the following about the accuracy of the commuter diatom’s biological clock?
A. The accuracy of the commuter diatom’s biological clock varies according to changes in the tidal cycle.
B. The unusual accuracy that characterizes the commuter diatom’s biological clock is rare among intertidal species.
C. The commuter diatom’s biological clock is likely to be more accurate than the biological clock of a species that is subject to less intense environmental pressures.
D. The commuter diatom’s biological clock tends to be more accurate than the biological clocks of most other species because of the consistency of the tidal cycle.
E. The accuracy of the commuter diatom’s biological clock tends to fluctuate when the diatom is observed under variable laboratory conditions.

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GWD1-Q26:
The author of the passage compares the relationship between an organism’s biological clock and its environment to the relation between a wristwatch and its owner most probably in order to
A. point out a fundamental difference between the function of biological clocks in organisms and the use of mechanical clocks by humans
B. illustrate the way in which the period of an organism’s biological clock can be altered by environmental factors
C. suggest that there are important similarities between the biological clock in organisms such as the commuter diatom and the biological clock in humans
D. support an argument regarding the methods used by certain organisms to counteract the influence of the environment on their biological clocks
E. question the accuracy of the biological clock in organisms such as the commuter diatom

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GWD1-Q27:
According to the passage, the periodic behavior displayed by commuter diatoms under constant laboratory conditions is characterized by which of the following?


A. Greater unpredictability than the corresponding behavior under natural conditions
B. A consistent periodic schedule in the short term
C. No difference over the long term from the corresponding behavior under natural conditions
D. Initial variability caused by the constant conditions of the laboratory
E. Greater sensitivity to environmental factors than is the case under natural conditions

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GWD1-Q28:
The primary purpose of the passage is to

A. dispute the influence of environmental factors on the tide-associated behavioral rhythms displayed by the diatom Hantzschia virgata
B. describe how certain tide-associated behavioral rhythms displayed by the diatom Hantzschia virgata have changed over time
C. compare tide-associated behavioral rhythms to solar-day behavioral rhythms in the diatom Hantzschia virgata
D. examine how certain biological and environmental influences affect the tide-associated behavioral rhythms displayed by the diatom Hantzschia virgata
E. identify certain environmental factors that limit the effectiveness of the biological clock in the diatom Hantzschia virgata
不是D， 这篇文章没有说 biological influnences on the rhythms .
额， E应该是错在 effectiveness of the bilogical clock 这里，

25 C
26 B
27 B
28 D

女王的肥皂

GWD1-Q35 to Q37:

In corporate purchasing, competitive scrutiny is typically limited to suppliers of items that are directly related to end products. With “indirect” purchases (such as computers, advertising, and legal services), which are not directly related to production, corporations often favor “supplier partnerships” (arrangements in which the purchaser forgoes the right to pursue alternative suppliers), which can inappropriately shelter suppliers from rigorous competitive scrutiny that might afford the purchaser economic leverage. There are two independent variables—availability of alternatives and ease of changing suppliers—that companies should use to evaluate the feasibility of subjecting suppliers of indirect purchases to competitive scrutiny. This can create four possible situations.
In Type 1 situations, there are many alternatives and change is relatively easy. Open pursuit of alternatives—by frequent competitive bidding, if possible—will likely yield the best results. In Type 2 situations, where there are many alternatives but change is difficult—as for providers of employee health-care benefits—it is important to continuously test the market and use the results to secure concessions from existing suppliers. Alternatives provide a credible threat to suppliers, even if the ability to switch is constrained. In Type 3 situations, there are few alternatives, but the ability to switch without difficulty creates a threat that companies can use to negotiate concessions from existing suppliers. In Type 4 situations, where there are few alternatives and change is difficult, partnerships may be unavoidable.

第一段， 说有两个维度考虑是不是subject  suppliers of indirect purchase to competive scrutiny., suppliers 的多寡和转换的难易。
第二段，就是这个四个维度的的四中策略

concession, 我查词典，理解成减价的意思。

错误 35


GWD1-Q35:
Which of the following best describes the relation of the second paragraph to the first?
A. The second paragraph offers proof of an assertion made in the first paragraph.
B. The second paragraph provides an explanation for the occurrence of a situation described in the first paragraph.
C. The second paragraph discusses the application of a strategy proposed in the first paragraph.
D. The second paragraph examines the scope of a problem presented in the first paragraph.
E. The second paragraph discusses the contradictions inherent in a relationship described in the first paragraph.
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situation， 我理解成就是 subject suppliers of indierect products to competitve scrutiny
好吧，这也应该叫strategy.

GWD1-Q36:
Which of the following can be inferred about supplier partnerships, as they are described in the passage?
A. They cannot be sustained unless the goods or services provided are available from a large number of suppliers.
B. They can result in purchasers paying more for goods and services than they would in a competitive-bidding situation.
C. They typically are instituted at the urging of the supplier rather than the purchaser.
D. They are not feasible when the goods or services provided are directly related to the purchasers’ end products.
E. They are least appropriate when the purchasers’ ability to change suppliers is limited.
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GWD1-Q37:
According to the passage, which of the following factors distinguishes an indirect purchase from other purchases?
A. The ability of the purchasing company to subject potential suppliers of the purchased item to competitive scrutiny
B. The number of suppliers of the purchased item available to the purchasing company
C. The methods of negotiation that are available to the purchasing company
D. The relationship of the purchased item to the purchasing company’s end product
E. The degree of importance of the purchased item in the purchasing company’s business operations

女王的肥皂

Why firms adhere to or deviate from their strategic plans is poorly understood. However, theory and limited research suggest that the process through which such plans emerge may play a part. In particular, top management decision-sharing—consensus-oriented, team-based decision-making—may increase the (10) likelihood that firms will adhere to their plans, because those involved in the decision-making may be more committed to the chosen course of action, thereby increasing the likelihood that (15) organizations will subsequently adhere to their plans.
However, the relationship between top management decision-sharing and adherence to plans may be affected (20) bya firm’s strategic mission (its fundamental approach to increasing sales revenue and market share, and generating cash flow and short-term profits). At one end of the strategic mission continuum, “build” strategies are pursued when a firm desires to increase its market share and is willing to sacrifice short-term profits to do so. At the other end, “harvest” strategies are used when a firm is willing to sacrifice marked share for short-term profitability and cash-flow maximization. Research and theory suggest that top management decision-sharing may have a more positive relationship with adherence to plans among firms with harvest strategies than among firms with build strategies. In a study of strategic practices in several large firms, managers in harvest strategy scenarios were more able to adhere to their business plans. As one of the managers in the study explained it, this is partly because “Typically all a manager has to do [when implementing a harvest strategy] is that which was done last year.”Additionally, managers under harvest strategies may have fewer strategic options than do those under build strategies; it may therefore be easier to reach agreement on a particular course of action through decision-sharing, which will in turn tend to promote adherence to plans. Conversely, in a “build” strategy scenario, individual leadership, rather than decision-sharing, may promote adherence to plans. Build strategies—which typically require leaders with strong personal visions for a firm’s future, rather than the negotiated compromise of the team-based decision—may be most closely adhered to when implemented in the context of a clear strategic vision of an individual leader, rather than through the practice of decision-sharing.
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第一段，说生成一个strategy 的process 会影响会不会坚持一个方案。 shareinng decision 情况下，他们更容易坚持他们的plans.
第二段，这个就是战略目的也会影响是不是会坚持一个方案。

错误 23B 26 B

GWD3-Q23:
Which of the following best describes the function of the first sentence (lines 17-24) of the second paragraph of the passage?
A. To answer a question posed in the first sentence of the passage about why firms adopt particular strategic missions
B. To refute an argument made in the first paragraph about how top management decision-making affects whether firms will adhere to their strategic plans
C. To provide evidence supporting a theory introduced in the first paragraph about what makes firms adhere to or deviate from their strategic plants
D. To qualify an assertion made in the preceding sentence (lines 6-16) about how top management decision-making affects the likelihood that firms will adhere to their strategic plans
E. To explain a distinction relied on in the second paragraph (lines 17-68) regarding two different kinds of strategic missions

开始的时候就在DB 之间纠结。
一直对qualify 这个词很奇怪，牛津解释： to make a remark less general of extreme.


GWD3-Q24:
The passage cites all of the following as differences between firms using build strategies and firms using harvest strategies EXCEPT
A. their willingness to sacrifice short-term profits in order to build market share
B. their willingness to sacrifice building market share in order to increase short-term profitability
C. the number of strategic options available to their managers
D. the relative importance they assign to maximizing cash-flow
E. how likely they are to employ decision-sharing in developing strategic plans

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GWD3-Q25:
The primary purpose of the passage is to
A. identify some of the obstacles that make it difficult for firms to adhere to their strategic business plans
B. compare two different theories concerning why firms adhere to or deviate from their strategic plans
C. evaluate the utility of top management decision-sharing as a method of implementing the strategic mission of a business
D. discuss the respective advantages and disadvantages of build and harvest strategies among several large firms


E. examine some of the factors that may affect whether or not firms adhere to their strategic plans
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AE
GWD3-Q26:
The author includes the quotation in lines 44-47 of the passage most probably in order to
A. lend support to the claim that firms utilizing harvest strategies may be more likely to adhere to their strategic plans
B. suggest a reason that many managers of large firm prefer harvest strategies to build strategies
C. provide an example of a firm that adhered to its strategic plan because of the degree of its managers’ commitment
D. demonstrate that managers implementing harvest strategies generally have better strategic options than do managers implementing build strategies
E. give an example of a large firm that successfully implemented a harvest strategy
呀，这个错的大了。这里句子和后面句子解释都是为什么都adhere to their plans.


23 D
24 E
25 E
26 A

女王的肥皂

Historians who study European women of the Renaissance try to measure independence,” “options,” and other indicators of the degree to which the expression of women’s individuality was either permitted or suppressed. Influenced by Western individualism, these historians define a peculiar form of personhood:an innately bounded unit, autonomous and standing apart from both nature and society.An anthropologist, however, would contend that a person can be conceived in ways other than as an “individual.”In many societies a person’s identity is not intrinsically unique and self-contained but instead is defined within a complex web of social relationships.

In her study of the fifteenth-century Florentine widow Alessandra Strozzi, a historian who specializes in European women of the Renaissance attributes individual intention and authorship of actions to her subject（就是那个寡妇）.This historian assumes that Alessandra had goals and interests different from those of her sons, yet much of the historian’s own research reveals that Alessandra acted primarily as a champion of hersons’ interests, taking their goals as her own.Thus Alessandra conforms more closely to the anthropologist’s notion that personal motivation is embedded in a social context.Indeed, one could argue that Alessandra did not distinguish her personhood from that of her sons.In Renaissance Europe the boundaries of the conceptual self were not always firm and closed and did not necessarily coincide with the boundaries of the bodily self.（这句话是说，自己这个概念和自己这个肉体不必须一致的。）

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总之， women（equal work, equal pay） , black American 都是老外爱考虑的题材。
a historian who specializes in European women of the Renaissance attributes individual intention and authorship of actions to her subject（就是那个寡妇）.
这个historian 将自己的个人动机和写作本身都给了这个寡妇（subject）？

该死， 总是到了undermine 和undelie这样词就卡壳。


第一段，就是很多historians  认识women as an individual , 但是一个anthropologists 确认为 a person identity is difined within a complex web of social relationships(很像马克思)
第二段， 总之 我觉得文章作者支持了这个historian 的.


不是很明白具体在argue 什么？ 像是在争individualism 和 relation 这两个关系。
像是交代了一个学术背景，之后评论一个学术研究，并从两个方面表达了作者做这个研究支持，第一 就是对那个relation，第二个就是 这个研究对象是有personhood的。


没想到，都对了。



GWD3-Q35:

The passage suggests that the historian mentioned in the second paragraph would be most likely to agree with which of the following assertions regarding Alessandra Strozzi?

A.Alessandra was able to act more independently than most women of her time because she was a widow.

B.Alessandra was aware that her personal motivation was embedded in a social context.

C.Alessandra had goals and interests similar to those of many other widows in her society.

D.Alessandra is an example of a Renaissance woman who expressed her individuality through independent action.

E.Alessandra was exceptional because she was able to effect changes in the social constraints placed upon women in her society.

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我确实没有看出来答案这层


GWD3-Q36:

It can be inferred that the author of the passage believes which of the following about the study of Alessandra Strozzi done by the historian mentioned in the second paragraph?

A.Alessandra was atypical of her time and was therefore an inappropriate choice for the subject of the historian’s research.

B.In order to bolster her thesis, the historian adopted the anthropological perspective on personhood.

C.The historian argues that the boundaries of the conceptual self were not always firm and closed in Renaissance Europe.

D.In her study, the historian reverts to a traditional approach that is out of step with the work of other historians of Renaissance Europe.

E.The interpretation of Alessandra’s actions that the historian puts forward is not supported by much of the historian’s research.

B不对的， 不是为了boltser才这么做的
C 是作者说的
D这是historian是study Renaissance Europe 的， 而不是是那个时代的人。

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GWD3-Q37:

In the first paragraph, the author of the passage mentions a contention that would be made by an anthropologist most likely in order to



A.present a theory that will be undermined in the discussion of a historian’s study later in the passage

B.offer a perspective on the concept of personhood that can usefully be applied to the study of women in Renaissance Europe

C.undermine the view that the individuality of European women of the Renaissance was largely suppressed

D.argue that anthropologists have applied the Western concept of individualism in their research

E.lay the groundwork for the conclusion that Alessandra’s is a unique case among European women of the Renaissance whose lives have been studied by historians


35 D
36 E
37 B

女王的肥皂

Many scholars have theorized that economic development, particularly industrialization and urbanization, contributes to the growth of participatory democracy; according to this theory, it would seem logical that women would both demand and gain suffrage in ever greater numbers whenever economic development expanded their economic opportunities. However, the economic development theory is inadequate to explain certain historical facts about the implementation of women’s suffrage. For example, why was women’s suffrage, instituted nationally in the United States in 1920, not instituted nationally in Switzerland
until the 1970’s?Industrialization was well advanced in both countries by 1920ver 33 percent of American workers were employed in various industries, as compared to 44 percent of Swiss workers. Granted, Switzerland and the United States diverged in the degree to which the expansion of industry coincided with the degree of urbanization: only 29 percent of the Swiss population lived in cities of 10,000 or more inhabitants by 1920.However, urbanization cannot fully explain women’s suffrage. Within the United States prior to 1920, for example, only less urbanized states had granted women suffrage. Similarly, less urbanized countries such as Cambodia and Ghana had voting rights for women long before Switzerland did.It is true that Switzerland’s urbanized cantons (political subdivisions) generally enacted women’s suffrage legislation earlier than did rural cantons.However, these cantons often shared other characteristics—similar linguistic backgrounds and strong leftist parties—that may help to explain this phenomenon.

天哪， 第一次看的时候，我把第一句的因果关系搞反了， economic development contributes to the growth of participatory democracy.
                                                      而不是                    economic development was attributed to the grouth of participatory democracy.

主要是说 Switzerland这个国家和美国相比，inductrilization 在1920年是差不多的，但是urbanization 不高，women suffrage 也不高。urbanization 起到一定的作用，但是对Switzerland 来说，更重要是还是左翼政党的问题（我自己提出了语言对suffrage的作用。）


这篇文章是在找 implementation of women's suffrage in Switzerland 的原因。




错误 6 7
Q5: GWD-4-5

The passage states which of the following about Switzerland
’s urbanized cantons?
A.These cantons shared characteristics other than urbanization that may have contributed to their implementation of women’s suffrage.

B.These cantons tended to be more politically divided than were rural cantons.

C.These cantons shared with certain rural cantons characteristics such as similar linguistic backgrounds and strong leftist parties.

D.The populations of these cantons shared similar views because urbanization furthered the diffusion of ideas among them.

E.These cantons were comparable to the most highly urbanized states in the United States
in their stance toward the implementation of women’s suffrage.
----------------------------------------------------------------------Q6: GWD-4-6

The primary purpose of the passage is to

A.contrast two explanations for the implementation of women’s suffrage

B.demonstrate that one factor contributes more than another factor to the implementation of women’s suffrage

C.discuss the applicability of a theory for explaining the implementation of women’s suffrage

D.clarify certain assumptions underlying a particular theory about the implementation of women’s suffrage

E.explain how a particular historical occurrence was causally connected to the implementation of women’s suffrage


这题也是，我觉得人一般论述结构就是，比较Switzerland和united States 的 women suffrage, industrilization and urbanization. 看到一个相同，另外两个同方向，那是不是就是这两个中一个导致另一个呢。不是呀。怎么可能是C呢。

额，我错了。又是不考虑第一句话对全文的统领了。 我这猪脑子。

----------------------------------------------------------------------Q7: GWD-4-7

The passage suggests which of the following about urbanization in Switzerland and the United States
by 1920?
A.A greater percentage of Swiss industrial workers than American industrial workers lived in urban areas.

B.There were more cities of 10,000 or more inhabitants in Switzerland than there were in the United States
.
C.Swiss workers living in urban areas were more likely to be employed in industry than were American workers living in urban areas.

D.Urbanized areas of Switzerland were more likely than similar areas in the United States
to have strong leftist parties.


E.A greater percentage of the United States
population than the Swiss population lived in urban areas.

E 文中没有这样绝对的表示。
这个就是Ｃ，　我不停ＧＷＤ的了．文中说的很明白，Switzerland的indutriliation rate 比美国高。但是，下面只说 in Switzerland 只有29%住在大城市。明显，一作除法就是C了。
C 说反了。 Swiss workers living in the rural areas are more likely to be hired in industry..

5 A    
6 C
7 E

咦， 我错这么多 我的答案 是 ＡＢＣ

女王的肥皂

Behavior science courses should be gaining prominence in business school curricula.Recent theoretical work convincingly shows why behavioral factors such as organizational culture and employee relations are among the few remaining sources of sustainable competitive advantage in modern organizations.Furthermore, (10) empirical evidence demonstrates clear linkages between human resource (HR) practices based in the behavioral sciences and various aspects of a firm’s financial success. Additionally, some of the world’s most successful organizations have made unique HR practices a core element of their overall business strategies.

Yet the behavior sciences are struggling for credibility in many business schools.Surveys show that business students often regard behavioral studies as peripheral to the mainstream business curriculum. This perception can be explained by the fact that business students, hoping to increase their attractiveness to prospective employers, are highly sensitive to business norms and practices, and current business practices have generally been moving away from an emphasis on understanding human behavior and toward more mechanistic organizational models.Furthermore, the status of HR professionals within organizations tends to be lower than that of other executives.

Students’ perceptions would matter less if business schools were not increasingly dependent on external funding—form legislatures, businesses, and private foundations—for survival.Concerned with their institutions’ ability to attract funding, administrators are increasingly targeting low-enrollment courses and degree programs for elimination.

第一段， 三个层次，理论，实物，和例子证明behavior science is important
第二段，就是在business school 这个学科不被重视，是因为recent business practices are more focusing on mechanisitic organizational models. and the status of HR professionals is lower than that of other executives.
第三段，资金充足，business schools 可以开这样的课。

错误 9 12 （刚才看一下 我第三段理解有问题？）


Q9:The primary purpose of the passage is to

A.propose a particular change to business school curricula

B.characterize students’ perceptions of business school curricula

C.predict the consequences of a particular change in business school curricula

D.challenge one explanation for the failure to adopt a particular change in business school curricula

E.identify factors that have affected the prestige of a particular field in business school curricula



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Q10:The author of the passage mentions “empirical evidence” (line 10) primarily in order to



A.question the value of certain commonly used HR practices

B.illustrate a point about the methodology behind recent theoretical work in the behavioral sciences

C.support a claim about the importance that business schools should place on courses in the behavioral sciences

D.draw a distinction between two different factors that affect the financial success of a business

E.explain how the behavioral sciences have shaped HR practices in some business organizations

----------------------------------------------------------------------

Q11:

The author of the passage suggests which of the following about HR professionals in business organizations?



A.They are generally skeptical about the value of mechanistic organizational models.

B.Their work increasingly relies on an understanding of human behavior.

C.Their work generally has little effect on the financial performance of those organizations.

D.Their status relative to other business executives affects the attitude of business school students toward the behavioral sciences.

E.Their practices are unaffected by the relative prominence of the behavioral sciences within business schools.





Q12:

The author of the passage considers each of the following to be a factor that has contributed to the prevailing attitude in business schools toward the behavioral sciences EXCEPT



A.business students’ sensitivity to current business norms and practices

B.the relative status of HR professionals among business executives

C.business schools’ reliance on legislatures, businesses, and private foundations for funding

D.businesses’ tendency to value mechanistic organizational models over an understanding of human behavior

E.theoretical work on the relationship between behavioral factors and a firm’s financial performance

女王的肥皂

Most pre-1990 literature on businesses’ use of information technology (IT)—defined as any form of computer-based information system—focused on spectacular IT successes and reflected a general optimism concerning IT’s potential as a resource for creating competitive advantage.But toward the end of the 1980’s, some economists spoke of a “productivity paradox”:despite huge IT investments, most notably in the service sectors, productivity stagnated.In the retail industry, for example, in which IT had been widely adopted during the 1980’s, productivity (average output per hour) rose at an average annual rate of 1.1 percent between 1973 and 1989, compared with 2.4 percent in the preceding 25-year period.Proponents of IT argued that it takesboth time and a critical mass of investment for IT to yield benefits, and some suggested that growth figures for the 1990’s proved these benefits were finally being realized.They also argued that measures of productivity ignore what would have happened without investments in IT—productivity gains might have been even lower.There were even claims that IT had improved the performance of the service sector significantly, although macroeconomic measures of productivity did not reflect the improvement.

But some observers questioned why, if IT had conferred economic value, it did not produce direct competitive advantages for individual firms.Resource-based theory offers an answer, asserting that, in general, firms gain competitive advantages by accumulating resources that are economically valuable, relatively scarce, and not easily replicated.According to a recent study of retail firms, which confirmed that IT has become pervasive and relatively easy to acquire, IT by itself appeared to have conferred little advantage.In fact, though little evidence of any direct effect was found, the frequent negative correlations between IT and performance suggested that IT had probably weakened some firms’ competitive positions.However, firms’ human resources, in and of themselves, did explain improved performance, and some firms gained IT-related advantages by merging IT with complementary resources, particularly human resources. The findings support the notion, founded in resource-based theory, that competitive advantages do not arise from easily replicated resources, no matter how impressive or economically valuable they may be, but from complex, intangible resources.



----------------------------------------------------------------------

第一段，说出现了economic paradox for it. 但是propoments 认为还需要时间，还需要投资；90年代的数据显示了the increase in productivity, 还有人说，没有IT productivity 会更低。
第二段，就是说 Resource based theory 认为容易复制的resource不能provide competitive advangtage for companies.  但是human reoursces, It与human reources的结合， 却是可以提高一个公司的advangtage.

开始讲IT这个理论没有给好处，给出种种辩解。但是 resources based theory 却说，这是因为IT 是一个easily replicated resource。 并且， Human resource 证明了 resources 理论的正确。

还是坚信GWD 的答案都是对的吧！。



GWD5-Q22:

The passage is primarily concerned with

A.describing a resource and indicating various methods used to study it

B.presenting a theory and offering an opposing point of view

C.providing an explanation for unexpected findings

D.demonstrating why a particular theory is unfounded

E.resolving a disagreement regarding the uses of a technology

----------------------------------------------------------------------

GWD5-Q23:

The passage suggests that proponents of resource-based theory would be likely to explain IT’s inability to produce direct competitive advantages for individual firms by pointing out that

A.IT is not a resource that is difficult to obtain

B.IT is not an economically valuable resource

C.IT is a complex, intangible resource

D.economic progress has resulted from IT only in the service sector

E.changes brought about by IT cannot be detected by macroeconomic measures

----------------------------------------------------------------------

GWD5-Q24:

The author of the passage discusses productivity in the retail industry in the first paragraph primarily in order to

A.suggest a way in which IT can be used to create a competitive advantage

B.provide an illustration of the “productivity paradox”

C.emphasize the practical value of the introduction of IT

D.cite an industry in which productivity did not stagnate during the 1980’s

E.counter the argument that IT could potentially create competitive advantage

-----------------------------------------------------------------

GWD5-Q25:

According to the passage, most pre-1990 literature on businesses’ use of IT included which of the following?



A.Recommendations regarding effective ways to use IT to gain competitive advantage

B.Explanations of the advantages and disadvantages of adopting IT



C.Information about ways in which IT combined with human resources could be used to increase competitive advantage

D.A warning regarding the negative effect on competitive advantage that would occur if IT were not adopted

E.A belief in the likelihood of increased competitive advantage for firms using IT


22 C
23 A
24 B
25 E