俺的GMAT家

女王的肥皂

GWD5-Q35 to Q37:


Even more than mountainside slides of mud or snow, naturally occurring forest fires promote the survival of aspen trees.Aspens’ need for fire may seem illogical (5) since aspens are particularly vulnerable to fires; whereas the bark of most trees consists of dead cells, the aspen’s bark is a living, functioning tissue that—along with the rest of the tree—succumbs quickly (10) to fire.

The explanation is that each aspen, while appearing to exist separately as a single tree, is in fact only the stem or shoot of a far larger organism.A group of thousands of aspens can actually constitute a single organism, called a clone, that shares an interconnected root system and a unique set of genes.Thus, when one aspen—a single stem—dies, the entire clone is affected.While alive, a stem sends hormones into the root system to suppress formation of further stems.But when the stem dies, its hormone signal also ceases.If a clone (25) loses many stems simultaneously, the resulting hormonal imbalance triggers a huge increase in new, rapidly growing shoots that can outnumber the ones destroyed.An aspen grove needs to (30) experience fire or some other disturbance regularly, or it will fail to regenerate and spread.Instead, coniferous trees will invade the aspen grove’s borders and increasingly block out sunlight needed by the aspens.


一般的tree 很怕火的，但是 aspen 却通过火来reproduce




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GWD5-Q35:

The primary purpose of the passage is to explain the



A.qualities that make a particular organism unique

B.evolutionary change undergone by a particular organism

C.reasons that a phenomenon benefits a particular organism

D.way in which two particular organisms compete for a resource

E.means by which a particular organism has been able to survive in a barren region

---------------------------------------------------------------------GWD5-Q36:

It can be inferred from the passage that when aspen groves experience a “disturbance” (line 30), such a disturbance



A.leads to a hormonal imbalance within an aspen clone

B.provides soil conditions that are favorable for new shoots

C.thins out aspen groves that have become overly dense

D.suppresses the formation of too many new aspen stems

E.protects aspen groves by primarily destroying coniferous trees rather than aspens

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GWD5-Q37:

The author of the passage refers to “the bark of most trees” (line 6) most likely in order to emphasize the



A.vulnerability of aspens to damage from fire when compared to other trees

B.rapidity with which trees other than aspens succumb to destruction by fire

C.relatively great degree of difficulty with which aspens catch on fire when compared to other trees

D.difference in appearance between the bark of aspens and that of other trees

benefits of fire to the survival of various types of trees

35 C
36 A
37 A

女王的肥皂

我像是对虚拟语气不是很敏感。
还是老问题， 平行。

错误 34 35 36 38 39 44 51 53 57 59

我这错的也太有规律了。怎么都是30， 50这样奇数整十错的多呢。
这个30 多的题，真是我的噩梦呀。



31. Unlike the conviction held by many of her colleagues that genes were relatively simple and static, Barbara McClintock adhered to her own more complicated ideas about how genes might operate, and in 1983, at the age of 81, was awarded a Nobel Prize for her discovery that the genes in corn are capable of moving from one chromosomal site to another.
(A) Unlike the conviction held by many of her colleagues that genes were
(B) Although many of her colleagues were of the conviction of genes being
(C) Contrary to many of her colleagues being convinced that genes were
(D) Even though many of her colleagues were convinced that genes were
(E) Even with many of her colleagues convinced of genes being
C为什么不对呢。 BD 对比，显然，D更和后面平行。
contrary to, 只能是物的比较，不能是人和人之间的比较。

可以说你的看法与人家的想法,不能说你与人家相反.

原来，我的parallel 就是人对人，物对物。但是 contrary to B, A  怎么反呢？这里就是这涉及语义了。这和下面的那个 Laos has a land.... 情况是一样的，都涉及语义的正确性。

32. Galileo was convinced that natural phenomena, as manifestations of the laws of physics, would appear the same to someone on the deck of a ship moving smoothly and uniformly through the water as a person standing on land.
(A) water as a
(B) water as to a
(C) water; just as it would to a
(D) water, as it would to the
(E) water; just as to the
平行，

33. Because an oversupply of computer chips has sent prices plunging, the manufacturer has announced that it will cut production by closing its factories for two days a month.
(A) Because an oversupply of computer chips has sent prices plunging,
(B) Because of plunging prices for computer chips, which is due to an oversupply,
(C) Because computer chip prices have been sent plunging, which resulted from an oversupply,
(D) Due to plunging computer chip prices from an oversupply,
(E) Due to an oversupply, with the result that computer chip prices have been sent plunging,




34. . Beyond the immediate cash flow crisis that the museum faces, its survival depends on if it can broaden its membership and leave its cramped quarters for a site where it can store and exhibit its more than 12,000 artifacts.
(A) if it can broaden its membership and leave
(B) whether it can broaden its membership and leave
(C) whether or not it has the capability to broaden its membership and can leave
(D) its ability for broadening its membership and leaving
(E) the ability for it to broaden its membership and leave
我也不知道怎么回事，但是就是选D。难道要推翻所有IF 和whether？
额。。。。
又是 to do 的问题， 我是和这个结仇了。


35. Along with the drop in producer prices announced yesterday, the strong retail sales figures released today seem like it is indicative that the economy, although growing slowly, is not nearing a recession.
(A) like it is indicative that
(B) as if to indicate
(C) to indicate that
(D) indicative of
(E) like an indication of
又写错选项了。

36. Dressed as a man and using the name Robert Shurtleff, Deborah Sampson, the first woman to draw a soldier’s pension, joined the Continental Army in 1782 at the age of 22, was injured three times, and was discharged in 1783 because she had become too ill to serve.
(A) 22, was injured three times, and was discharged in 1783 because she had become
(B) 22, was injured three times, while being discharged in 1783 because she had become
(C) 22 and was injured three times, and discharged in 1783, being
(D) 22, injured three times, and was discharged in 1783 because she was
(E) 22, having been injured three times and discharged in 1783, being
这个题是老大难， 就没做对过。这趟的题到底该怎么办呢？

37. Although schistosomiasis is not often fatal, it is so debilitating that it has become an economic drain on many developing countries.
(A) it is so debilitating that it has become an economic
(B) it is of such debilitation, it has become an economical
(C) so debilitating is it as to become an economic
(D) such is its debilitation, it becomes an economical
(E) there is so much debilitation that it has become an economical

38. 1850, Lucretia Mott published her Discourse on Women, arguing in a treatise for women to have equal political and legal rights and for changes in the married women's property laws.
A. arguing in a treatise for women to have equal political and legal rights
B. arguing in a treatise for equal political and legal rights for women
C. a treatise that advocates women's equal political and legal rights.
D. a treatise advocating women's equal political and legal rights.
E a treatise that argued for equal political and legal rights for women.
刚才一兴奋觉得这里就是1， 30 的重演，但是不是。 我错选了D
这题很好呀，我在这里犯了两个错误：
我就是那种只看划线的人，对句子开后，划线后面都不管不顾的人。原来是 划线后面 and for changes in the married women's property laws.
2，就是平行这个问题，总是不注意这个。



39. In 1527 King Henry VIII sought to have his marriage to Queen Catherine annulled so as to marry Anne Boleyn.
(A) so as to marry
(B) and so could be married to
(C) to be married to
(D) so that he could marry
(E) in order that he would marry
这个是不是要错了， ＣＤ
我错选了E。 情态动词， could和would的区别。

40. Dr. Tonegawa won the Nobel Prize for discovering how the body can constantly change its gene to fashion a seeming unlimited number of antibodies, each specifically targeted at an invading microbe or foreign substance.
(A) seeming unlimited number of antibodies, each specifically targeted at
(B) seeming unlimited number of antibodies, each targeted specifically to
(C) seeming unlimited number of antibodies, all specifically targeted at
(D) seemingly unlimited number of antibodies, all of them targeted specifically to
(E) seemingly unlimited number of antibodies, each targeted specifically at


41. To develop more accurate population forecasts（目的状语）, demographers have to know a great deal more than now about the social and economic determinants of fertility.
A. have to know a great deal more than now about the social and economic
B. have to know a great deal more than they do now about the social and economical
C. would have to know a great deal more than they do now about the social and economical
D. would have to know a great deal more than they do now about the social and economic
E . would have to know a great deal more than now about the social and economic
虚拟语气。比较的时候，一定要注意时态，情态是是不能省略的、

42. Scientists have recently discovered what could be the largest and oldest living organism on Earth, a giant fungus that is an interwoven filigree of mushrooms and rootlike tentacles spawned by a single fertilized spore some 10,000 years ago and extending for more t30 acres in the soil of a Michigan forest.
(A) extending
(B) extends
(C) extended
(D) it extended
(E) is extending

43. Laos has a land area about the same as Great Britain but only four million in population, where many are members of hill tribes ensconced in the virtually inaccessible mountain valleys of the north.
(A) about the same as Great Britain but only four million in population, where many
(B) of about the same size as Great Britain is, but in Laos there is a population of only four million , and many
(C) that is about the same size as Great Britain’s land area, but in Laos with a population of only four million people, many of them
(D) comparable to the size of Great Britain, but only four million in population, and many
(E) comparable to that of Great Britain but a population of only four million people, many of whom
the same as GB , 和GB什么像呀， the size of GB, 这个就不知道说什么了，我能理解成the size of British population.

44.The plot of The Bostonians centers on the rivalry between Olive Chancellor, an active feminist, with her charming and cynical cousin, Basil Ransom, when they find themselves drawn to the same radiant young woman whose talent for public speaking has won her an ardent following.
(A) rivalry between Olive Chancellor, an active feminist, with her charming and cynical cousin, Basil Ransom
(B) rivals Olive Chancellor, an active feminist, against her charming and cynical cousin, Basil Ransom
(C) rivalry that develops between Olive Chancellor, an active feminist, and Basil Ransom, her charming and cynical cousin
(D) developing rivalry between Olive Chancellor, an active feminist, with Basil Ransom, her charming and cynical cousin
(E) active feminist, Olive Chancellor, and the rivalry with her charming and cynical cousin Basil Ransom
这个题错的，我自己都不知道我为什么会选D。
我现在再看，就像找 between A and B 这样的结构，但是题目就是不给你。最后 题目觉得 centers on sb, and the rivalry with sb's relatives 这样的形式好。


45. Quasars, at billions of light-years from Earth the most distant observable objects in the universe(这里怎么回事，同位语和状语放在一起呀。), believed to be the cores of galaxies in an early stage of development.
(A) believed to be
(B) are believed to be
(C) some believe them to be
(D) some believe they are
(E) it is believed that they are
这句话什么意思呢， in an early stage of development 是不是只是galaxies的状语，还是整个句子的状语。

46. In ancient Thailand，much of the local artisans' creative energy was expended for the creation of Buddha images and when they constructed and decorated the temples that enshrined them.
(A)much of the local artisans' creative energy was expended for the creation of Buddha images and when they constructed and decorated the temples that enshrined them
(B)much of the local artisans' creative energy was expended on the creation of Buddha images and on construction and decoration of the temples in which they were enshrined
(C)much of the local artisans' creative energy was expended on the creation of Buddha images as well as constructing and decoration of the temples in which they were enshrined
(D)creating images of Buddha accounted for much of the local artisans' creative energy, and also constructing and decorating the temples enshrining them
(E)the creation of Buddha images accounted for much of the local artisans' creative energy as well as construction and decoration of the temples that enshrined them
我就是怕they 和 it， 经常找不到。
这里A and B, 并且用A来修饰了一下B。

47. Five fledgling sea eagles left their nests in western Scotland this summer, bringing to 34 the number of wild birds successfully raised since transplants from Norway began in 1975.
(A)bringing
(B)and brings
(C)and it brings
(D)and it brought
(E)and brought
1， 30， 47
我看OG的解释。
比较30 47 这两个题。
OG认为 30 这题的protecting =explain the purposeof the items of military equipment
这里的结构没有使用同位语。我自己想，我觉得什么时候用同为语，什么时候是Ving来做解释其目的。
animal-hide shileds with wooden frames are essential items of military equipment, protecting warriors. 前面是系表结构，后面用了Ving。前面是静，后面是动。
Someobe published her Discourse on women, a treatise that ........ 前面是SVO，后面就是同位语。前面是动，后面是静。
48题 我也算做事一样的类型。
但是 47 这里就是 explain the action in the main clause+ the action happend in the modifer happens in the same time as the action in the main clause.
就是， 解释主句动作， 同时意味着动作发生的同时性。

48. In 1713, Alexander Pope began his translation of the Iliad, a work that, taking him seven years until completion, and that literary critic Samuel Johnson, Pope's contemporary, pronounced the greatest translation in any language.
A. his translation of the Iliad, a work that, taking him seven years until completion, and that literary critic Samuel Johnson, Pope's contemporary, pronounced
B. his translation of the Iliad, a work that took him seven years to complete and that literary critic Samuel Johnson, Pope's contemporary, pronounced
C.his translation of the Iliad, a work that had taken seven years to complete and that literary critic Samuel Johnson, Pope's contemporary, pronounced it as
D. translating the Iliad, a work that took seven years until completion and that literary critic Samuel Johnson, Pope's contemporary, pronounced it as
E. translating the Iliad, a work that had taken seven years to complete and literary critic Samuel Johnson, Pope's contemporary, pronounced it
这题呀，我选了三次。我希望选对了。

49. The automotive conveyor-belt system, which Henry Ford modeled after an assembly-line technique introduced by Ransom Olds, reduced from a day and a half to 93 minutes the required time of assembling a Model T.
(A) from a day and a half to 93 minutes the required time of assembling a Model T
(B) the time being required to assemble a Model T, from a day and a half down to 93 minutes
(C) the time being required to assemble a Model T, a day and a half to 93 minutes
(D) the time required to assemble a Model T from a day and a half to 93 minutes
(E) from a day and a half to 93 minutes, the time required for the assembling of a Model T


50. According to some analysts, the gains in the stock market reflect growing confidence that the economy will avoid the recession that many had feared earlier in the year and instead come in for a "soft landing" followed by gradual increase in the business activity.
A. that the economy will avoid the recession that many had feared earlier in the year and instead come
B. in the economy to avoid the recession , what many feared earlier in the year, rather to come
C. in the economy's ability to avoid the recession, something earlier in the year many had feared, and instead to come`
D. in the economy to avoid the recession many were fearing earlier in the year, and rather to come
E. that the economy will avoid the recession that was feared earlier this year by many with it instead coming
这题挺难呀

51. A new study suggests that the conversational pace of everyday life may be so brisk it hampers the ability of some children for distinguishing discrete sounds and words and, the result is, to make sense of speech.
A. it hampers the ability of some children for distinguishing discrete sounds and words and, theresult is, to make
B. that it hampers the ability of some children to distinguish discrete sounds and words and, as a result, to make
C. that it hampers the ability of some children to distinguish discrete sounds and words and, the result of this, they are unable to make
D. that it hampers the ability of some children to distinguish discrete sounds and words, and results in not making
E. as to hamper the ability of some children for distinguishing discrete sounds and words, resulting in being unable to make
我错选了Ｄ
不知道怎么说了，我就是觉得这个题我要多看。

52. To Josephine Baker, Paris was her home long before it was fashionable to be an expatriate, and she remained in France during the Second World War as a performer and an intelligence agent（特务 --给些态度） for the Resistance.
(A) To Josephine Baker, Paris was her home long before it was fashionable to be an expatriate
(B) For Josephine Baker, long before it was fashionable to be an expatriate, Paris was her home
(C) Josephine Baker made Paris her home long before to be an expatriate was fashionable
(D) Long before it was fashionable to be an expatriate, Josephine Baker made Paris her home
(E) Long before it was fashionable being an expatriate, Paris was home to Josephine Baker
为什么AB不对，因为AB 这样的形式，后面的she就是找不到指代谁了。
我怎么觉得没有一个对的。
我选了D，但是我还是接受不了D 中it 和主句Paris 之间的关系。 (我这里的理解是错的。it 这里是形式主语，没有意义的)
这个题，我不会。
说我阅读差， 还真不是一般的差。这句话，反反复复读了多遍，翻译下：
远在侨居他乡成为时尚之前，ＪＢ就把Paris 作为了自己的故乡。
为什么C 不对呢， to be an expatriate was fashionable 本应该是这样的，但是这样不和英文的习惯，所以，应该变成 it is fashionable to be an expatriate.
奇怪，为什么这里我就是看划线后面的东西了呢？



53.The nineteenth-century chemist Humphry Davy presented the results of his early experiments in his “Essay on Heat and Light,” a critique of all chemistry since Robert Boyle as well as a vision of a new chemistry that Davy hoped to found.
A. a critique of all chemistry since Robert Boyle as well as a vision of a
B. a critique of all chemistry following Robert Boyle and also his envisioning of a
C. a critique of all chemistry after Robert Boyle and envisioning as well
D. critiquing all chemistry from Robert Boyle forward and also a vision of
E. critiquing all the chemistry done since Robert Boyle as well as his own envisioning of
我发现一个奇怪的现象，就是一个文章后面，要解释这个文章的时候，OG就是很喜欢用同位语这样的形式。
写错选项了。

54. The report recommended that the hospital should eliminate unneeded beds, expensive services should be consolidated, and use space in other hospitals.
(A) should eliminate unneeded beds, expensive services should be consolidated, and use space in other hospitals
(B) should eliminate unneeded beds, expensive services should be consolidated, and other Hospitals’ space be used
(C) should eliminate unneeded beds, expensive services should be consolidated, and to use space in other hospitals
(D) eliminate unneeded beds, consolidate expensive services, and other hospitals’space used
(E) eliminate unneeded beds, consolidate expensive services, and use space in other hospitals
我知道E很parallel, 但是呀，这里可以没有should的？
OG说， 出现了recommend 这样的词，再出现should就是 redundant

55. Many house builders offer rent-to-buy programs that enable a family with insufficient savings for a conventional down payment to be able to move into new housing and to apply part of the rent to a purchase later.
(A) programs that enable a family with insufficient savings for a conventional down payment to be able to move into new housing and to apply
(B) programs that enable a family with insufficient savings for a conventional down payment to move into new housing and to apply
(C) programs; that enables a family with insufficient savings for a conventional down payment to move into new housing, to apply
(D) programs, which enables a family with insufficient savings for a conventional down payment to move into new housing, applying
(E) programs, which enable a family with insufficient savings for a conventional down payment to be able to move into new housing, applying


56. Many of the earliest known images of Hindu deities in India date from the time of the Kushan Empire, fashioned either from the spotted sandstone of Mathura or Gandharan grey schist.
(A)Empire, fashioned either from the spotted sandstone of Mathura or
(B)Empire, fashioned from either the spotted sandstone of Mathura or from
(C)Empire, either fashioned from the spotted sandstone of Mathura or
(D)Empire and either fashioned from the spotted sandstone of Mathura or from
(E)Empire and were fashioned either from the spotted sandstone of Mathura or from
我确实做过ＯＧ的？？
fashion V 这里是制作的意思，

57.That educators have not anticipated the impact of microcomputer technology can hardly be said that it is their fault: Alvin Toffler, one of the most prominent students of the future, did not even mention microcomputers in Future Shock, published in 1970.
(A) That educators have not anticipated the impact of microcomputer technology can hardly be said that it is their fault
(B) That educators have not anticipated the impact of microcomputer technology can hardly be said to be at fault
(C) It can hardly be said that it is the fault of educators who have not anticipated the impact of microcomputer technology
(D) It can hardly be said that educators are at fault for not anticipating the impact of microcomputer technology
(E) The fact that educators are at fault for not anticipating the impact of microcomputer technology can hardly be said
O, 我开始错选了C，刚才开这个累赘的要命。 不能将两个 it is that 摞在一起的。
还有一点，比较比较CD，就发现，C里的被责备的只是部分educators，而不是所有educators.
第一点要明确的就是，that 不要做开头（OG说话就是太委婉，吃亏过了。）


58. A leading figure in the Scottish enlightenment, Adam Smith’s two major books are to democratic capitalism what Marx’s Das Kapital is to socialism.
A.Adam Smith’s two major books are to democratic capitalism what
B.Adam Smith’s two major books are to democratic capitalism like
C.Adam Smith’s two major books are to democratic capitalism just as
D.Adam Smith wrote two major books that are to democratic capitalism similar to
E.Adam Smith wrote two major books that are to democratic capitalism what
为什么A不对，而E对呢，注意句子的开头。


59. The Olympic Games helped to keep peace among the pugnacious states of the Greek world in that a sacred truce was proclaimed during the festival's month.
(A) world in that a sacred truce was proclaimed during the festival's month
(B) world, proclaiming a sacred truce during the festival's month
(C)world when they proclaimed a sacred truce for the festival month
(D) world, for a sacred truce was proclaimed during the month of the festival
(E) world by proclamation of a sacred truce that was for the month of the festival
为什么A不对呢。我错选了E
我把in that 简单理解成介词+代词这样的形式，比如 in which 这样的结构，但是显然这里不是这个意思。in that 在这里的意思是“因为”的意思。
还有一点，就是所有格的问题。 不是 festival's month, 而是 the month of festival.
我自己觉得的一点，就是什么时候用逗号隔开因为所以呢？感觉没有明确的限制。

60. While all states face similar industrial waste problems, the predominating industries and the regulatory environment of the states obviously determines the types and amounts of waste produced, as well as the cost of disposal.
(A) all states face similar industrial waste problems, the predominating industries and the regulatory environment of the states obviously determines
(B) each state faces a similar industrial waste problem, their predominant industries and regulatory environment obviously determine
(C) all states face a similar industrial waste problem; their predominating industries and regulatory environment obviously determines
(D) each state faces similar industrial waste problems, the predominant industries and the regulatory environment of each state obviously determines
(E) all states face similar industrial waste problems, the predominant industries and the regulatory environment of each state obviously determine
all 和each 的用法。

61. Rivaling the pyramids of Egypt or even the ancient cities of the Maya as an achievement, the army of terra-cotta warriors created to protect Qin Shi Huang, China’s first emperor, in his afterlife is more than 2,000 years old and took 700,000 artisans more than 36 years to complete.
(A) the army of terra-cotta warriors created to protect Qin Shi Huang, China’s first emperor, in his afterlife is more than 2,000 years old and took 700,000 artisans more than 36 years to complete
(B) Qin Shi Huang, China’s first emperor, was protected in his afterlife by an army of terracotta warriors that was created more than 2,000 years ago by 700,000 artisans who took more than 36 years to complete it
(C) it took 700,000 arti sans more than 36 years to create an army of terra-cotta warriors more than 2,000 years ago that would protect Qin Shi Huang, China’s first emperor, in his afterlife
(D) more than 2,000 years ago, 700,000 artisans worked more than 36 years to create an army of terra-cotta warriors to protect Qin Shi Huang, China’s first emperor, in his afterlife
(E) more than 36 years were needed to complete the army of terra-cotta warriors that 700,000 artisans created 2,000 years ago to protect Qin Shi Huang, China’s first emperor, in his afterlife


62. When Congress reconvenes, some newly elected members from rural states will try and establish tighter restrictions for the amount of grain farmers are to be allowed to grow and to encourage more aggressive sales of United States farm products overseas.
(A) and establish tighter restrictions for the amount of grain farmers are to be allowed to grow and to encourage
(B) and establish tighter restrictions on the amount of grain able to be grown by farmers and encouraging
(C) establishing tighter restrictions for the amount of grain farmers are allowed to grow and to encourage
(D) to establish tighter restrictions on the amount of grain capable of being grown by farmers and encouraging
(E) to establish tighter restrictions on the amount of grain farmers will be allowed to grow and to encourage
开始的时候，我觉得 the amount of grain 不能用 farmers will be allowed to grow 这样的东西来形容，但是想想这样的情况是不是可以看成省略了关系的代词的定语修饰语。
这里设计有些险恶。try and establish, 还是try to establish.
我还觉得 OG 很反感介词for的。 我怎么没有看到对的。

63. The yield of natural gas from Norway’s Troll gas field is expected to increase annually until the year 2005 and then to stabilize at six billion cubic feet a day, which will allow such an extraction rate at least for 50 years' production.
(A)2005 and then to stabilize at six billion cubic feet a day, which will allow such an extraction rate at least for
(B) 2005 and then to stabilize at six billion cubic feet a day, an extraction rate that will allow at least
(C) 2005 and then stabilizing at six billion cubic feet a day, with such an extraction rate at the least allowing
(D) 2005, then stabilizing at six billion cubic feet a day, allowing such an extraction rate for at least
(E) 2005, then stabilizing at six billion cubic feet a day, which will allow such an extraction rate for at least
注意这个parallel， 再说一次，parallel绝对不是我简单理解的那种A， B and C 这样一种形式，非常的变化多端。

64. Doctors generally agree that such factors as cigarette smoking, eating rich foods high in fats, and alcohol consumption not only do damage by themselves but also aggravate genetic predispositions toward certain diseases.
(A) not only do damage by themselves but also aggravate
(B) do damage by themselves but also are aggravating to
(C) are damaging by themselves but also are aggravating
(D) not only do damage by themselves, they are also aggravating to
(E) are doing damage by themselves, and they are also aggravating


65. In a plan to stop the erosion of East Coast beaches, the Army Corps of Engineers proposed building parallel to shore a breakwater of rocks that would rise six feet above the waterline and act as a buffer, so that it absorbs the energy of crashing waves and protecting the beaches.
(A) act as a buffer, so that it absorbs
(B) act like a buffer so as to absorb
(C) act as a buffer, absorbing
(D) acting as a buffer, absorbing
(E) acting like a buffer, absorb
倒装呀
重点呀， 1 30 47 60，65。 absorbing 修饰的是整个句子。

66. The 32 species that make up the dolphin family are closely related to whales and in fact include the animal known as the killer whale, which can grow to be 30 feet long and is famous for its aggressive hunting pods.
(A) include the animal known as the killer whale, which can grow to be 30 feet long and is
(B) include the animal known as the killer whale, growing as big as 30 feet long and
(C) include the animal known as the killer whale, growing up to 30 feet long and being
(D) includes the animal known as the killer whale, which can grow as big as 30 feet long and is
(E) includes the animal known as the killer whale, which can grow to be 30 feet long and it is
这个题，仔细看B。这个选项能解释， Ving在句尾的时候，除了可以解释表语，就是只能解释整个句子。
基于65的总结，那66呢。
我想是不是这样reconcile
                 65. a breakwater of rocks that would rise six feet above the waterline and act as a buffer, absorbing the energy. 开始的时候，absorbing 也是指代前面的主语，但是这个主语就是that. 再找that指代什么，就是a breakwater of rock了。
                66. The 32 species are closely related to whales and include the animal known as the killer whale, growing as big as 30 feet long....
the explaination of OG:  the participial growing might refer to the 32 species.
     还有 1 C The Glass House Mountains in Queensland, Austrilia, were sighted in 1770 by the English navigator Captain James Cook, naming them suposedly since their sheer wet rocks glistened like glass.
OG expalination:  As the objects of a preposition and not the subject of the clause, James Cook does not work as the noun that that verbal phrase beginning with naming can describe;.


我的总结，就是 Ving 在这个三个句子情况都是指代主语主语的。
   30 的情况就是， 主系表的情况下， Ving 解释表语的功能。30看看，还是有些说不过去。暴力一点的理解就是 A is B， protecting。 自己再读读，还是觉得protecting 像是解释A的。
   47  表示了Ving发生时间和主句动词是同时的。

这样就是Ving的逻辑主语就是主语主语，同时表示与主语动词在时间上的一致。

1 30 47 60 65 66

67. Affording strategic proximity to the Strait of Gibraltar, Morocco was also of interest to the French throughout the first half of the twentieth century because they assumed that if they did not hold it, their grip on Algeria was always insecure.
(A) if they did not hold it, their grip on Algeria was always insecure
(B) without it their grip on Algeria would never be secure
(C) their grip on Algeria was not ever secure if they did not hold it
(D) without that, they could never be secure about their grip on Algeria
(E) never would their grip on Algeria be secure if they did not hold it
afford= provide sth/ allow sth to happen.
这里主要是考虚拟语气吗？这是ＡＢ主要区别吗
翻译，M 除了与直布罗图地域上接近外，还让法国感兴趣的原因是。。。。。。。。。。。

考点很多
68. The first trenches that were cut into a 500-acre site at Tell Hamoukar, Syria, have yielded strong evidence for centrally administered complex societies in northern regions of the Middle East that were arising simultaneously with but independently of the more celebrated city-states of southern Mesopotamia, in what is now southern Iraq.
(A) that were cut into a 500-acre site at Tell Hamoukar, Syria, have yielded strong evidence for centrally administered complex societies in northern regions of the Middle East that were arising simultaneously with but
(B) that were cut into a 500-acre site at Tell Hamoukar, Syria, yields strong evidence that centrally administered complex societies in northern regions of the Middle East were arising simultaneously with but also
(C) having been cut into a 500-acre site at TellHamoukar, Syria, have yielded strong evidence that centrally administered complex societies in northern regions of the Middle East were arising simultaneously but
(D) cut into a 500-acre site at Tell Hamoukar, Syria, yields strong evidence of centrally administered complex societies in northern regions of the Middle East arising simultaneously but also
(E)cut into a 500-acre site at Tell Hamoukar, Syria, have yielded strong evidence that centrally administered complex societies in northern regions of the Middle East arose simultaneously with but
C的问题，having been cut 是不是表示现在这些战沟还是在挖。were rising 是不是可以的？更重要的是， E 里面出现 副词+介词这种并列，但是C没有。
OG 事物很多的时候，为了能清楚解释他们的关系，最好用that 从句。
    2. Ved 和 Ving 做修饰成分的时候，就是过去分词和现在分词两种形式，没有 the trenches having been cut 这样的形式。
    3  arising simultaneously + with

69. Once they had seen the report from the medical examiner, the investigators did not doubt whether the body recovered from the river was the man who had attempted to escape from the state prison.
(A) did not doubt whether the body recovered from the river was
(B) have no doubt whether the body recovered from the river was
(C) had not doubted that the body recovered from the river was
(D) have no doubt whether the body recovered from the river was that of
(E) had no doubt that the body recovered from the river was that of
我发现这个whether 还真问题不小，前面也有个这样的题
34 题
注意 语义的一致， body 不能是人。

70. His studies of ice-polished rocks in his Alpine homeland, far outside the range of present-day glaciers, led Louis Agassiz in 1837 to propose the concept of an age in which great ice sheets had existed in now currently temperate areas.
(A) in which great ice sheets had existed in now currently temperate areas
(B) in which great ice sheets existed in what are now temperate areas
(C) when great ice sheets existed where there were areas now temperate
(D) when great ice sheets had existed in current temperate areas
(E) when great ice sheets existed in areas now that are temperate
far outside the range of prsent-day glaciers
第一次看理解错了，far outside the range of present-day glaciers 修饰的是 ice-polished rocks.（我又看看，真不知道那种解释是对的。）
这个地方不看explanation.， 一定是注意不到的。 when , in which 都是可以用的。 该死！！！！！！！！！！！

女王的肥皂

错误 71 77 80 82 85 88



71. Unlike the original National Museum of Science and Technology in Italy, where the models are encased in glass or operated only by staff members, the Virtual Leonardo Project, an online version of the museum, encourages visitors to “touch” each exhibit, which thereby activates the animated functions of the piece.
(A) exhibit, which thereby activates
(B) exhibit, in turn an activation of
(C) exhibit, and it will activate
(D) exhibit and thereby activate
(E) exhibit which, as a result, activates
显然不是A这样用which的形式，那是C还是D。 我觉得D不好， D潜台词是the Vitual Leonardo project activate.
绝对要注意C这样的表达。
额。。。。
OG 解释： it 不能指代动作 touch; D 项中隐含内容是 to activate 。

72. More and more in recent years, cities are stressing the arts as a means to greater economic development and investing millions of dollars in cultural activities, despite strained municipal budgets and fading federal support.
(A) to greater economic development and investing
(B) to greater development economically and investing
(C) of greater economic development and invest
(D) of greater development economically and invest
(E) for greater economic development and the investment of


73.
Combining enormous physical strength with higher intelligence, the Neanderthals appear as equipped for facing any obstacle the environment could put in their path, but their relatively sudden disappearance during the Paleolithic era indicates that an inability to adapt to some environmental change led to their extinction.
(A) appear as equipped for facing any obstacle the environment could put in their path,
(B) appear to have been equipped to face any obstacle the environment could put in their path,
(C) appear as equipped to face any obstacle the environment could put in their paths,
(D) appeared as equipped to face any obstacle the environment could put in their paths,
(E) appeared to have been equipped for facing any obstacle the environment could put in their path,
这里是因为句子后半分是indicates，所有前面采用一般现代时吗，还是因为语义呢？
to have done. 表示什么？ 这里可以理解为infinite 的过去式吗？大神说的。

this isn't a present perfect construction, because it's actually an infinitive.
i.e., it's not "they have been equipped"; it's "they appear TO HAVE been equipped".

in any case, you should probably just memorize this construction as a one-off idiomatic structure. if you say "they seemed/appeared to...", then, no matter how remote the event is (in time), you use this construction.

for instance:
it seems that the students cheated on the exam
(normal past tense in this construction)
but...
the students seem to have cheated on the exam
(not here)

i don't really have a good explanation for this, other than "i'm a writer with a firm command of formal english, and i know that it is so" and "you should just think of it as an idiom". sorry i can't do better than that

.

in any case, though, you DO have to use an infinitive after "appear" or "seem" in this sort of construction. and if you think about it, this is as past-tense as an infinitive can get. so that's why you have to use it.

74. A 1972 agreement between Canada and the United States reduced the amount of phosphates that municipalities had been allowed to dump into the Great Lakes.
(A) reduced the amount of phosphates that municipalities had been allowed to dump
(B) reduced the phosphate amount that municipalities had been dumping
(C) reduces the phosphate amount municipalities have been allowed to dump
(D) reduced the amount of phosphates that municipalities are allowed to dump
(E) reduces the amount of phosphates allowed for dumping by municipalities
真是时态大混乱呀。这样理解， the amount of phosphates that municipalities are allowed to dump 这个整体是一个宾语，而且说得就是一般事务，所以再用that 表示限制的时候可以用一般现在时。
这个时态还是看OG解释吧

代词题
75. A proposal has been made to trim the horns from rhinoceroses to discourage poachers; the question is whether tourists will continue to visit game parks and see rhinoceroses after their horns are trimmed.
(A) whether tourists will continue to visit game parks and see rhinoceroses after their horns are
(B) whether tourists will continue to visit game parks to see one once their horns are
(C) whether tourists will continue to visit game parks to see rhinoceroses once the animals’horns have been
(D) if tourists will continue to visit game parks and see rhinoceroses once the animals’ horns are
(E) if tourists will continue to visit game parks to see one after the animals’ horns have been
不管是 a proposal has been made to trim the horms from rhinoceroroses to discourage, 还是后面换线 都是出现了to ..to..
once 虚拟
没有想到这个题错了这么多呀。
to see 这个知识点上没有问题；
但是 在代词指代上，问题就不少了。为什么A会说出现了代词指代混乱呢？我觉得
tourists will continue to visit game parks and see rhnoceroses after their horns are trimmed.
是不是这里有这样两种理解，就是after 做整个句子的时间状语，这样的their 就是指代tourists,
还可以， after 这个phrase 做see rhinoceroses 这个分句的时间状语，their 就是指代rhinocerouses.

后来，查查manhattan 的资料。我上面是胡说的，就是整个句子中出现的名词。这里的名词有 tourists, game parks and rhinoceroses. 但是和their horms make sense就只有 tourists and rhinocerouses 这两个东西。

所以，B项就是直接指代成了tourists

关于时态的问题，下面是manhattan instructor的解释。

Generally, present perfect indicates actions that started in the past and are still going on.

An alternative use of present perfect is for things that happened in the past but are still true or for things that have ongoing effects.

Some examples:
(1) We have visited Torino in November and found it lovely, though cold.
This doesn't mean we are still visiting, nor that it is still November. It just means that at least once, we did visit in November, and that history is still (and will forever be) true.

(2) I have attached the documents to this cover sheet.
This doesn't mean I am still stapling the papers as I write or as the sentence is read...it just means the documents are still attached.

In your OG example, "have been trimmed" should be interpreted in this way--the zoo employees may not still be trimming the horns, but the horns are still short.

76. Retailers reported moderate gains in their November sales, as much because of their sales of a year earlier being so bad as that shoppers were getting a head start on buying their holiday gifts.
(A) of their sales of a year earlier being so bad as that
(B) of their sales a year earlier having been as bad as because
(C) of their sales a year earlier being as bad as because
(D) their sales a year earlier had been so bad as because
(E) their sales of a year earlier were as bad as that
就是parallel的问题。

77. The only way for growers to salvage frozen citrus is to process them quickly into juice concentrate before they rot when warmer weather returns.
(A) to process them quickly into juice concentrate before they rot when warmer weather returns
(B) if they are quickly processed into juice concentrate before warmer weather returns to rot them
(C) for them to be processed quickly into juice concentrate before the fruit rots when warmer weather returns
(D) if the fruit is quickly processed into juice concentrate before they rot when warmer weather returns
(E) to have it quickly processed into juice concentrate before warmer weather returns and rots the fruit
我天，我终于看出这里的平行。to salvage 与 to process 这里的平行。
该死的GMAC，竟是选一些以S结尾的词，做单数用。故意刁难人。
我要记住的是， to do is to do 这样的平行，也有这样被动式的infinite phrase 的平行，别一上来就是 to do is to do, 还可能是to do is to have it done.

78. Fossils of the arm of a sloth found in Puerto Rico in 1991, and dated at 34 million years old, made it the earliest known mammal of the Greater Antilles Islands.
(A) sloth found in Puerto Rico in 1991, and dated at 34 million years old, made it the earliest known mammal of
(B) sloth, that they found in Puerto Rico in 1991, has been dated at 34 million years old, thus making it the earliest mammal known on
(C) sloth that was found in Puerto Rico in 1991, was dated at 34 million years old, making this the earliest known mammal of
(D) sloth, found in Puerto Rico in 1991, have been dated at 34 million years old, making the sloth the earliest known mammal on
(E) sloth which, found in Puerto Rico in 1991, was dated at 34 million years old, made the sloth the earliest known mammal of
我对it 的恨呀。这里的it 指的谁，怎么说的清楚，能找到说的是a sloth. 但是a sloth的位置是在哪里， 主语的定语修饰里， 而it 呢, 地位可是直接宾语。
BC that 做非限定都是错的。
看看正确的答案还有错误答案，我发现说不好的时候就是直接用直接事务来说，比如这里就是直接用the sloth，能这样直接说的就是这样直接说，少用代词。
看看这里ving的explanation
1 21 30 47 60 65 66 78

79. Defense attorneys have occasionally argued that their clients’ misconduct stemmed from a reaction to something ingested, but in attributing criminal or delinquent behavior to some food allergy, the perpetrators are in effect told that they are not responsible for their actions.
(A) in attributing criminal or delinquent behavior to some food allergy,
(B) if criminal or delinquent behavior is attributed to an allergy to some food,
(C) in attributing behavior that is criminal or delinquent to an allergy to some food,
(D) if some food allergy is attributed as the cause of criminal or delinquent behavior,
(E) in attributing a food allergy as the cause of criminal or delinquent behavior,
in doing和If 这件的区别是什么？


80.A report by the American Academy for the Advancement of Science has concluded that much of the currently uncontrolled dioxins to which North Americans are exposed comes from the incineration of wastes.
(A) much of the currently uncontrolled dioxins to which North Americans are exposed comes
(B) much of the currently uncontrolled dioxins that North Americans are exposed to come
(C) much of the dioxins that are currently uncontrolled and that North Americans are exposed to comes
(D) many of the dioxins that are currently uncontrolled and North Americans are exposed to come
(E) many of the currently uncontrolled dioxins to which North Americans are exposed come


81. Recently physicians have determined that stomach ulcers are not caused by stress, alcohol, or rich foods, but a bacterium that dwells in the mucous lining of the stomach.
(A) not caused by stress, alcohol, or rich foods, but
(B) not caused by stress, alcohol, or rich foods, but are by
(C) caused not by stress, alcohol, or rich foods, but by
(D) caused not by stress, alcohol, and rich foods, but
(E) caused not by stress, alcohol, and rich foods, but are by
parallel

82. According to a recent poll, owning and living in a freestanding house on its own land is still a goal of a majority of young adults, like that of earlier generations.
(A) like that of earlier generations
(B) as that for earlier generations
(C) just as earlier generations did
(D) as have earlier generations
(E) as it was of earlier generation
像是 like 只能是在句子开头。

83. In 2000, a mere two dozen products accounted for half the increase in spending on prescription drugs, a phenomenon that is explained not just because of more expensive drugs but by the fact that doctors are writing many more prescriptions for higher-cost drugs.
(A) a phenomenon that is explained not just because of more expensive drugs but by the fact that doctors are writing
(B) a phenomenon that is explained not just by the fact that drugs are becoming more expensive but also by the fact that doctors are writing
(C) a phenomenon occurring not just because of drugs that are becoming more expensive but because of doctors having also written
(D) which occurred not just because drugs are becoming more expensive but doctors are also writing
(E) which occurred not just because of more expensive drugs but because doctors have also written
注意，整个句子结构

84. Often visible as smog, ozone is formed in the atmosphere from hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides, two major pollutants emitted by automobiles, react with sunlight.
(A) ozone is formed in the atmosphere from
(B) ozone is formed in the atmosphere when
(C) ozone is formed in the atmosphere, and when
(D) ozone, formed in the atmosphere when
(E) ozone, formed in the atmosphere from
该死，我又要错。要是没有 react with sunlight， 就是A了。

蛮重要的题
85.Salt deposits and moisture threaten to destroy the Mohenjo Daro excavation in Pakistan, the site of an ancient civilization that flourished at the same time as the civilizations in the Nile Delta and the river valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates.
(A) that flourished at the same time as the civilizations
(B) that had flourished at the same time as had the civilizations
(C) that flourished at the same time those had
(D) flourishing at the same time as those did
而这里地名真是多， the cilvilization of the Nile Delta , and the cilvilzation in the river valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates(米索不达米亚文明就在这里).
这个平行错了。 A flourished at the same time as B , 这里名词词性就是A 和B 。

86. The results of the company’s cost-cutting measures are evident in its profits, which increased 5 percent during the first 3 months of this year after it fell over the last two years.
(A) which increased 5 percent during the first 3 months of this year after it fell
(B) which had increased 5 percent during the first 3 months of this year after it had fallen
(C) which have increased 5 percent during the first 3 months of this year after falling
(D) with a 5 percent increase during the first 3 months of this year after falling
(E) with a 5 percent increase during the first 3 months of this year after having fallen
CD比较
整句 it they 指代一定要一致，不能随便换的。
现在完成时， 过去发成持续到现在，或过去发生状态持续到现在。
这个OG 解释很奇怪， it is not clear what connection is being described by with, the propositional phrase makes the sentence wordy and unclear.
connection， 之后 connection 才能用with来修饰吗？还有注意，人家叫with phrase as prepositional phrase.  注意，这个称呼。

87. In an effort to reduce their inventories, Italian vintners have cut prices; their wines have been priced to sell, and they are.
(A) have been priced to sell, and they are
(B) are priced to sell, and they have
(C) are priced to sell, and they do
(D) are being priced to sell, and have
(E) had been priced to sell, and they have
这题像是和前面有个题很像的。
BC比较， 我选C吧。我觉得 do =sell。 就是你想省略，也要出现全部的主语和谓语。
My another misunderstanding: d0 is replaced by sell. Do should be added by sell. that senctence real meaning is  “And they do sell”
So, "and they have " means "and they have sell" (This full form will create a wrong tense here.)

88.Thelonious Monk, who was a jazz pianist and composer, produced a body of work both rooted in the stride-piano tradition of Willie (The Lion) Smith and Duke Ellington, yet in many ways he stood apart from the mainstream jazz tradition.
(A) Thelonious Monk, who was a jazz pianist and composer, produced a body of work both rooted
(B) Thelonious Monk, the jazz pianist and composer, produced a body of work that was rooted both
(C) Jazz pianist and composer Thelonious Monk, who produced a body of work rooted
(D) Jazz pianist and composer Thelonious Monk produced a body of work that was rooted
(E) Jazz pianist and composer Thelonious Monk produced a body of work rooted both
我很奇怪这里为什么是a body of work (而不是works)
AB, TM, the jazz pianist and composer. 这里不是只是因为简洁呢

89. Dirt roads may evoke the bucolic simplicity of another century, but financially strained townships point out that dirt roads cost twice as much as maintaining paved roads.
(A) dirt roads cost twice as much as maintaining paved roads
(B) dirt roads cost twice as much to maintain as paved roads do
(C) maintaining dirt roads costs twice as much as paved roads do
(D) maintaining dirt roads costs twice as much as it does for paved roads
(E) to maintain dirt roads costs twice as much as for paved roads



90. Although early soap operas were first aired on evening radio in the 1920s, they had moved to the daytime hours of the 1930s when the evening schedule became crowded with comedians and variety shows.
(A) were first aired on evening radio in the 1920s, they had moved to the daytime hours of the 1930s
(B) were first aired on evening radio in the 1920s, they were moved to the daytime hours in the 1930s
(C) were aired first on evening radio in the 1920s, moving to the daytime hours in the 1930s
(D) were aired first in the evening on 1920s radio, they moved to the daytime hours of the 1930s
(E) aired on evening radio first in the 1920s, they were moved to the 1930s in the daytime hours
我就是在找平行

91. Nobody knows exactly how many languages there are in the world, partly because of the difficulty of distinguishing between a language and the sublanguages or dialects within it, but those who have tried to count typically have found about five thousand.
(A) and the sublanguages or dialects within it, but those who have tried to count typically have found
(B) and the sublanguages or dialects within them, with those who have tried counting typically finding
(C) and the sublanguages or dialects within it, but those who have tried counting it typically find
(D) or the sublanguages or dialects within them, but those who tried to count them typically found
(E) or the sublanguages or dialects within them, with those who have tried to count typically finding
比较AC C又是错在it 出现指代了A，又指代B的问题

92. The energy source on Voyager 2 is not a nuclear reactor, in which atoms are actively broken apart; rather a kind of nuclear battery that uses natural radioactive decay （放射性的衰变）to produce power.
(A) apart; rather
(B) apart, but rather
(C) apart, but rather that of
(D) apart, but that of
(E) apart; it is that of



93. Heating-oil prices are expected to be higher this year than last because refiners are paying about $5 a barrel more for crude oil than they were last year.
(A) Heating-oil prices are expected to be higher this year than last because refiners are paying about $5 a barrel more for crude oil than they were
(B) Heating-oil prices are expected to rise higher this year over last because refiners pay about $5 a barrel for crude oil more than they did
(C) Expectations are for heating-oil prices to be higher this year than last years’ because refiners are paying about $5 a barrel for crude oil more than they did
(D) It is the expectation that heating-oil prices will be higher for this year over last because refiners are paying about $5 a barrel more for crude oil now than what they were
(E) It is expected that heating-oil prices will rise higher this year than last yea’s because refiners pay about $5 a barrel for crude oil more than they did
我觉得这个句子很好，就是前面句子里出现了相应的部分，被比较的部分出现相应的成分就好了。要是前面比较部分没有出现相应的部分，后面被比较的部分就是补充全，成为整个句子比较。
但是，我还是有些不明白。前面那两个do 的题，为什么他们就出现Do，也不用表示时态。也许，是我忽略了什么

94. The recent surge in the number of airplane flights has clogged the nation’s air-traffic control system, to lead to 55 percent more delays at airports, and prompts fears among some officials that safety is being compromised.
(A) to lead to 55 percent more delays at airports, and prompts
(B) leading to 55 percent more delay at airports and prompting
(C) to lead to a 55 percent increase in delay at airports and prompt
(D) to lead to an increase of 55 percent in delays at airports, and prompted
(E) leading to a 55 percent increase in delays at airports and prompting
BE比较

95. The peaks of a mountain range（山脉）, acting like rocks in a streambed, produce ripples in the air flowing over them; the resulting flow pattern, with crests and troughs that remain stationary although the air that forms them is moving rapidly, are known as“standing waves.”
(A) crests and troughs that remain stationary although the air that forms them is moving rapidly, are
(B) crests and troughs that remain stationary although they are formed by rapidly moving air, are
(C) crests and troughs that remain stationary although the air that forms them is moving rapidly, is
(D) stationary crests and troughs although the air that forms them is moving rapidly, are
(E) stationary crests and troughs although they are formed by rapidly moving air, is
看解释 with

96. One of the primary distinctions between our intelligence with that of other primates may lay not so much in any specific skill but in our ability to extend knowledge gained in one context to new and different ones.
(A) between our intelligence with that of other primates may lay not so much in any specific skill but
(B) between our intelligence with that of other primates may lie not so much in any specific skill but instead
(C) between our intelligence and that of other primates may lie not so much in any specific skill as
(D) our intelligence has from that of other primates may lie not in any specific skill as
(E) of our intelligence to that of other primates may lay not in any specific skill but


97. Unlike Schoenberg’s 12-tone system that dominated the music of the postwar period, Bartók founded no school and left behind only a handful of disciples.
(A) Schoenberg’s 12-tone system that dominated
(B) Schoenberg and his 12-tone system which dominated
(C) Schoenberg, whose 12-tone system dominated
(D) the 12-tone system of Schoenberg that has dominated
(E) Schoenberg and the 12-tone system, dominating


98. Even though Clovis points, spear points with longitudinal grooves chipped onto their faces, have been found all over North America, they are named for the New Mexico site where they were first discovered in 1932.
(A) Even though Clovis points, spear points with longitudinal grooves chipped onto their faces, have been found all over North America, they are named for the New Mexico site where they were first discovered in 1932.
(B) Although named for the New Mexico site where first discovered in 1932, Clovis points are spear points of longitudinal grooves chipped onto their faces and have been found all over North America.
(C) Named for the New Mexico site where they have been first discovered in 1932, Clovis points, spear points of longitudinal grooves chipped onto the faces, have been found all over North America.
(D) Spear points with longitudinal grooves that are chipped onto the faces, Clovis points, even though named for the New Mexico site where first discovered in 1932, but were found all over North America.
(E) While Clovis points are spear points whose faces have longitudinal grooves chipped into them, they have been found all over North America, and named for the New Mexico site where they have been first discovered in 1932.


99. Ranked as one of the most important of Europe’s young playwrights, Franz Xaver Kroetz has written 40 plays; his works—translated into more than 30 languages—are produced more often than any contemporary German dramatist.
(A) than any
(B) than any other
(C) than are any
(D) than those of any other
(E) as are those of any


100. The stars, some of them at tremendous speeds, are in motion just as the planets are, yet being so far away from Earth that their apparent positions in the sky do not change enough for their movement to be observed during a single human lifetime.
(A) The stars, some of them at tremendous speeds, are in motion just as the planets are, yet being
(B) Like the planets, the stars are in motion, some of them at tremendous speeds, but they are
(C) Although like the planets the stars are in motion, some of them at tremendous speeds, yet
(D) As the planets, the stars are in motion, some of them at tremendous speeds, but they are
(E) The stars are in motion like the planets, some of which at tremendous speeds are in motion but
这题 A为什么不对呢

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第七宗罪 gratuitous assumption
The author falsely depends on gratuitous assumption that.... However, no evidence is stated in the argument to support this assumption. In fact, this is not necessarily the case. For example, it is more likely that.... Therefore, this argument is unwarranted without ruling out such possibility.

这条罪开始的时候我一直不敢用的，一直找不好什么是assumption.

后来发现一个问题，就是很多AA题目都是在开头的时候引用一个类似公理的东西。但是这个公理看起来貌似准确，却经不得推敲。而整篇argument又是建立在这个之上的。“地基”错了，整个argument也就不成立了。

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......................................
我贴一些自己对作文的感受：
GMAT的作文， 我觉得考察逻辑更重于语言。而且，我看一些文章的题目的逻辑错误隐藏的有些深，不是没有因果，correlation does not imply causation的问题。我是把作文的逻辑错误想的太简单了。

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做事情总是犹犹豫豫的。不敢写的，写多怕人骂？但是写吧，换得自己的进步总是有代价的。

女王的肥皂

好的，下次我遇到题目出现except 的时候，我就用“not”来替换。
Each of the following helps to explain event X EXCEPT:  这样说， 这个题目的意思就是要求 which of the following not explain event X
Each of the following weakens the conclusion EXCEPT:  这个题目的意思是说： which of the following does not weaken the conclusion.
Each of the following strengthens the conclusion EXCEPT:  这个题目的意思是说， which of the following does not strength the conclusion
Each of the following makes the argument logically correct EXCEPT:  这个题目的意思是说， which of the following does not make the argument logically correct?

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Either-Or choice
The author assumes that AA and BB are mutually exclusive alternatives and there is no room for a middle ground. However, the author provides no reason for imposing an either-or choice. Common sense tells us that adjusting both AA and BB might produce better results.


这宗罪怎么用着用着就走形了呢。 明明第五宗罪说的是， 不要非A即B，A+B会更好。

结果用来用去成了，不要把问题简单局限在文中的一条思路上，而是还有别的路可以走。

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很多时候，我们再attack correlation does not mean causation 的时候说， 不能因为这两个东西是在一起的就说这两个有因果联系。但是这两个事物毕竟是在一起出现的， 很可能这两者之间就是存在一种因果联系。文章也承认了这点，但是 A 和B的成对出现，可能是A引起B， 也可能是B引起A。 这样就造成了 结论说某一种因果的时候可能是错的，因为还存在着另外一种因果存在的可能。

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总结 逻辑类型 和关键点

1 assumption, 就是要记住 necessary, assumption 都是necessary 的
2. conclusion， 就是要记住 must be true, 结论一定是对的。 那怕只是根据一部分premise 得出来的。
3. strength and weaken 一定要围绕conclusion。 我觉得，其实strength 和 weaken 都是很很严格的时候得出的结论，做这样的题目的时候，很多wrong choices are all irrelevant.
4 weaken 我觉得要比strength 要难，因为weaken题目里面很多是两个人一块吵架。然后再要你在该死的5个选项中选一个支持一方的，再可恶一些反对一方的。我的脑子容量有限的。 （我还发现，一般到题目中有两个人打架的，应该就是高分区了。）
（2）还是关于weaken的事情，我觉得很奇怪的。怎么weaken的东西，就是怀疑一切呢。 不是怀疑一些潜意识里的assumption， 就是怀疑一些基本事实。真是防不胜防。