俺的GMAT家

女王的肥皂

In 1988 services moved ahead of manufacturing as the main product of the United States economy. But what is meant by “services”? Some economists define a service as something that is produced and consumed simultaneously, for example, a haircut. The broader, classical definition is that a service is an intangible something that cannot be touched or stored. Yet electric utilities can store energy, and computer programmers save information electronically. Thus, the classical definition is hard to sustain.
The United States government’s definition is more practical: services are the residual category that includes everything that is not agriculture or industry. Under this definition, services includes activities as diverse as engineering and driving a bus. However, besides lacking a strong conceptual framework, this definition fails to recognize the distinction between service industries and service occupations. It categorizes workers based on their company’s final product rather than on the actual work the employees perform. (Line 23Thus, the many service workers employed by manufacturers— bookkeepers or janitors, for example—would fall under the industrial rather than the services category. Such ambiguities reveal the arbitrariness of this definition and suggest that, although practical for government purposes, it does not accurately reflect the composition of the current United States economy.

就是 classical definition的定义小了。

第一段，两种对services的定义是错的.
第二段，一个政府的定义。但是这个定义没有理论框架，而且是按照的所属公司提供的产品来衡量这个公司员工是不是service, fail to recognize the differecen between service indurtries and service occupations.

这篇文章的作者 明显主要是为了抨击政府这个定义。

错误 32

31. The author of the passage is primarily concerned with
(A) discussing research data underlying several definitions
(B) arguing for the adoption of a particular definition
(C) exploring definitions of a concept
(D) comparing the advantages of several definitions
(E) clarifying some ambiguous definitions

怎么办 我一看到 adaption，adoption，我就死机几秒钟。

32. In comparing the United States government’s definition of services with the classical definition, the author suggests that the classical definition is
(A) more pragmatic
(B) more difficult to apply
(C) less ambiguous
(D) more widely used
(E) more arbitrary
应该是 作者认为 政府的定义是 arbitrary 的，但是 认为 classical definition 是 unsustained. 这个更严重吧。
这样的错误， 我第二次犯了 就是一个东西放在 前一段末尾，答案 却在下一段开头。



33. The passage suggests which of the following about service workers in the United States?
(A) The number of service workers may be underestimated by the definition of services used by the government.
(B) There were fewer service workers than agricultural workers before 1988.
(C) The number of service workers was almost equal to the number of workers employed in manufacturing until 1988.
(D) Most service workers are employed in service occupations rather than in service industries.
(E) Most service workers are employed in occupations where they provide services that do not fall under the classical definition of services.

应该是 service industries 都算 service，但是很多从事 service occupation 却没有记进来。

34. The author of the passage mentions which of the following as one disadvantage of the United States government’s definition of services?
(A) It is less useful than the other definitions mentioned in the passage.
(B) It is narrower in scope than the other definitions mentioned in the passage.
(C) It is based on the final product produced rather than on the type of work performed.
(D) It does not recognize the diversity of occupations within the service industries.
(E) It misclassifies many workers who are employed in service industries.


35. The author refers to “service workers employed by manufacturers” (line 23) primarily in order to point out
(A) a type of worker not covered by the United States government’s system of classifying occupations
(B) a flaw in the United States government’s definition of services
(C) a factor that has influenced the growth of the service economy in the United States
(D) a type of worker who is classified on the basis of work performed rather than on the basis of the company’s final product
(E) the diversity of the workers who are referred to as service workers

In 1988 services moved ahead of manufacturing as the main product of the United States economy. But what is meant by “services”? Some economists define a service as something that is produced and consumed simultaneously, for example, a haircut. The broader, classical definition is that a service is an intangible something that cannot be touched or stored. Yet electric utilities can store energy, and computer programmers save information electronically. Thus, the classical definition is hard to sustain.

The United States government’s definition is more practical: services are the residual category that includes everything that is not agriculture or industry. Under this definition, services includes activities as diverse as engineering and driving a bus. However, besides lacking a strong conceptual framework, this definition fails to recognize the distinction between service industries and service occupations. It categorizes workers based on their company’s final product rather than on the actual work the employees perform. (Line 23Thus, the many service workers employed by manufacturers— bookkeepers or janitors, for example—would fall under the industrial rather than the services category. Such ambiguities reveal the arbitrariness of this definition and suggest that, although practical for government purposes, it does not accurately reflect the composition of the current United States economy.



31.The author of the passage is primarily concerned with

(A)discussing research data underlying several definitions

(B)arguing for the adoption of a particular definition

(C)exploring definitions of a concept

(D)comparing the advantages of several definitions (C)

(E)clarifying some ambiguous definitions



32.In comparing the United States government’s definition of services with the classical definition, the author suggests that the classical definition is

(A)more pragmatic

(B)more difficult to apply

(C)less ambiguous

(D)more widely used (B)

(E)more arbitrary



33.The passage suggests which of the following about service workers in the United States?

(A)The number of service workers may be underestimated by the definition of services used by the government.

(B)There were fewer service workers than agricultural workers before 1988.

(C)The number of service workers was almost equal to the number of workers employed in manufacturing until 1988.

(D)Most service workers are employed in service occupations rather than in service industries. (A)

(E)Most service workers are employed in occupations where they provide services that do not fall under the classical definition of services.



34.The author of the passage mentions which of the following as one disadvantage of the United States government’s definition of services?

(A)It is less useful than the other definitions mentioned in the passage.

(B)It is narrower in scope than the other definitions mentioned in the passage.

(C)It is based on the final product produced rather than on the type of work performed.

(D)It does not recognize the diversity of occupations within the service industries. (C)

(E)It misclassifies many workers who are employed in service industries.



35.The author refers to “service workers employed by manufacturers” (line 23) primarily in order to point out

(A)a type of worker not covered by the United States government’s system of classifying occupations

(B)a flaw in the United States government’s definition of services

(C)a factor that has influenced the growth of the service economy in the United States

(D)a type of worker who is classified on the basis of work performed rather than on the basis of the company’s final product (B)

(E)the diversity of the workers who are referred to as service workers

女王的肥皂

Current feminist theory, in validating women’s own stories of their experience, has encouraged scholars of women’s history to view the use of women’s oral narratives as the methodology（就是嘛，这里就是用methodology 表示方法的意思，而不是方法论）, next to the use of women’s written autobiography, that brings historians closest to the “reality” of women’s lives. Such narratives, unlike most standard histories, represent experience from the perspective of women, affirm the importance of women’s contributions, and furnish present-day women with historical continuity that is essential to their identity, individually and collectively.
Scholars of women’s history should, however, be as cautious about accepting oral narratives at face valueas they already are about written memories. Oral narratives are no more likely than are written narratives to provide a disinterested commentary on events or people. Moreover, the stories people tell to explain themselves are shaped by narrative devices and storytelling conventions, as well as by other cultural and historical factors, in ways that the storytellers may be unaware of. The political rhetoric of a particular era, for example, may influence women’s interpretations of the significance of their experience. Thus a woman who views the Second World War as pivotal in increasing the social acceptance of women’s paid work outside the home may reach that conclusion partly and unwittingly because of wartime rhetoric encouraging a positive view of women’s participation in such work.

我发现我现在很喜欢做女性题材的题。

第一段，scholars 现在开始重视 narrative，这些资料、、、（最后表黑的东西。）
第二段，scholars 处理 oral narratives 要很小心。 这是因为1 这些资料是有偏见的 2 这些资料会受到 devices ， storytelling conventions 和其他文化历史因素的影响。 下面的例子就是说明，这个narrative的结论收到了当时政治的影响。

这篇文章，我觉得主要是在这两种资料的关系。

错误 39 41

36. The passage is primarily concerned with
(A) contrasting the benefits of one methodology with the benefits of another
(B) describing the historical origins and inherent drawbacks of a particular methodology
(C) discussing the appeal of a particular methodology and some concerns about its use
(D) showing that some historians’ adoption of a particular methodology has led to criticism of recent historical scholarship
(E) analyzing the influence of current feminist views on women’s interpretations of their experience


37. According to the passage, which of the following shapes the oral narratives of women storytellers?
(A) The conventions for standard histories in the culture in which a woman storyteller lives
(B) The conventions of storytelling in the culture in which a woman storyteller lives
(C) A woman storyteller’s experience with distinctive traditions of storytelling developed by the women in her family of origin
(D) The cultural expectations and experiences of those who listen to oral narratives
(E) A woman storyteller’s familiarity with the stories that members of other groups in her culture tell to explain themselves


38. The author of the passage would be most likely to make which of the following recommendations to scholars of women’s history?
(A) They should take into account their own life experiences when interpreting the oral accounts of women’s historical experiences.
(B) They should assume that the observations made in women’s oral narratives are believed by the intended audience of the story.
(C) They should treat skeptically observations reported in oral narratives unless the observations can be confirmed in standard histories.
(D) They should consider the cultural and historical context in which an oral narrative was created before arriving at an interpretation of such a narrative.
(E) They should rely on information gathered from oral narratives only when equivalent information is not available in standard histories.

39. Which of the following best describes the function of the last sentence of the passage?
(A) It describes an event that historians view as crucial in recent women’s history.
(B) It provides an example of how political rhetoric may influence the interpretations of experience reported in women’s oral narratives.
(C) It provides an example of an oral narrative that inaccurately describes women’s experience during a particular historical period.
(D) It illustrates the point that some women are more aware than others of the social forces that shape their oral narratives.
(E) It identifies the historical conditions that led to the social acceptance of women’s paid work outside the home.
The political rhetoric of a particular era, for example, may influence women’s interpretations of the significance of their experience. Thus a woman who views the Second World War as pivotal in increasing the social acceptance of women’s paid work outside the home may reach that conclusion partly and unwittingly because of wartime rhetoric encouraging a positive view of women’s participation in such work.
难道 在做题的时候，就是小层次优先与大层次

40. According to the passage, scholars of women’s history should refrain from doing which of the following?
(A) Relying on traditional historical sources when women’s oral narratives are unavailable
(B) Focusing on the influence of political rhetoric on women’s perceptions to the exclusion of other equally important factors
(C) Attempting to discover the cultural and historical factors that influence the stories women tell
(D) Assuming that the conventions of women’s written autobiographies are similar to the conventions of women’s oral narratives
(E) Accepting women’s oral narratives less critically than they accept women’s written histories


41. According to the passage, each of the following is a difference between women’s oral narratives and most standard histories EXCEPT:
(A) Women’s oral histories validate the significance of women’s achievements.
(B) Women’s oral histories depict experience from the point of view of women.
(C) Women’s oral histories acknowledge the influence of well-known women.
(D) Women’s oral histories present today’s women with a sense of their historical relationship to women of the past.
(E) Women’s oral histories are crucial to the collective identity of today’s women.
AC 比较
什么呀 A 改写的也太有欺骗性了 。 affirm the importance of women’s contributions  in validating women’s own stories of their experience
一定要好好比较原文呀   ！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！


Current feminist theory, in validating women’s own stories of their experience, has encouraged scholars of women’s history to view the use of women’s oral narratives as the methodology, next to the use of women’s written autobiography, that brings historians closest to the “reality” of women’s lives. Such narratives, unlike most standard histories, represent experience from the perspective of women, affirm the importance of women’s contributions, and furnish present-day women with historical continuity that is essential to their identity, individually and collectively.

Scholars of women’s history should, however, be as cautious about accepting oral narratives at face value as they already are about written memories. Oral narratives are no more likely than are written narratives to provide a disinterested commentary on events or people. Moreover, the stories people tell to explain themselves are shaped by narrative devices and storytelling conventions, as well as by other cultural and historical factors, in ways that the storytellers may be unaware of. The political rhetoric of a particular era, for example, may influence women’s interpretations of the significance of their experience. Thus a woman who views the Second World War as pivotal in increasing the social acceptance of women’s paid work outside the home may reach that conclusion partly and unwittingly because of wartime rhetoric encouraging a positive view of women’s participation in such work.



36. The passage is primarily concerned with

(A) contrasting the benefits of one methodology with the benefits of another

(B) describing the historical origins and inherent drawbacks of a particular methodology

(C) discussing the appeal of a particular methodology and some concerns about its use

(D) showing that some historians’ adoption of a particular methodology has led to criticism of recent historical scholarship (C)

(E) analyzing the influence of current feminist views on women’s interpretations of their experience



37. According to the passage, which of the following shapes the oral narratives of women storytellers?

(A) The conventions for standard histories in the culture in which a woman storyteller lives

(B) The conventions of storytelling in the culture in which a woman storyteller lives

(C) A woman storyteller’s experience with distinctive traditions of storytelling developed by the women in her family of origin

(D) The cultural expectations and experiences of those who listen to oral narratives (B)

(E) A woman storyteller’s familiarity with the stories that members of other groups in her culture tell to explain themselves



38. The author of the passage would be most likely to make which of the following recommendations to scholars of women’s history?

(A) They should take into account their own life experiences when interpreting the oral accounts of women’s historical experiences.

(B) They should assume that the observations made in women’s oral narratives are believed by the intended audience of the story.

(C) They should treat skeptically observations reported in oral narratives unless the observations can be confirmed in standard histories.

(D) They should consider the cultural and historical context in which an oral narrative was created before arriving at an interpretation of such a narrative. (D)

(E) They should rely on information gathered from oral narratives only when equivalent information is not available in standard histories.



39. Which of the following best describes the function of the last sentence of the passage?

(A) It describes an event that historians view as crucial in recent women’s history.

(B) It provides an example of how political rhetoric may influence the interpretations of experience reported in women’s oral narratives.

(C) It provides an example of an oral narrative that inaccurately describes women’s experience during a particular historical period.

(D) It illustrates the point that some women are more aware than others of the social forces that shape their oral narratives. (B)

(E) It identifies the historical conditions that led to the social acceptance of women’s paid work outside the home.



40. According to the passage, scholars of women’s history should refrain from doing which of the following?

(A) Relying on traditional historical sources when women’s oral narratives are unavailable

(B) Focusing on the influence of political rhetoric on women’s perceptions to the exclusion of other equally important factors

(C) Attempting to discover the cultural and historical factors that influence the stories women tell

(D) Assuming that the conventions of women’s written autobiographies are similar to the conventions of women’s oral narratives (E)

(E) Accepting women’s oral narratives less critically than they accept women’s written histories



41. According to the passage, each of the following is a difference between women’s oral narratives and most standard histories EXCEPT:

(A) Women’s oral histories validate the significance of women’s achievements.

(B) Women’s oral histories depict experience from the point of view of women.

(C) Women’s oral histories acknowledge the influence of well-known women.

(D) Women’s oral histories present today’s women with a sense of their historical relationship to women of the past. (C)

(E) Women’s oral histories are crucial to the collective identity of today’s women.

女王的肥皂

OG 还是要做的。开始的时候我还觉得 OG 的阅读没有挑战性。看看这些错的，想想OG 还是要再做的

boomslang

加油！

女王的肥皂

是的。

女王的肥皂

In Winters v. United States (1908), the Supreme Court held that the right to use waters ?owing through or adjacent to the Fort Belknap Indian Reservation was reserved to American Indians by the treaty establishing the reservation. Although this treaty did not mention water rights, the Court ruled that the federal government, when it created the reservation, intended to deal fairly with American Indians by reserving for them the waters （倒装） without which their lands would have been useless. (Lines 10-20Later decisions, citing Winters, established that courts can ?nd federal rights to reserve water for particular purposes if (1) the land in question lies within an enclave under exclusive federal jurisdiction, (2) the land has been formally withdrawn from federal public lands—i.e., withdrawn from the stock of federal lands available for private use under federal land use laws—and set aside or reserved, and (3) the circumstances reveal the government intended to reserve water as well as land when establishing the reservation.
Some American Indian tribes have also established water rights through the courts based on their traditional diversion（这里到底是什么traditional diversion, 是河流的改变，还是什么？） and use of certain waters prior to the United States’ acquisition of sovereignty. For example, the Rio Grande pueblos already existed when the United States acquired sovereignty over New Mexico in 1848. Although they at that time became part of the United States, the pueblo lands never formally constituted a part of federal public lands; in any event, no treaty, statute, or executive order has ever designated or withdrawn the pueblos from public lands as American Indian reservations. This fact, however, has not barred application of the Winters doctrine. What constitutes an American Indian reservation is a question of practice, not of legal definition, and the pueblos have always been treated as reservations by the United States. (Lines 38-42This pragmatic approach is buttressed by Arizona v. California (1963), wherein the Supreme Court indicated that the manner in which any type of federal reservation is created does not affect the application to it of the Winters doctrine. Therefore, the reserved water rights of Pueblo Indians have priority over other citizens’ water rights as of （从 1848开始）1848, the year in which pueblos must be considered to have become reservations.


我要挑战极限了。
the land has been formally withdrawn from federal public lands—i.e., withdrawn from the stock of federal lands available for private use under federal land use laws—and set aside or reserved
这个第二条，威力真的很大。这样很多native American reservation 就可以被说成从联邦土地中划出，用作私人用途，这样，所有native American Reservation 的Water right is reserved to Federal government。
这样说 还不是很明确。
我觉得就是这条规定的存在，使得water right for Native American Reservation 都纳入到了联邦政府的保护，而且不仅仅 Native American reservation 受到保护，其他符合这种情况的地方的水权也受到联邦政府的保护。

Winter doctrine 的主张是什么？？
the Supreme Court held that the right to use waters ?owing through or adjacent to the Fort Belknap Indian Reservation was reserved to American Indians by the treaty establishing the reservation.


第一段，WInter 协议，这些地方的水权是归 Native Americans。 之后的decisions 有从联邦的高度保护了这些水权。 （particular purpose， 不直说吗？就是 water rights for Native Americans' use.）.
第二段, Winter 这个法令同样适应于 没有从法律上确立是Native American Resevation 的 土地。

错误 63

57. According to the passage, which of the following was true of the treaty establishing the Fort Belknap Indian Reservation?
(A) It was challenged in the Supreme Court a number of times.
(B) It was rescinded by the federal government, an action that gave rise to the Winters case.
(C) It cited American Indians’ traditional use of the land’s resources.
(D) It failed to mention water rights to be enjoyed by the reservation’s inhabitants.
(E) It was modified by the Supreme Court in Arizona v. California.

58. The passage suggests that, if the criteria discussed in lines 10–20 were the only criteria for establishing a reservation’s water rights, which of the following would be true?
(A) The water rights of the inhabitants of the Fort Belknap Indian Reservation would not take precedence over those of other citizens.
(B) Reservations established before 1848 would be judged to have no water rights.
(C) There would be no legal basis for the water rights of the Rio Grande pueblos.
(D) Reservations other than American Indian reservations could not be created with reserved water rights.
(E) Treaties establishing reservations wou have to mention water rights explicitly in order to reserve water for a particular purpose.
CD 比较 后文说了 是不是 reservation 只是一个定义问题，不是一个法律问题。所以C是不对的。同样，Federal 正式提出这些法律问题，就是帮正更多这样的地方，不仅仅是 native American reservation， 都能享有水权。
== 这里lines 10-20 说的那三种情况， C

59. Which of the following most accurately summarizes the relationship between Arizona v. California in lines 38–42, and the criteria citing the Winters doctrine in lines 10–20?
(A) Arizona v. California abolishes these criteria and establishes a competing set of criteria for applying the Winters doctrine.
(B) Arizona v. California establishes that the Winters doctrine applies to a broader range of situations than those defined by these criteria.
(C) Arizona v. California represents the sole example of an exception to the criteria as they were set forth in the Winters doctrine.
(D) Arizona v. California does not refer to the Winters doctrine to justify water rights, whereas these criteria do rely on the Winters doctrine.
(E) Arizona v. California applies the criteria derived from the Winters doctrine only to federal lands other than American Indian reservations.


60. The “pragmatic approach” mentioned in lines 37–38 of the passage is best defined as one that
(A) grants recognition to reservations that were never formally established but that have traditionally been treated as such
(B) determines the water rights of all citizens in a particular region by examining the actual history of water usage in that region
(C) gives federal courts the right to reserve water along with land even when it is clear that the government originally intended to reserve only the land
(D) bases the decision to recognize the legal rights of a group on the practical effect such a recognition is likely to have on other citizens
没有E


61. The author cites the fact that the Rio Grande pueblos were never formally withdrawn from public lands primarily in order to do which of the following?
(A) Suggest why it might have been argued that the Winters doctrine ought not to apply to pueblo lands
(B) Imply that the United States never really acquired sovereignty over pueblo lands
(C) Argue that the pueblo lands ought still to be considered part of federal public lands
(D) Support the argument that the water rights of citizens other than American Indians are limited by the Winters doctrine
(E) Suggest that federal courts cannot claim jurisdiction over cases disputing the traditional diversion and use of water by Pueblo Indians


62. The primary purpose of the passage is to
(A) trace the development of laws establishing American Indian reservations
(B) explain the legal bases for the water rights of American Indian tribes
(C) question the legal criteria often used to determine the water rights of American Indian tribes
(D) discuss evidence establishing the earliest date at which the federal government recognized the water rights of American Indians
(E) point out a legal distinction between different types of American Indian reservations



63. The passage suggests that the legal rights of citizens other than American Indians to the use of water ?owing into the Rio Grande pueblos are
(A) guaranteed by the precedent set in Arizona v. California
(B) abolished by the Winters doctrine
(C) deferred to the Pueblo Indians whenever treaties explicitly require this
(D) guaranteed by federal land-use laws
(E) limited by the prior claims of the Pueblo Indians
CE 对比， C错在这样地方一开始 就没有明确的treaty 保证 water right.
In Winters v. United States (1908), the Supreme Court held that the right to use waters ? owing through or adjacent to the Fort Belknap Indian Reservation was reserved to American Indians by the treaty establishing the reservation. Although this treaty did not mention water rights, the Court ruled that the federal government, when it created the reservation, intended to deal fairly with American Indians by reserving for them the waters without which their lands would have been useless. (Lines 10-20Later decisions, citing Winters, established that courts can ? nd federal rights to reserve water for particular purposes if (1) the land in question lies within an enclave under exclusive federal jurisdiction, (2) the land has been formally withdrawn from federal public lands—i.e., withdrawn from the stock of federal lands available for private use under federal land use laws—and set aside or reserved, and (3) the circumstances reveal the government intended to reserve water as well as land when establishing the reservation.

Some American Indian tribes have also established water rights through the courts based on their traditional diversion and use of certain waters prior to the United States’ acquisition of sovereignty. For example, the Rio Grande pueblos already existed when the United States acquired sovereignty over New Mexico in 1848. Although they at that time became part of the United States, the pueblo lands never formally constituted a part of federal public lands; in any event, no treaty, statute, or executive order has ever designated or withdrawn the pueblos from public lands as American Indian reservations. This fact, however, has not barred application of the Winters doctrine. What constitutes an American Indian reservation is a question of practice, not of legal definition, and the pueblos have always been treated as reservations by the United States. (Lines 38-42This pragmatic approach is buttressed by Arizona v. California (1963), wherein the Supreme Court indicated that the manner in which any type of federal reservation is created does not affect the application to it of the Winters doctrine. Therefore, the reserved water rights of Pueblo Indians have priority over other citizens’ water rights as of 1848, the year in which pueblos must be considered to have become reservations.



57. According to the passage, which of the following was true of the treaty establishing the Fort Belknap Indian Reservation?

(A) It was challenged in the Supreme Court a number of times.

(B) It was rescinded by the federal government, an action that gave rise to the Winters case.

(C) It cited American Indians’ traditional use of the land’s resources.

(D) It failed to mention water rights to be enjoyed by the reservation’s inhabitants. (D)

(E) It was modified by the Supreme Court in Arizona v. California.



58. The passage suggests that, if the criteria discussed in lines 10–20 were the only criteria for establishing a reservation’s water rights, which of the following would be true?

(A) The water rights of the inhabitants of the Fort Belknap Indian Reservation would not take precedence over those of other citizens.

(B) Reservations established before 1848 would be judged to have no water rights.

(C) There would be no legal basis for the water rights of the Rio Grande pueblos.

(D) Reservations other than American Indian reservations could not be created with reserved water rights. (C)

(E) Treaties establishing reservations would have to mention water rights explicitly in order to reserve water for a particular purpose.



59. Which of the following most accurately summarizes the relationship between Arizona v. California in lines 38–42, and the criteria citing the Winters doctrine in lines 10–20?

(A)Arizona v. California abolishes these criteria and establishes a competing set of criteria for applying the Winters doctrine.

(B)Arizona v. California establishes that the Winters doctrine applies to a broader range of situations than those defined by these criteria.

(C)Arizona v. California represents the sole example of an exception to the criteria as they were set forth in the Winters doctrine.

(D)Arizona v. California does not refer to the Winters doctrine to justify water rights, whereas these criteria do rely on the Winters doctrine. (B)

(E)Arizona v. California applies the criteria derived from the Winters doctrine only to federal lands other than American Indian reservations.



60. The “pragmatic approach” mentioned in lines 37–38 of the passage is best defined as one that

(A) grants recognition to reservations that were never formally established but that have traditionally been treated as such

(B) determines the water rights of all citizens in a particular region by examining the actual history of water usage in that region

(C) gives federal courts the right to reserve water along with land even when it is clear that the government originally intended to reserve only the land (A)

(D) bases the decision to recognize the legal rights of a group on the practical effect such a recognition is likely to have on other citizens



61. The author cites the fact that the Rio Grande pueblos were never formally withdrawn from public lands primarily in order to do which of the following?

(A) Suggest why it might have been argued that the Winters doctrine ought not to apply to pueblo lands

(B) Imply that the United States never really acquired sovereignty over pueblo lands

(C) Argue that the pueblo lands ought still to be considered part of federal public lands

(D) Support the argument that the water rights of citizens other than American Indians are limited by the Winters doctrine (A)

(E) Suggest that federal courts cannot claim jurisdiction over cases disputing the traditional diversion and use of water by Pueblo Indians



62. The primary purpose of the passage is to

(A) trace the development of laws establishing American Indian reservations

(B) explain the legal bases for the water rights of American Indian tribes

(C) question the legal criteria often used to determine the water rights of American Indian tribes

(D) discuss evidence establishing the earliest date at which the federal government recognized the water rights of American Indians (B)

(E) point out a legal distinction between different types of American Indian reservations



63. The passage suggests that the legal rights of citizens other than American Indians to the use of water ? owing into the Rio Grande pueblos are

(A) guaranteed by the precedent set in Arizona v. California

(B) abolished by the Winters doctrine

(C) deferred to the Pueblo Indians whenever treaties explicitly require this

(D) guaranteed by federal land-use laws (E)

(E) limited by the prior claims of the Pueblo Indians

女王的肥皂

Two works published in 1984 demonstrate contrasting approaches to writing the history of United States women. Buel and Buel’s biography of Mary Fish (1736–1818) makes little effort to place her story in the context of recent historiography on women. Lebsock, meanwhile, attempts not only to write the history of women in one southern community, but also to redirect two decades of historiographical debate as to whether women gained or lost status in the nineteenth century as compared with the eighteenth century. Although both books offer the reader the opportunity to assess this controversy regarding women’s status, only Lebsock’s deals with it directly. She examines several different aspects of women’s status, helping to refine and resolve the issues. She concludes that while women gained autonomy in some areas, especially in the private sphere, they lost it in many aspects of the economic sphere. More importantly, she shows that the debate（这个debate 就是上文提到的，compated with 18th century, whether women gained or lost status.） itself depends on frame of reference: in many respects, women lost power in relation to men, for example, as certain jobs (delivering babies, supervising schools) were taken over by men. Yet women also gained power in comparison with their previous status, owning a higher proportion of real estate, for example. In contrast, Buel and Buel’s biography provides ample raw material for questioning the myth, fostered by some historians, of a colonial golden age in the eighteenth century(就是说18th century 没有这么好。) but does not give the reader much guidance in analyzing the controversy over women’s status.

看看 这里用的也是approach 这个词。

总结，L的approach 提供了 妇女历史的背景；并且解决了一个历史的争论（和18世纪相比，19世纪的妇女的地位是提高了，还是降低了。）；在私人方面，妇女地位提高了，但是在其他方面，妇女的地位降低了。
B的approach 只是提供了大量的资料，这些资料都是质疑18世纪是不是妇女地位很好的童话，但是她没有给出一个指导原则来分析这个历史controversy.

这个文章主要是围绕那个历史问题展开的，19世纪妇女的地位是提高还是降低了。

错误 78 80

76. The primary purpose of the passage is to
(A) examine two sides of a historiographical debate
(B) call into question an author’s approach to a historiographical debate
(C) examine one author’s approach to a historiographical debate
(D) discuss two authors’ works in relationship to a historiographical debate
(E) explain the prevalent perspective on a historiographical debate


77. The author of the passage mentions the supervision of schools primarily in order to
(A) remind readers of the role education played in the cultural changes of the nineteenth century in the United States
(B) suggest an area in which nineteenth-century American women were relatively free to exercise power
(C) provide an example of an occupation for which accurate data about women’s participation are difficult to obtain
(D) speculate about which occupations were considered suitable for United States women of the nineteenth century
(E) illustrate how the answers to questions about women’s status depend on particular contexts


78. With which of the following characterizations of Lebsock’s contribution to the controversy concerning women’s status in the nineteenth-century United States would the author of the passage be most likely to agree?
(A) Lebsock has studied women from a formerly neglected region and time period.
(B) Lebsock has demonstrated the importance of frame of reference in answering questions about women’s status.
(C) Lebsock has addressed the controversy by using women’s current status as a frame of reference.
(D) Lebsock has analyzed statistics about occupations and property that were previously ignored.
(E) Lebsock has applied recent historiographical methods to the biography of a nineteenth-century woman.
这篇文章的题目出现了很多 address the problem 这个词， 这个词的意思 try to solve the problems 的意思。
所以 我对C理解是错的。
原文是 assess the controversy, 人家没有solve the problems

79. According to the passage, Lebsock’s work differs from Buel and Buel’s work in that Lebsock’s work
(A) uses a large number of primary sources
(B) ignores issues of women’s legal status
(C) refuses to take a position on women’s status in the eighteenth century
(D) addresses larger historiographical issues
(E) fails to provide sufficient material to support its claims

80. The passage suggests that Lebsock believes that compared to nineteenth-century American women, eighteenth-century American women were
(A) in many respects less powerful in relation to men
(B) more likely to own real estate
(C) generally more economically independent
(D) more independent in conducting their private lives
(E) less likely to work as school superintendents
开始选A 的时候 我就很犹豫，L 说的是19世纪的妇女只是在gain automy in private shere. 但是，在很多领域却是lost status.
Yet women also gained power in comparison with their previous status, owning a higher proportion of real estate, for example. 这里Yet 是也没有的意思。

81. The passage suggests that Buel and Buel’s biography of Mary Fish provides evidence for which of the following views of women’s history?
(A) Women have lost power in relation to men since the colonial era.
(B) Women of the colonial era were not as likely to be concerned with their status as were women in the nineteenth century.
(C) The colonial era was not as favorable for women as some historians have believed.
(D) Women had more economic autonomy in the colonial era than in the nineteenth century.
(E) Women’s occupations were generally more respected in the colonial era than in the nineteenth century.

Two works published in 1984 demonstrate contrasting approaches to writing the history of United States women. Buel and Buel’s biography of Mary Fish (1736–1818) makes little effort to place her story in the context of recent historiography on women. Lebsock, meanwhile, attempts not only to write the history of women in one southern community, but also to redirect two decades of historiographical debate as to whether women gained or lost status in the nineteenth century as compared with the eighteenth century. Although both books offer the reader the opportunity to assess this controversy regarding women’s status, only Lebsock’s deals with it directly. She examines several different aspects of women’s status, helping to refine and resolve the issues. She concludes that while women gained autonomy in some areas, especially in the private sphere, they lost it in many aspects of the economic sphere. More importantly, she shows that the debate itself depends on frame of reference: in many respects, women lost power in relation to men, for example, as certain jobs (delivering babies, supervising schools) were taken over by men. Yet women also gained power in comparison with their previous status, owning a higher proportion of real estate, for example. In contrast, Buel and Buel’s biography provides ample raw material for questioning the myth, fostered by some historians, of a colonial golden age in the eighteenth century but does not give the reader much guidance in analyzing the controversy over women’s status.



76. The primary purpose of the passage is to

(A) examine two sides of a historiographical debate

(B) call into question an author’s approach to a historiographical debate

(C) examine one author’s approach to a historiographical debate

(D) discuss two authors’ works in relationship to a historiographical debate (D)

(E) explain the prevalent perspective on a historiographical debate



77. The author of the passage mentions the supervision of schools primarily in order to

(A) remind readers of the role education played in the cultural changes of the nineteenth century in the United States

(B) suggest an area in which nineteenth-century American women were relatively free to exercise power

(C) provide an example of an occupation for which accurate data about women’s participation are difficult to obtain

(D) speculate about which occupations were considered suitable for United States women of the nineteenth century (E)

(E) illustrate how the answers to questions about women’s status depend on particular contexts



78. With which of the following characterizations of Lebsock’s contribution to the controversy concerning women’s status in the nineteenth-century United States would the author of the passage be most likely to agree?

(A) Lebsock has studied women from a formerly neglected region and time period.

(B) Lebsock has demonstrated the importance of frame of reference in answering questions about women’s status.

(C) Lebsock has addressed the controversy by using women’s current status as a frame of reference.

(D) Lebsock has analyzed statistics about occupations and property that were previously ignored. (B)

(E) Lebsock has applied recent historiographical methods to the biography of a nineteenth-century woman.



79. According to the passage, Lebsock’s work differs from Buel and Buel’s work in that Lebsock’s work

(A) uses a large number of primary sources

(B) ignores issues of women’s legal status

(C) refuses to take a position on women’s status in the eighteenth century

(D) addresses larger historiographical issues (D)

(E) fails to provide sufficient material to support its claims



80. The passage suggests that Lebsock believes that compared to nineteenth-century American women, eighteenth-century American women were

(A) in many respects less powerful in relation to men

(B) more likely to own real estate

(C) generally more economically independent

(D) more independent in conducting their private lives (C)

(E) less likely to work as school superintendents



81. The passage suggests that Buel and Buel’s biography of Mary Fish provides evidence for which of the following views of women’s history?

(A) Women have lost power in relation to men since the colonial era.

(B) Women of the colonial era were not as likely to be concerned with their status as were women in the nineteenth century.

(C) The colonial era was not as favorable for women as some historians have believed.

(D) Women had more economic autonomy in the colonial era than in the nineteenth century. (C)

(E) Women’s occupations were generally more respected in the colonial era than in the nineteenth century.

女王的肥皂

In 1955 Maurice Duverger published The Political Role of Women, the first behavioralist, multinational comparison of women’s electoral participation ever to use election data and survey data together. His study analyzed women’s patterns of voting, political candidacy, and political activism in four European countries during the first half of the twentieth century. Duverger’s research findings were that women voted somewhat less frequently than men (the difference narrowing the longer women had the vote) and were slightly more conservative.
Duverger’s work set an early standard for the sensitive analysis of women’s electoral activities. Moreover, to Duverger’s credit, he placed his findings in the context of many of the historical processes that had shaped these activities. However, since these contexts have changed over time, Duverger’s approach has proved more durable than his actual findings. In addition, Duverger’s discussion of his findings was hampered by his failure to consider certain specific factors important to women’s electoral participation at the time he collected his data: the influence of political regimes, the effects of economic factors, and the ramifications of political and social relations between women and men. Given this failure, Duverger’s study foreshadowed the enduring limitations of the behavioralist approach to the multinational study of women’s political participation.

又是women
好吧 我表示 我现在愿意相信 approach 的是个个人的研究方法，也可表示个人的研究具体是什么。
这个第二段，都是要把D批哭了算。

第一段， D 认为 women 更少投票，而且更加保守（相对男人。）
第二段， D 具体错误有两个：1 这个研究放进了历史进程，但是历史进程发生了变化；2 这份研究还忽略其他一些重要factor, 比如。。。。 而且，因为这个研究还是 behavioralist, 所以就有 behavoralist 对跨国比较方面的不足。可取之处就是，这种研究方法本身要比研究结果更有借鉴价值。


91. The primary purpose of the passage is to
(A) evaluate a research study
(B) summarize the history of a research area
(C) report new research findings
(D) reinterpret old research findings
(E) reconcile conflicting research findings

92. According to the passage, Duverger’s study was unique in 1955 in that it
(A) included both election data and survey data
(B) gathered data from sources never before used in political studies
(C) included an analysis of historical processes
(D) examined the influence on voting behavior of the relationships between women and men
(E) analyzed not only voting and political candidacy but also other political activities
我发现 第一句总是会被考到的

93. Which of the following characteristics of a country is most clearly an example of a factor that Duverger, as described in the passage, failed to consider in his study?
(A) A large population
(B) A predominantly Protestant population
(C) A predominantly urban population
(D) A one-party government
(E) Location in the heart of Europe


94. The author implies that Duverger’s actual findings are
(A) limited because they focus on only four countries
(B) inaccurate in their description of the four countries in the early 1950s
(C) out-of-date in that they are inapplicable in the four countries today
(D) flawed because they are based on unsound data
(E) biased by Duverger’s political beliefs

95. The passage implies that, in comparing four European countries, Duverger found that the voting rates of women and men were most different in the country in which women
(A) were most politically active
(B) ran for office most often
(C) held the most conservative political views
(D) had the most egalitarian relations with men
(E) had possessed the right to vote for the shortest time
这套题 出到括号里了。

96. The author implies that some behavioralist research involving the multinational study of women’s political participation that followed Duverger’s study did which of the following?
(A) Ignored Duverger’s approach
(B) Suffered from faults similar to those in Duverger’s study
(C) Focused on political activism
(D) Focused on the influences of political regimes
(E) Focused on the political and social relations between women and men


In 1955 Maurice Duverger published The Political Role of Women, the first behavioralist, multinational comparison of women’s electoral participation ever to use election data and survey data together. His study analyzed women’s patterns of voting, political candidacy, and political activism in four European countries during the first half of the twentieth century. Duverger’s research findings were that women voted somewhat less frequently than men (the difference narrowing the longer women had the vote) and were slightly more conservative.

Duverger’s work set an early standard for the sensitive analysis of women’s electoral activities. Moreover, to Duverger’s credit, he placed his findings in the context of many of the historical processes that had shaped these activities. However, since these contexts have changed over time, Duverger’s approach has proved more durable than his actual findings. In addition, Duverger’s discussion of his findings was hampered by his failure to consider certain specific factors important to women’s electoral participation at the time he collected his data: the influence of political regimes, the effects of economic factors, and the ramifications of political and social relations between women and men. Given this failure, Duverger’s study foreshadowed the enduring limitations of the behavioralist approach to the multinational study of women’s political participation.



91.The primary purpose of the passage is to

(A)evaluate a research study

(B)summarize the history of a research area

(C)report new research findings

(D)reinterpret old research findings (A)

(E)reconcile conflicting research findings



92.According to the passage, Duverger’s study was unique in 1955 in that it

(A)included both election data and survey data

(B)gathered data from sources never before used in political studies

(C)included an analysis of historical processes

(D)examined the influence on voting behavior of the relationships between women and men (A)

(E)analyzed not only voting and political candidacy but also other political activities



93.Which of the following characteristics of a country is most clearly an example of a factor that Duverger, as described in the passage, failed to consider in his study?

(A)A large population

(B)A predominantly Protestant population

(C)A predominantly urban population

(D)A one-party government (D)

(E)Location in the heart of Europe



94.The author implies that Duverger’s actual findings are

(A)limited because they focus on only four

countries

(B)inaccurate in their description of the four

countries in the early 1950s

(C)out-of-date in that they are inapplicable in the

four countries today

(D)flawed because they are based on unsound data (C)

(E)biased by Duverger’s political beliefs



95.The passage implies that, in comparing four European countries, Duverger found that the voting rates of women and men were most different in the country in which women

(A)were most politically active

(B)ran for office most often

(C)held the most conservative political views

(D)had the most egalitarian relations with men (E)

(E)had possessed the right to vote for the shortest time



96.The author implies that some behavioralist research involving the multinational study of women’s political participation that followed Duverger’s study did which of the following?

(A)Ignored Duverger’s approach

(B)Suffered from faults similar to those in Duverger’s study

(C)Focused on political activism

(D)Focused on the influences of political regimes (B)

(E)Focused on the political and social relations between women and men

女王的肥皂

Frazier and Mosteller assert that medical research could be improved by a move toward larger, simpler clinical trials of medical treatments. Currently, researchers collect far more background information on patients than is strictly required for their trials—substantially more than hospitals collect—thereby escalating costs of data collection, storage, and analysis. Although limiting information collection could increase the risk that researchers will overlook facts relevant to a study, Frazier and Mosteller contend that such risk, never entirely eliminable from research, would still be small in most studies. Only in research on entirely new treatments are new and unexpected variables likely to arise（倒装）.
Frazier and Mosteller propose not only that researchers limit data collection on individual patients but also that researchers enroll more patients in clinical trials, thereby obtaining a more representative sample of the total population with the disease under study. (Lines 21-23Often researchers restrict study participation to patients who have no ailments besides those being studied.A treatment judged successful under these ideal conditions can then be evaluated under normal conditions. Broadening the range of trial participants, Frazier and Mosteller suggest, would enable researchers to evaluate a treatment’s efficacy for diverse patients under various conditions and to evaluate its effectiveness for different patient subgroups. For example, the value of a treatment for a progressive disease may vary according to a patient’s stage of disease. Patients’ ages may also affect a treatment’s efficacy.

第一段， 就是 F and M 认为 limtied information collection 对忽略与研究相关的事实影响很小，除非这些需要采集的数据都是新的。
第二段， 就是 Ｆ＆Ｍ认为，需要扩大 实验人群，不应仅仅是除了被研究的病外，其他都很健康的病人。

总之， 再看第二段开头的时候，回看第一段第一句后，  the larger and simpler clinical trials of medical treatments, 显然， 第一段讲的是 simpler, 第二段讲得是 larger。

错误 103

103. The passage is primarily concerned with
(A) identifying two practices in medical research that may affect the accuracy of clinical trials
(B) describing aspects of medical research that tend to drive up costs
(C) evaluating an analysis of certain shortcomings of current medical research practices
(D) describing proposed changes to the ways in which clinical trials are conducted
(E) explaining how medical researchers have traditionally conducted clinical trials and how such trials are likely to change
我怎么还要错看approaches 呢。

104. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about a study of the category of patients referred to in lines 21–23?
(A) Its findings might have limited applicability.
(B) It would be prohibitively expensive in its attempt to create ideal conditions.
(C) It would be the best way to sample the total population of potential patients.
(D) It would allow researchers to limit information collection without increasing the risk that important variables could be overlooked.
(E) Its findings would be more accurate if it concerned treatments for a progressive disease than if it concerned treatments for a nonprogressive disease.


105. It can be inferred from the passage that a study limited to patients like those mentioned in lines 21–23 would have which of the following advantages over the kind of study proposed by Frazier and Mosteller?
(A) It would yield more data and its findings would be more accurate.
(B) It would cost less in the long term, though it would be more expensive in its initial stages.
(C) It would limit the number of variables researchers would need to consider when evaluating the treatment under study.
(D) It would help researchers to identify subgroups of patients with secondary conditions that might also be treatable.
(E) It would enable researchers to assess the value of an experimental treatment for the average patient.


106. The author mentions patients’ ages (line 33) primarily in order to
(A) identify the most critical variable differentiating subgroups of patients
(B) cast doubt on the advisability of implementing Frazier and Mosteller’s proposals about medical research
(C) indicate why progressive diseases may require different treatments at different stages
(D) illustrate a point about the value of enrolling a wide range of patients in clinical trials
(E) substantiate an argument about the problems inherent in enrolling large numbers of patients in clinical trials

107. According to the passage, which of the following describes a result of the way in which researchers generally conduct clinical trials?
(A) They expend resources on the storage of information likely to be irrelevant to the study they are conducting.
(B) They sometimes compromise the accuracy of their findings by collecting and analyzing more information than is strictly required for their trials.
(C) They avoid the risk of overlooking variables that might affect their findings, even though doing so raises their research costs.
(D) Because they attempt to analyze too much information, they overlook facts that could emerge as relevant to their studies.
(E) In order to approximate the conditions typical of medical treatment, they base their methods of information collection on those used by hospitals.

Frazier and Mosteller assert that medical research could be improved by a move toward larger, simpler clinical trials of medical treatments. Currently, researchers collect far more background information on patients than is strictly required for their trials—substantially more than hospitals collect—thereby escalating costs of data collection, storage, and analysis. Although limiting information collection could increase the risk that researchers will overlook facts relevant to a study, Frazier and Mosteller contend that such risk, never entirely eliminable from research, would still be small in most studies. Only in research on entirely new treatments are new and unexpected variables likely to arise.

Frazier and Mosteller propose not only that researchers limit data collection on individual patients but also that researchers enroll more patients in clinical trials, thereby obtaining a more representative sample of the total population with the disease under study. (Lines 21-23Often researchers restrict study participation to patients who have no ailments besides those being studied. A treatment judged successful under these ideal conditions can then be evaluated under normal conditions. Broadening the range of trial participants, Frazier and Mosteller suggest, would enable researchers to evaluate a treatment’s efficacy for diverse patients under various conditions and to evaluate its effectiveness for different patient subgroups. For example, the value of a treatment for a progressive disease may vary according to a patient’s stage of disease. Patients’ ages may also affect a treatment’s efficacy.



103. The passage is primarily concerned with

(A) identifying two practices in medical research that may affect the accuracy of clinical trials

(B) describing aspects of medical research that tend to drive up costs

(C) evaluating an analysis of certain shortcomings of current medical research practices

(D) describing proposed changes to the ways in which clinical trials are conducted (D)

(E) explaining how medical researchers have traditionally conducted clinical trials and how such trials are likely to change



104. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about a study of the category of patients referred to in lines 21–23?

(A) Its findings might have limited applicability.

(B) It would be prohibitively expensive in its attempt to create ideal conditions.

(C) It would be the best way to sample the total population of potential patients.

(D) It would allow researchers to limit information collection without increasing the risk that important variables could be overlooked. (A)

(E) Its findings would be more accurate if it concerned treatments for a progressive disease than if it concerned treatments for a nonprogressive disease.



105. It can be inferred from the passage that a study limited to patients like those mentioned in lines 21–23 would have which of the following advantages over the kind of study proposed by Frazier and Mosteller?

(A) It would yield more data and its findings would be more accurate.

(B) It would cost less in the long term, though it would be more expensive in its initial stages.

(C) It would limit the number of variables researchers would need to consider when evaluating the treatment under study.

(D) It would help researchers to identify subgroups of patients with secondary conditions that might also be treatable. (C)

(E) It would enable researchers to assess the value of an experimental treatment for the average patient.



106. The author mentions patients’ ages (line 33) primarily in order to

(A) identify the most critical variable differentiating subgroups of patients

(B) cast doubt on the advisability of implementing Frazier and Mosteller’s proposals about medical research

(C) indicate why progressive diseases may require different treatments at different stages

(D) illustrate a point about the value of enrolling a wide range of patients in clinical trials (D)

(E) substantiate an argument about the problems inherent in enrolling large numbers of patients in clinical trials



107. According to the passage, which of the following describes a result of the way in which researchers generally conduct clinical trials?

(A) They expend resources on the storage of information likely to be irrelevant to the study they are conducting.

(B) They sometimes compromise the accuracy of their findings by collecting and analyzing more information than is strictly required for their trials.

(C) They avoid the risk of overlooking variables that might affect their findings, even though doing so raises their research costs.

(D) Because they attempt to analyze too much information, they overlook facts that could emerge as relevant to their studies. (A)

(E) In order to approximate the conditions typical of medical treatment, they base their methods of information collection on those used by hospitals.



104. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about a study of the category of patients referred to in lines 21–23?
(A) Its findings might have limited applicability.
(B) It would be prohibitively expensive in its attempt to create ideal conditions.
(C) It would be the best way to sample the total population of potential patients.
(D) It would allow researchers to limit information collection without increasing the risk that important variables could be overlooked.
(E) Its findings would be more accurate if it concerned treatments for a progressive disease than if it concerned treatments for a nonprogressive disease.


105. It can be inferred from the passage that a study limited to patients like those mentioned in lines 21–23 would have which of the following advantages over the kind of study proposed by Frazier and Mosteller?
(A) It would yield more data and its findings would be more accurate.
(B) It would cost less in the long term, though it would be more expensive in its initial stages.
(C) It would limit the number of variables researchers would need to consider when evaluating the treatment under study.
(D) It would help researchers to identify subgroups of patients with secondary conditions that might also be treatable.
(E) It would enable researchers to assess the value of an experimental treatment for the average patient.


106. The author mentions patients’ ages (line 33) primarily in order to
(A) identify the most critical variable differentiating subgroups of patients
(B) cast doubt on the advisability of implementing Frazier and Mosteller’s proposals about medical research
(C) indicate why progressive diseases may require different treatments at different stages
(D) illustrate a point about the value of enrolling a wide range of patients in clinical trials
(E) substantiate an argument about the problems inherent in enrolling large numbers of patients in clinical trials

107. According to the passage, which of the following describes a result of the way in which researchers generally conduct clinical trials?
(A) They expend resources on the storage of information likely to be irrelevant to the study they are conducting.
(B) They sometimes compromise the accuracy of their findings by collecting and analyzing more information than is strictly required for their trials.
(C) They avoid the risk of overlooking variables that might affect their findings, even though doing so raises their research costs.
(D) Because they attempt to analyze too much information, they overlook facts that could emerge as relevant to their studies.
(E) In order to approximate the conditions typical of medical treatment, they base their methods of information collection on those used by hospitals.

Frazier and Mosteller assert that medical research could be improved by a move toward larger, simpler clinical trials of medical treatments. Currently, researchers collect far more background information on patients than is strictly required for their trials—substantially more than hospitals collect—thereby escalating costs of data collection, storage, and analysis. Although limiting information collection could increase the risk that researchers will overlook facts relevant to a study, Frazier and Mosteller contend that such risk, never entirely eliminable from research, would still be small in most studies. Only in research on entirely new treatments are new and unexpected variables likely to arise.

Frazier and Mosteller propose not only that researchers limit data collection on individual patients but also that researchers enroll more patients in clinical trials, thereby obtaining a more representative sample of the total population with the disease under study. (Lines 21-23Often researchers restrict study participation to patients who have no ailments besides those being studied. A treatment judged successful under these ideal conditions can then be evaluated under normal conditions. Broadening the range of trial participants, Frazier and Mosteller suggest, would enable researchers to evaluate a treatment’s efficacy for diverse patients under various conditions and to evaluate its effectiveness for different patient subgroups. For example, the value of a treatment for a progressive disease may vary according to a patient’s stage of disease. Patients’ ages may also affect a treatment’s efficacy.



103. The passage is primarily concerned with

(A) identifying two practices in medical research that may affect the accuracy of clinical trials

(B) describing aspects of medical research that tend to drive up costs

(C) evaluating an analysis of certain shortcomings of current medical research practices

(D) describing proposed changes to the ways in which clinical trials are conducted (D)

(E) explaining how medical researchers have traditionally conducted clinical trials and how such trials are likely to change



104. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about a study of the category of patients referred to in lines 21–23?

(A) Its findings might have limited applicability.

(B) It would be prohibitively expensive in its attempt to create ideal conditions.

(C) It would be the best way to sample the total population of potential patients.

(D) It would allow researchers to limit information collection without increasing the risk that important variables could be overlooked. (A)

(E) Its findings would be more accurate if it concerned treatments for a progressive disease than if it concerned treatments for a nonprogressive disease.



105. It can be inferred from the passage that a study limited to patients like those mentioned in lines 21–23 would have which of the following advantages over the kind of study proposed by Frazier and Mosteller?

(A) It would yield more data and its findings would be more accurate.

(B) It would cost less in the long term, though it would be more expensive in its initial stages.

(C) It would limit the number of variables researchers would need to consider when evaluating the treatment under study.

(D) It would help researchers to identify subgroups of patients with secondary conditions that might also be treatable. (C)

(E) It would enable researchers to assess the value of an experimental treatment for the average patient.



106. The author mentions patients’ ages (line 33) primarily in order to

(A) identify the most critical variable differentiating subgroups of patients

(B) cast doubt on the advisability of implementing Frazier and Mosteller’s proposals about medical research

(C) indicate why progressive diseases may require different treatments at different stages

(D) illustrate a point about the value of enrolling a wide range of patients in clinical trials (D)

(E) substantiate an argument about the problems inherent in enrolling large numbers of patients in clinical trials



107. According to the passage, which of the following describes a result of the way in which researchers generally conduct clinical trials?

(A) They expend resources on the storage of information likely to be irrelevant to the study they are conducting.

(B) They sometimes compromise the accuracy of their findings by collecting and analyzing more information than is strictly required for their trials.

(C) They avoid the risk of overlooking variables that might affect their findings, even though doing so raises their research costs.

(D) Because they attempt to analyze too much information, they overlook facts that could emerge as relevant to their studies. (A)

(E) In order to approximate the conditions typical of medical treatment, they base their methods of information collection on those used by hospitals.

女王的肥皂

After evidence was obtained in the 1920s that the universe is expanding, it became reasonable to ask: Will the universe continue to expand indefinitely, or is there enough mass in it for the mutual attraction of its constituents to bring this expansion to a halt? It can be calculated that the critical density of matter needed to brake the expansion and “close” the universe is equivalent to three hydrogen atoms per cubic meter. But the density of the observable universe—luminous matter in the form of galaxies—comes to only a fraction of this. If the expansion of the universe is to stop, there must be enough invisible matter in the universe to exceed the luminous matter in density by a factor of roughly 70（这里的factor 什么意思？倍数的意思，就是70的整数倍）.
Our contribution to the search for this “missing matter” has been to study the rotational velocity of galaxies at various distances from their center of rotation. It has been known for some time that outside the bright nucleus of a typical spiral galaxy luminosity falls off rapidly with distance from the center. If luminosity were a true indicator of mass, most of the mass would be concentrated toward the center. Outside the nucleus the rotational velocity would decrease geometrically with distance from the center, in conformity with Kepler’s law. Instead we have found that the rotational velocity in spiral galaxies either remains constant with increasing distance from the center or increases slightly. This unexpected result indicates that the falloff in luminous mass with distance from the center is balanced by an increase in nonluminous mass.
(Lines 34-37Our findings suggest that as much as 90 percent of the mass of the universe is not radiating at any wavelength with enough intensity to be detected on the Earth. Such dark matter could be in the form of extremely dim stars of low mass, of large planets like Jupiter, or of black holes, either small or massive. While it has not yet been determined whether this mass is sufficient to close the universe, some physicists consider it significant that estimates are converging on the critical value.

原来 暗物质是很轻的额，土星和黑洞还有这层关系的。
While it has not yet been determined whether this mass is sufficient to close the universe, some physicists consider it significant that estimates are converging on the critical value.
这句话什么意思？现在对暗物质到底多少的估计还是有意义的？？

第一段， 为了能使宇宙不再扩张，通过彼此mutual attraction 来成为一个close universe， 暗物质的 密度应该是明物质（自己造的名词）的70倍。
第二段，就是银河从里核心到外围，旋转速度是一样的额，这意味着暗物质补充了明物质。
第三段，作者们发现 宇宙90%的质量来自暗物质，这个发现还是有意义的（具体意义最后一句）


115. The passage is primarily concerned with
(A) defending a controversial approach
(B) criticizing an accepted view
(C) summarizing research ?ndings
(D) contrasting competing theories
(E) describing an innovative technique

116. The authors’ study indicates that, in comparison with the outermost regions of a typical spiral galaxy, the region just outside the nucleus can be characterized as having
(A) higher rotational velocity and higher luminosity
(B) lower rotational velocity and higher luminosity
(C) lower rotational velocity and lower luminosity
(D) similar rotational velocity and higher luminosity
(E) similar rotational velocity and similar luminosity

117. The authors’ suggestion that “as much as 90 percent of the mass of the universe is not radiating at any wavelength with enough intensity to be detected on the Earth” (lines 34–37) would be most weakened if which of the following were discovered to be true?
(A) Spiral galaxies are less common than types of galaxies that contain little nonluminous matter.
(B) Luminous and nonluminous matter are composed of the same basic elements.
(C) The bright nucleus of a typical spiral galaxy also contains some nonluminous matter.
(D) The density of the observable universe is greater than most previous estimates have suggested.
(E) Some galaxies do not rotate or rotate too slowly for their rotational velocity to be measured.

118. It can be inferred from information presented in the passage that if the density of the universe were equivalent to significantly less than three hydrogen atoms per cubic meter, which of the following would be true as a consequence?
(A) Luminosity would be a true indicator of mass.
(B) Different regions in spiral galaxies would rotate at the same velocity.
(C) The universe would continue to expand indefinitely.
(D) The density of the invisible matter in the universe would have to be more than 70 times the density of the luminous matter.
(E) More of the invisible matter in spiral galaxies would have to be located in their nuclei than in their outer regions.

119. The authors propose all of the following as possibly contributing to the “missing matter” in spiral galaxies EXCEPT
(A) massive black holes
(B) small black holes
(C) small, dim stars
(D) massive stars
(E) large planets

我现在是怕这种类比，让你找不同了，真是考验我的耐心。

After evidence was obtained in the 1920s that the universe is expanding, it became reasonable to ask: Will the universe continue to expand indefinitely, or is there enough mass in it for the mutual attraction of its constituents to bring this expansion to a halt? It can be calculated that the critical density of matter needed to brake the expansion and “close” the universe is equivalent to three hydrogen atoms per cubic meter. But the density of the observable universe—luminous matter in the form of galaxies—comes to only a fraction of this. If the expansion of the universe is to stop, there must be enough invisible matter in the universe to exceed the luminous matter in density by a factor of roughly 70.

Our contribution to the search for this “missing matter” has been to study the rotational velocity of galaxies at various distances from their center of rotation. It has been known for some time that outside the bright nucleus of a typical spiral galaxy luminosity falls off rapidly with distance from the center. If luminosity were a true indicator of mass, most of the mass would be concentrated toward the center. Outside the nucleus the rotational velocity would decrease geometrically with distance from the center, in conformity with Kepler’s law. Instead we have found that the rotational velocity in spiral galaxies either remains constant with increasing distance from the center or increases slightly. This unexpected result indicates that the falloff in luminous mass with distance from the center is balanced by an increase in nonluminous mass.

(Lines 34-37Our findings suggest that as much as 90 percent of the mass of the universe is not radiating at any wavelength with enough intensity to be detected on the Earth. Such dark matter could be in the form of extremely dim stars of low mass, of large planets like Jupiter, or of black holes, either small or massive. While it has not yet been determined whether this mass is sufficient to close the universe, some physicists consider it significant that estimates are converging on the critical value.



115.The passage is primarily concerned with

(A)defending a controversial approach

(B)criticizing an accepted view

(C)summarizing research ?ndings

(D)contrasting competing theories (C)

(E)describing an innovative technique



116.The authors’ study indicates that, in comparison with the outermost regions of a typical spiral galaxy, the region just outside the nucleus can be characterized as having

(A)higher rotational velocity and higher luminosity

(B)lower rotational velocity and higher luminosity

(C)lower rotational velocity and lower luminosity

(D)similar rotational velocity and higher luminosity (D)

(E)similar rotational velocity and similar luminosity



117.The authors’ suggestion that “as much as 90 percent of the mass of the universe is not radiating at any wavelength with enough intensity to be detected on the Earth” (lines 34–37) would be most weakened if which of the following were discovered to be true?

(A)Spiral galaxies are less common than types of galaxies that contain little nonluminous matter.

(B)Luminous and nonluminous matter are composed of the same basic elements.

(C)The bright nucleus of a typical spiral galaxy also contains some nonluminous matter.

(D)The density of the observable universe is greater than most previous estimates have suggested. (A)

(E)Some galaxies do not rotate or rotate too slowly for their rotational velocity to be measured.



118.It can be inferred from information presented in the passage that if the density of the universe were equivalent to significantly less than three hydrogen atoms per cubic meter, which of the following would be true as a consequence?

(A)Luminosity would be a true indicator of mass.

(B)Different regions in spiral galaxies would rotate at the same velocity.

(C)The universe would continue to expand indefinitely.

(D)The density of the invisible matter in the universe would have to be more than 70 times the density of the luminous matter. (C)

(E)More of the invisible matter in spiral galaxies would have to be located in their nuclei than in their outer regions.



119.The authors propose all of the following as possibly contributing to the “missing matter” in spiral galaxies EXCEPT

(A)massive black holes

(B)small black holes

(C)small, dim stars

(D)massive stars (D)

(E)large planets