俺的GMAT家

女王的肥皂

Traditionally, the first firm to commercialize a new technology has benefited from the unique opportunity to shape product definitions, forcing followers to adapt to a standard or invest in an unproven alternative. Today, however, the largest payoffs may go to companies that lead in developing integrated approaches for successful mass production and distribution.
Producers of the Beta format for videocassette recorders (VCR’s), for example, were first to develop the VCR commercially in 1975, but producers of the rival VHS (Video Home System) format proved to be more successful at forming strategic alliances with other producers and distributors to manufacture and market their VCR format. Seeking to maintain exclusive control over VCR distribution, Beta producers were reluctant to form such alliances and eventually lost ground to VHS in the competition for the global VCR market.
Despite Beta’s substantial technological head start and the fact that VHS was neither technically better nor cheaper than Beta, developers of VHS quickly turned a slight early lead in sales into a dominant position. Strategic alignments with producers of prerecorded tapes reinforced the VHS advantage. The perception（认知） among consumers that prerecorded tapes were more available in VHS format further expanded VHS’s share of the market. By the end of the 1980’s, Beta was no longer in production.

原来，文章我怕 generalization. 现在，我就怕举例子。一到例子，就要把generalization 和 speciifics 都要看清楚。

第一段，原来最先将技术商业化的公司能获得很大利益。现在，最先做好大规模生成的公司能获得最大利益。
第二，三段，例子证明第一段结论、



1. The passage is primarily concerned with which of the following?
(A) Evaluating two competing technologies
(B) Tracing the impact of a new technology by narrating a sequence of events
(C) Reinterpreting an event from contemporary business history
(D) Illustrating a business strategy by means of a case history
(E) Proposing an innovative approach to business planning


2. According to the passage, today’s successful firms, unlike successful firms in the past, may earn the greatest profits by
(A) investing in research to produce cheaper versions of existing technology
(B) being the first to market a competing technology
(C) adapting rapidly to a technological standard previously set by a competing firm
(D) establishing technological leadership in order to shape product definitions in advance of competing firms
(E) emphasizing the development of methods for the mass production and distribution of a new technology


3. According to the passage, consumers began to develop a preference for VCR’s in the VHS format because they believed which of the following?
(A) VCR’s in the VHS format were technically better than competing-format VCR’s.
(B) VCR’s in the VHS format were less expensive than competing-format VCR’s.
(C) VHS was the first standard format for VCR’s.
(D) VHS prerecorded videotapes were more available than Beta-format tapes.
(E) VCR’s in the Beta format would soon cease to be produced.


4. The author implies that one way that VHS producers won control over the VCR market was by
(A) carefully restricting access to VCR technology
(B) giving up a slight early lead in VCR sales in order to improve long-term prospects
(C) retaining a strict monopoly on the production of prerecorded videotapes
(D) sharing control of the marketing of VHS-format VCR’s
(E) sacrificing technological superiority over Beta-format VCR’s in order to remain competitive in price


5. The alignment of producers of VHS-format VCR’s with producers of prerecorded videotapes is most similar to which of the following?
(A) The alignment of an automobile manufacturer with another automobile manufacturer to adopt a standard design for automobile engines.
(B) The alignment of an automobile manufacturer with an automotive glass company whereby the manufacturer agrees to purchase automobile windshields only from that one glass company.
(C) The alignment of an automobile manufacturer with a petroleum company to ensure the widespread availability of the fuel required by a new type of engine developed by the manufacturer.
(D) The alignment of an automobile manufacturer with its dealers to adopt a plan to improve automobile design.
(E) The alignment of an automobile dealer with an automobile rental chain to adopt a strategy for an advertising campaign to promote a new type of automobile.


6. Which of the following best describes the relation of the first paragraph to the passage as a whole?
(A) It makes a general observation to be exemplified.
(B) It outlines a process to be analyzed.
(C) It poses a question to be answered.
(D) It advances an argument to be disputed.
(E) It introduces conflicting arguments to be reconciled.


Traditionally, the first firm to commercialize a new technology has benefited from the unique opportunity to shape product definitions, forcing followers to adapt to a standard or invest in an unproven alternative. Today, however, the largest payoffs (a: PROFIT, REWARD b: RETRIBUTION) may go to companies that lead in developing integrated approaches for successful mass production and distribution.

Producers of the Beta format for videocassette recorders (VCR’s), for example, were first to develop the VCR commercially in 1975, but producers of the rival VHS (Video Home System) format proved to be more successful at forming strategic alliances with other producers and distributors to manufacture and market their VCR format. Seeking to maintain exclusive control over VCR distribution, Beta producers were reluctant to form such alliances and eventually lost ground to VHS in the competition for the global VCR market.

Despite Beta’s substantial technological head start (head start: n.领先) and the fact that VHS was neither technically better nor cheaper than Beta, developers of VHS quickly turned a slight early lead in sales into a dominant position. Strategic alignments with producers of prerecorded tapes reinforced the VHS advantage. The perception among consumers that prerecorded tapes were more available in VHS format further expanded VHS’s share of the market. By the end of the 1980’s, Beta was no longer in production.

1.The passage is primarily concerned with which of the following?

(A) Evaluating two competing technologies

(B) Tracing the impact of a new technology by narrating a sequence of events

(C) Reinterpreting an event from contemporary business history

(D) Illustrating a business strategy by means of a case history（D）

(E) Proposing an innovative approach to business planning

2.According to the passage, today’s successful firms, unlike successful firms in the past, may earn the greatest profits by

(A) investing in research to produce cheaper versions of existing technology

(B) being the first to market a competing technology

(C) adapting rapidly to a technological standard previously set by a competing firm

(D) establishing technological leadership in order to shape product definitions in advance of competing firms（E）

(E) emphasizing the development of methods for the mass production and distribution of a new technology

3.According to the passage, consumers began to develop a preference for VCR’s in the VHS format because they believed which of the following?

(A) VCR’s in the VHS format were technically better than competing-format VCR’s.

(B) VCR’s in the VHS format were less expensive than competing-format VCR’s.

(C) VHS was the first standard format for VCR’s.

(D) VHS prerecorded videotapes were more available than Beta-format tapes.（D）

(E) VCR’s in the Beta format would soon cease to be produced.

4.The author implies that one way that VHS producers won control over the VCR market was by

(A) carefully restricting access to VCR technology

(B) giving up a slight early lead in VCR sales in order to improve long-term prospects

(C) retaining a strict monopoly on the production of prerecorded videotapes

(D) sharing control of the marketing of VHS-format VCR’s（D）

(E) sacrificing technological superiority over Beta-format VCR’s in order to remain competitive in price

5.The alignment of producers of VHS-format VCR’s with producers of prerecorded videotapes is most similar to which of the following?

(A) The alignment of an automobile manufacturer with another automobile manufacturer to adopt a standard design for automobile engines.

(B) The alignment of an automobile manufacturer with an automotive glass company whereby (by, through, or in accordance with which) the manufacturer agrees to purchase automobile windshields only from that one glass company.

(C) The alignment of an automobile manufacturer with a petroleum company to ensure the widespread availability of the fuel required by a new type of engine developed by the manufacturer.

(D) The alignment of an automobile manufacturer with its dealers to adopt a plan to improve automobile design.（C）

(E) The alignment of an automobile dealer with an automobile rental chain to adopt a strategy for an advertising campaign to promote a new type of automobile.

6.Which of the following best describes the relation of the first paragraph to the passage as a whole?

(A) It makes a general observation to be exemplified.

(B) It outlines a process to be analyzed.

(C) It poses a question to be answered.

(D) It advances an argument to be disputed.（A）

(E) It introduces conflicting arguments to be reconciled.

女王的肥皂

Australian researchers have discovered electroreceptors (sensory organs designed to respond to electrical fields) clustered at the tip of the spiny anteater’s snout（这一句，出现了多少要背的单词）. The researchers made this discovery by exposing small areas of the snout to extremely weak electrical fields and recording the transmission of resulting nervous activity to the brain. While it is true that tactile receptors, another kind of sensory organ on the anteater’s snout, can also respond to electrical stimuli, such receptors do so only in response to electrical field strengths about 1,000 times greater than those known to excite electroreceptors.
Having discovered the electroreceptors, researchers are now investigating how anteaters utilize such a sophisticated sensory system. In one behavioral experiment, researchers successfully trained an anteater to distinguish between two troughs of water, one with a weak electrical field and the other with none. Such evidence is consistent with researchers’ hypothesis that anteaters use electroreceptors to detect electrical signals given off by prey; however, researchers as yet （包括现在，但是未来是可能的。）have been unable to detect electrical signals emanating from termite mounds, where the favorite food of anteaters live. Still, researchers have observed anteaters breaking into a nest of ants at an oblique angle and quickly locating nesting chambers. This ability quickly to locate unseen prey suggests, according to the researchers, that the anteaters were using their electroreceptors to locate the nesting chambers.


第一段，就是食蚁兽的鼻子尖很明敏，能够感知很微弱的电流。
第二段，实验也好，实际行为观察也好，食蚁兽都是用ER 来确定食物的。但是实验的结论，是同ER检测到电流，从而找到食物。

我第二段没有看明白 这篇文章就是，有些东西能验证假设，有些观察的现象不能验证。

错误 4 5

1. According to the passage, which of the following is a characteristic that distinguishes electroreceptors from tactile receptors?
(A) The manner in which electroreceptors respond to electrical stimuli
(B) The tendency of electroreceptors to be found in clusters
(C) The unusual locations in which electroreceptors are found in most species
(D) The amount of electrical stimulation required to excite electroreceptors
(E) The amount of nervous activity transmitted to the brain by electroreceptors when they are excited


2. Which of the following can be inferred about the experiment described in the first paragraph?
(A) Researchers had difficulty verifying the existence of electroreceptors in the anteater because electroreceptors respond to such a narrow range of electrical field strengths.
(B) Researchers found that the level of nervous activity in the anteater’s brain increased dramatically as the strength of the electrical stimulus was increased.
(C) Researchers found that some areas of the anteater’s snout were not sensitive to a weak electrical stimulus.
(D) Researchers found that the anteater’s tactile receptors were more easily excited by a strong electrical stimulus than were the electroreceptors.
(E) Researchers tested small areas of the anteater’s snout in order to ensure that only electroreceptors were responding to the stimulus.


3. The author of the passage most probably discusses the function of tactile receptors (lines 7-11) in order to
(A) eliminate and alternative explanation of anteaters’ response to electrical stimuli
(B) highlight a type of sensory organ that has a function identical to that of electroreceptors
(C) point out a serious complication in the research on electroreceptors in anteaters
(D) suggest that tactile receptors assist electroreceptors in the detection of electrical signals
(E) introduce a factor that was not addressed in the research on electroreceptors in anteaters


4. Which of the following can be inferred about anteaters from the behavioral experiment mentioned in the second paragraph?
(A) They are unable to distinguish between stimuli detected by their electroreceptors and stimuli detected by their tactile receptors.
(B) They are unable to distinguish between the electrical signals emanating from termite mounds and those emanating from ant nests.
(C) They can be trained to recognize consistently the presence of a particular stimulus.
(D) They react more readily to strong than to weak stimuli.
(E) They are more efficient at detecting stimuli in a controlled environment than in a natural environment.
这个推理题真是的


5. The passage suggests that the researchers mentioned in the second paragraph who observed anteaters break into a nest of ants would most likely agree with which of the following statements?
(A) The event they observed provides conclusive evidence that anteaters use their electroreceptors to locate unseen prey.
(B) The event they observed was atypical and may not reflect the usual hunting practices of anteaters.
(C) It is likely that the anteaters located the ants’ nesting chambers without the assistance of electroreceptors.
(D) Anteaters possess a very simple sensory system for use in locating prey.
(E) The speed with which the anteaters located their prey is greater than what might be expected on the basis of chance alone.
仔细把前面的话读完。

6. Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen the hypothesis mentioned in lines 17-19?
(A) Researchers are able to train anteaters to break into an underground chamber that is emitting a strong electrical signal.
(B) Researchers are able to detect a weak electrical signal emanating from the nesting chamber of an ant colony.
(C) Anteaters are observed taking increasingly longer amounts of time to locate the nesting chambers of ants.
(D) Anteaters are observed using various angles to break into nests of ants.
(E) Anteaters are observed using the same angle used with nests of ants to break into the nests of other types of prey.

Australian researchers have discovered electroreceptors (sensory organs designed to respond to electrical fields) clustered at the tip of the spiny anteater’s (spiny anteater: n. 〈动〉针鼹) snout. The researchers made this discovery by exposing small areas of the snout to extremely weak electrical fields and recording the transmission of resulting nervous activity to the brain. While it is true that tactile receptors, another kind of sensory organ on the anteater’s snout, can also respond to electrical stimuli, such receptors do so only in response to electrical field strengths about 1,000 times greater than those known to excite electroreceptors.

Having discovered the electroreceptors, researchers are now investigating how anteaters utilize such a sophisticated sensory system. In one behavioral experiment, researchers successfully trained an anteater to distinguish between two troughs of water, one with a weak electrical field and the other with none. Such evidence is consistent with researchers’ hypothesis that anteaters use electroreceptors to detect electrical signals given off by prey; however, researchers as yet have been unable to detect electrical signals emanating from termite mounds, where the favorite food of anteaters live. Still, researchers have observed anteaters breaking into a nest of ants at an oblique angle (oblique angle: 斜角(包括锐角和钝角)) and quickly locating nesting chambers. This ability quickly to locate unseen prey suggests, according to the researchers, that the anteaters were using their electroreceptors to locate the nesting chambers.

1.According to the passage, which of the following is a characteristic that distinguishes electroreceptors from tactile receptors?

(A) The manner in which electroreceptors respond to electrical stimuli

(B) The tendency of electroreceptors to be found in clusters

(C) The unusual locations in which electroreceptors are found in most species

(D) The amount of electrical stimulation required to excite electroreceptors（D）

(E) The amount of nervous activity transmitted to the brain by electroreceptors when they are excited

2.Which of the following can be inferred about the experiment described in the first paragraph?

(A) Researchers had difficulty verifying the existence of electroreceptors in the anteater because electroreceptors respond to such a narrow range of electrical field strengths.

(B) Researchers found that the level of nervous activity in the anteater’s brain increased dramatically as the strength of the electrical stimulus was increased.

(C) Researchers found that some areas of the anteater’s snout were not sensitive to a weak electrical stimulus.

(D) Researchers found that the anteater’s tactile receptors were more easily excited by a strong electrical stimulus than were the electroreceptors.（C）

(E) Researchers tested small areas of the anteater’s snout in order to ensure that only electroreceptors were responding to the stimulus.

3.The author of the passage most probably discusses the function of tactile receptors (lines 7-11) in order to

(A) eliminate and alternative explanation of anteaters’ response to electrical stimuli

(B) highlight a type of sensory organ that has a function identical to that of electroreceptors

(C) point out a serious complication in the research on electroreceptors in anteaters

(D) suggest that tactile receptors assist electroreceptors in the detection of electrical signals（A）

(E) introduce a factor that was not addressed in the research on electroreceptors in anteaters

4.Which of the following can be inferred about anteaters from the behavioral experiment mentioned in the second paragraph?

(A) They are unable to distinguish between stimuli detected by their electroreceptors and stimuli detected by their tactile receptors.

(B) They are unable to distinguish between the electrical signals emanating from termite mounds and those emanating from ant nests.

(C) They can be trained to recognize consistently the presence of a particular stimulus.

(D) They react more readily to strong than to weak stimuli.（C）

(E) They are more efficient at detecting stimuli in a controlled environment than in a natural environment.

5.The passage suggests that the researchers mentioned in the second paragraph who observed anteaters break into a nest of ants would most likely agree with which of the following statements?

(A) The event they observed provides conclusive evidence that anteaters use their electroreceptors to locate unseen prey.

(B) The event they observed was atypical and may not reflect the usual hunting practices of anteaters.

(C) It is likely that the anteaters located the ants’ nesting chambers without the assistance of electroreceptors.

(D) Anteaters possess a very simple sensory system for use in locating prey.（E）

(E) The speed with which the anteaters located their prey is greater than what might be expected on the basis of chance alone.

6.Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen the hypothesis mentioned in lines 17-19?

(A) Researchers are able to train anteaters to break into an underground chamber that is emitting a strong electrical signal.

(B) Researchers are able to detect a weak electrical signal emanating from the nesting chamber of an ant colony.

(C) Anteaters are observed taking increasingly longer amounts of time to locate the nesting chambers of ants.

(D) Anteaters are observed using various angles to break into nests of ants.（B）

(E) Anteaters are observed using the same angle used with nests of ants to break into the nests of other types of prey.

女王的肥皂

When A. Philip Randolph assumed the leadership（这里的assume :start to control） of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters(a labour union), he began a ten-year battle to win recognition from the Pullman Company, the largest private employer of Black people in the United States and the company that controlled the railroad industry’s sleeping car and parlor service. In 1935 the Brotherhood became the first Black union recognized by a major corporation. Randolph’s efforts in the battle helped transform the attitude of Black workers toward unions and toward themselves as an identifiable group; eventually, Randolph helped to weaken organized labor’s antagonism toward Black workers.
In the Pullman contest Randolph faced formidable obstacles. The first was Black workers’ understandable skepticism toward unions, which had historically barred Black workers from membership. An additional obstacle was the union that Pullman itself had formed, which weakened support among Black workers for an independent entity.
The Brotherhood possessed a number of advantages, however, including Randolph’s own tactical abilities. In 1928 he took the bold step of threatening a strike against Pullman. Such a threat, on a national scale, under Black leadership, helped replace the stereotype of the Black worker as servant with the image of the Black worker as wage earner(我有些不能理解这样的事情，wage earner原来是一种劣势呀。). In addition, the porters’ very isolation aided the Brotherhood. Porters were scattered throughout the country, sleeping in dormitories in Black communities; their segregated life protected the union’s internal communications from interception. That the porters were a homogeneous group working for a single employer with single labor policy, thus sharing the same grievances from city to city, also strengthened the Brotherhood and encouraged racial identity and solidarity as well. But it was only in the early 1930’s that federal legislation prohibiting a company from maintaining its own unions with company money eventually allowed the Brotherhood to become recognized as the porters’ representative.
Not content with this triumph, Randolph brought the Brotherhood into the American Federation of Labor, where it became the equal of the Federation’s 105 other unions. He reasoned that as a member union, the Brotherhood would be in a better position to exert pressure on member unions that practiced race restrictions. Such restrictions were eventually found unconstitutional in 1944.

有些概念我有些混在一起，就是一个Brotherhood的black workers are the workers working for the Panllman

Brotherhood 先得到公司的承认，之后 win recognition for Federal goverment.

第一段，PR转变了black workers怎么看待union，themselves as an identifiable group，转变了其他工会对Black workers的歧视。
第二段，Randolph 遇到的两个问题：1 Black wokers’s understandable skepticism; 2 The union that Pullman itself had formed.
第三段，Brotherhood 成立的条件： 1 威胁举行strike; 2 porters' isolation; 3 the federal legislation.
第四段，Brotherhood become one Federal union.

错误 3 5

1. According to the passage, by 1935 the skepticism of Black workers toward unions was
(A) unchanged except among Black employees of railroad-related industries
(B) reinforced by the actions of the Pullman Company’s union
(C) mitigated by the efforts of Randolph
(D) weakened by the opening up of many unions to Black workers
(E) largely alleviated because of the policies of the American Federation of Labor
我就是不爱记数字，一到数字，就要回去找
1935年，Pullman已经承认了Brotherhood了


2. In using the word “understandable” (line 14), the author most clearly conveys
(A) sympathy with attempts by the Brotherhood between 1925 and 1935 to establish an independent union
(B) concern that the obstacles faced by Randolph between 1925 and 1935 were indeed formidable
(C) ambivalence about the significance of unions to most Black workers in the 1920’s
(D) appreciation of the attitude of many Black workers in the 1920’s toward unions
(E) regret at the historical attitude of unions toward Black workers


3. The passage suggests which of the following about the response of porters to the Pullman Company’s own union?
(A) Few porters ever joined this union.
(B) Some porters supported this union before 1935.
(C) Porters, more than other Pullman employees, enthusiastically supported this union.
(D) The porters’ response was most positive after 1935.
(E) The porters’ response was unaffected by the general skepticism of Black workers concerning unions.
我做的时候就在想， 这里不应该援引和题1一样的原文呀
which weakened support among Black workers for an independent entity
我就说呢，我哪里读不懂，不敢读，哪里就一定会考。这里我读的时候就是不知道啥意思。
刚才又读，觉得意思是：Pullman自己的union 削弱了Black workers 自己建一个independent entity的打算。就是说，有Black workers 是想加入Pullman union的。

4. The passage suggests that if the grievances of porters in one part of the United States had been different from those of porters in another part of the country, which of the following would have been the case?
(A) It would have been more difficult for the Pullman Company to have had a single labor policy.
(B) It would have been more difficult for the Brotherhood to control its channels of communication.
(C) It would have been more difficult for the Brotherhood to build its membership.
(D) It would have been easier for the Pullman Company’s union to attract membership.
(E) It would have been easier for the Brotherhood to threaten strikes.


5. The passage suggests that in the 1920’s a company in the United States was able to
(A) use its own funds to set up a union
(B) require its employees to join the company’s own union
(C) develop a single labor policy for all its employees with little employee dissent
(D) pressure its employees to contribute money to maintain the company’s own union
(E) use its resources to prevent the passage of federal legislation that would have facilitated the formation of independent unions
这里我猜的，
prohibiting a company from maintaining its own unions with company money
结合答案，理一下思路：Pullman20年代有工会吧。但是 30年代的立法，使得Brotherhood成了Porters' representative.那就是说，这个立法使得union脱离了公司辖制，成了全国porter的代表。
那么，2o年代，公司还是为union的成立给钱的，也正因为给钱，使得union发展不大。
我错是错在， set up a union 和maintain，我认为是不同的东西。

6. The passage supplies information concerning which of the following matters related to Randolph?
(A) The steps he took to initiate the founding of the Brotherhood
(B) His motivation for bringing the Brotherhood into the American Federation of Labor
(C) The influence he had on the passage of legislation overturning race restrictions in 1944
(D) The influence he had on the passage of legislation to bar companies from financing their own unions
(E) The success he and the Brotherhood had in influencing the policies of the other unions in the American Federation of Labor


When A. Philip Randolph assumed the leadership of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car (sleeping car: 卧车) Porters, he began a ten-year battle to win recognition from the Pullman (Pullman: n.卧车, 普式火车(19世纪美国发明家George M.Pullman设计的豪华型列车车厢,常用为特等客车)) Company, the largest private employer of Black people in the United States and the company that controlled the railroad industry’s sleeping car (sleeping car: 卧车)and parlor (a room used primarily for conversation or the reception of guests: parlor car: n.特等豪华铁路客车) service. In 1935 the Brotherhood became the first Black union recognized by a major corporation. Randolph’s efforts in the battle helped transform the attitude of Black workers toward unions and toward themselves as an identifiable group; eventually, Randolph helped to weaken organized labor’s antagonism toward Black workers.

In the Pullman contest Randolph faced formidable obstacles. The first was Black workers’ understandable skepticism toward unions, which had historically barred Black workers from membership. An additional obstacle was the union that Pullman itself had formed, which weakened support among Black workers for an independent entity.

The Brotherhood possessed a number of advantages, however, including Randolph’s own tactical abilities. In 1928 he took the bold step of threatening a strike against Pullman. Such a threat, on a national scale, under Black leadership, helped replace the stereotype of the Black worker as servant with the image of the Black worker as wage earner (wage earner: n.靠工资为生的人, 雇佣劳动者). In addition, the porters’ very isolation aided the Brotherhood. Porters were scattered throughout the country, sleeping in dormitories in Black communities; their segregated life protected the union’s internal communications from interception. That the porters were a homogeneous group working for a single employer with single labor policy, thus sharing the same grievances from city to city, also strengthened the Brotherhood and encouraged racial identity and solidarity as well. But it was only in the early 1930’s that federal legislation prohibiting a company from maintaining its own unions with company money eventually allowed the Brotherhood to become recognized as the porters’ representative.

Not content with this triumph, Randolph brought the Brotherhood into the American Federation of Labor, where it became the equal of the Federation’s 105 other unions. He reasoned that as a member union, the Brotherhood would be in a better position to exert pressure on member unions that practiced race restrictions. Such restrictions were eventually found unconstitutional in 1944.

1.According to the passage, by 1935 the skepticism of Black workers toward unions was

(A) unchanged except among Black employees of railroad-related industries

(B) reinforced by the actions of the Pullman Company’s union

(C) mitigated by the efforts of Randolph

(D) weakened by the opening up of many unions to Black workers（C）

(E) largely alleviated because of the policies of the American Federation of Labor

2.In using the word “understandable” (line 14), the author most clearly conveys

(A) sympathy with attempts by the Brotherhood between 1925 and 1935 to establish an independent union

(B) concern that the obstacles faced by Randolph between 1925 and 1935 were indeed formidable

(C) ambivalence about the significance of unions to most Black workers in the 1920’s

(D) appreciation of the attitude of many Black workers in the 1920’s toward unions（D）

(E) regret at the historical attitude of unions toward Black workers

3.The passage suggests which of the following about the response of porters to the Pullman Company’s own union?

(A) Few porters ever joined this union.

(B) Some porters supported this union before 1935.

(C) Porters, more than other Pullman employees, enthusiastically supported this union.

(D) The porters’ response was most positive after 1935.（B）

(E) The porters’ response was unaffected by the general skepticism of Black workers concerning unions.

4.The passage suggests that if the grievances of porters in one part of the United States had been different from those of porters in another part of the country, which of the following would have been the case?

(A) It would have been more difficult for the Pullman Company to have had a single labor policy.

(B) It would have been more difficult for the Brotherhood to control its channels of communication.

(C) It would have been more difficult for the Brotherhood to build its membership.

(D) It would have been easier for the Pullman Company’s union to attract membership.（C）

(E) It would have been easier for the Brotherhood to threaten strikes.

5.The passage suggests that in the 1920’s a company in the United States was able to

(A) use its own funds to set up a union

(B) require its employees to join the company’s own union

(C) develop a single labor policy for all its employees with little employee dissent

(D) pressure its employees to contribute money to maintain the company’s own union（A）

(E) use its resources to prevent the passage of federal legislation that would have facilitated the formation of independent unions

6.The passage supplies information concerning which of the following matters related to Randolph?

(A) The steps he took to initiate the founding of the Brotherhood

(B) His motivation for bringing the Brotherhood into the American Federation of Labor

(C) The influence he had on the passage of legislation overturning race restrictions in 1944

(D) The influence he had on the passage of legislation to bar companies from financing their own unions（B）

(E) The success he and the Brotherhood had in influencing the policies of the other unions in the American Federation of Labor

女王的肥皂

今天 12篇， 明天11篇，后天10篇。我就完成任务了。

加油，

女王的肥皂

Historians of women’s labor in the United States at first largely disregarded the story of female service workers—women earning wages in occupations such as salesclerk, domestic servant, and office secretary. These historians focused instead on factory work, primarily because it seemed so different from traditional, unpaid “women’s work” in the home, and because the underlying economic forces of industrialism were presumed to be gender-blind and hence emancipatory in effect. Unfortunately, emancipation has been less profound than expected, for not even industrial wage labor has escaped continued sex segregation in the workplace.
To explain this unfinished revolution in the status of women, historians have recently begun to emphasize the way a prevailing definition of femininity often determines the kinds of work allocated to women, even when such allocation is inappropriate to new conditions. For instance, early textile-mill entrepreneurs, in justifying women’s employment in wage labor, made much of the assumption that women were by nature skillful at detailed tasks and patient in carrying out repetitive chores; the mill owners thus imported into the new industrial order hoary stereotypes associated with the homemaking activities they presumed to have been the purview of women. Because women accepted the more unattractive new industrial tasks more readily than did men, such jobs came to be regarded as female jobs. And employers, who assumed that women’s “real” aspirations were for marriage and family life, declined to pay women wages commensurate with those of men. Thus many lower-skilled, lower-paid, less secure jobs came to be perceived as “female.”
More remarkable than the origin has been the persistence of such sex segregation in twentieth-century industry. Once an occupation came to be perceived as “female.” employers showed surprisingly little interest in changing that perception, even when higher profits beckoned. And despite the urgent need of the United States during the Second World War to mobilize its human resources fully, job segregation by sex characterized even the most important war industries. Moreover, once the war ended, employers quickly returned to men most of the “male” jobs that women had been permitted to master.（这里又有倒装，天呀，这遍复习，我找到多少倒装。）

not even industrial wage labor has escaped（这里整个句子做主语） continued sex segregation in the workplace.
翻译：工资的不平等一直延续着工厂里的sex segregation.

总之，我看这篇文章，我很同意这个作者讲得。是不是我们平时认为的，"行政工作本应该不高"这样想法，也要改改呀。 我真挺喜欢这篇文章的。

第一段，历史学家开始的时候研究工厂里的女性，因为他们认为，工厂是没有性别歧视的，工厂可以解放女性。但是，这种解放， emancipation is less profound，因为工厂里存在着uneven wage， 存在着sex segregation. （注意，这个segregation，我的理解还是那么的狭隘，总觉得这个词只是用于 Black in American South, 但是你看看这里的用法，sex segregation.）
第二段，因为开始在解释女人为什么可以工作的时候，过分强调了女人愿意做detailed and repetitive works, 所以Mill owner 建立的生产流程也是这样考虑的；同时女人比男人更愿意解释这些unattractive work。最终的结果就是，解释mill owners 不愿意为女人支付和男人相当的工资。
第三段，这种sex segregation到了20世纪，更加的变本加厉。表现有三： employer 一旦认定某种工作是female的，即便自己的利润在丰厚，他也不会提高female workers的工资；二战时候，这么缺少人，job segregatio 还是很严重；三，就是战争一结束，这些老板有把原本女人也能胜任的工作给了男人。

错误 5

1. According to the passage, job segregation by sex in the United States was
(A) greatly diminished by labor mobilization during the Second World War
(B) perpetuated by those textile-mill owners who argued in favor of women’s employment in wage labor
(C) one means by which women achieved greater job security
(D) reluctantly challenged by employers except when the economic advantages were obvious
(E) a constant source of labor unrest in the young textile industry

2. According to the passage, historians of women’s labor focused on factory work as a more promising area of research than service-sector work because factory work
(A) involved the payment of higher wages
(B) required skill in detailed tasks
(C) was assumed to be less characterized by sex segregation
(D) was more readily accepted by women than by men
(E) fitted the economic dynamic of industrialism better
gender blinder and hence emanicpatory in effect这里。

3. It can be inferred from the passage that early historians of women’s labor in the United States paid little attention to women’s employment in the service sector of the economy because
(A) the extreme variety of these occupations made it very difficult to assemble meaningful statistics about them
(B) fewer women found employment in the service sector than in factory work
(C) the wages paid to workers in the service sector were much lower than those paid in the industrial sector
(D) women’s employment in the service sector tended to be much more short-term than in factory work
(E) employment in the service sector seemed to have much in common with the unpaid work associated with homemaking
2,3 两个题，都是考察一句话。

4. The passage supports which of the following statements about the early mill owners mentioned in the second paragraph?
(A) They hoped that by creating relatively unattractive “female” jobs they would discourage women from losing interest in marriage and family life.
(B) They sought to increase the size of the available labor force as a means to keep men’s wages low.
(C) They argued that women were inherently suited to do well in particular kinds of factory work.
(D) They thought that factory work bettered the condition of women by emancipating them from dependence on income earned by men.
(E) They felt guilty about disturbing the traditional division of labor in family.


5. It can be inferred from the passage that the “unfinished revolution” the author mentions in line 13 refers to the
(A) entry of women into the industrial labor market
(B) recognition that work done by women as homemakers should be compensated at rates comparable to those prevailing in the service sector of the economy
(C) development of a new definition of femininity unrelated to the economic forces of industrialism
(D) introduction of equal pay for equal work in all professions
(E) emancipation of women wage earners from gender-determined job allocation
我做题的时候，当机，不知道这里应该是什么。 后对着答案想，这个文章我开始的时候真不知道讨论的主要问题是什么。
全文，讲得都是job segregation, sex segregation. 因为这个segregation, 造成的female work wages are lower than those of male's. 文章最后一段，讲述的也是，战争期间有些工作不会让女人做，战争结束后，这些工作又还给了男人。所以，首先的问题还是 gender determined job allocation, 而不是D  equal pay for equal work。 你连工作都不让做，又怎么equal pay 呢？

6. The passage supports which of the following statements about hiring policies in the United States?
(A) After a crisis many formerly “male” jobs are reclassified as “female” jobs.
(B) Industrial employers generally prefer to hire women with previous experience as homemakers.
(C) Post-Second World War hiring policies caused women to lose many of their wartime gains in employment opportunity.
(D) Even war industries during the Second World War were reluctant to hire women for factory work.
(E) The service sector of the economy has proved more nearly gender-blind in its hiring policies than has the manufacturing sector.


7. Which of the following words best expresses the opinion of the author of the passage concerning the notion that women are more skillful than men in carrying out detailed tasks?
(A) “patient” (line 21)
(B) “repetitive” (line 21)
(C) “hoary” (line 22)
(D) “homemaking” (line 23)
(E) “purview” (line 24)


8. Which of the following best describes the relationship of the final paragraph to the passage as a whole?
(A) The central idea is reinforced by the citation of evidence drawn from twentieth-century history.
(B) The central idea is restated in such a way as to form a transition to a new topic for discussion.
(C) The central idea is restated and juxtaposed with evidence that might appear to contradict it.
(D) A partial exception to the generalizations of the central idea is dismissed as unimportant.
(E) Recent history is cited to suggest that the central idea’s validity is gradually diminishing.

Historians of women’s labor in the United States at first largely disregarded the story of female service workers—women earning wages in occupations such as salesclerk (salesclerk: n.商店里的店员), domestic servant, and office secretary. These historians focused instead on factory work, primarily because it seemed so different from traditional, unpaid “women’s work” in the home, and because the underlying economic forces of industrialism were presumed to be gender-blind and hence emancipatory in effect (in effect: in substance: VIRTUALLY “the T committee agreed to what was in effect a reduction in the hourly wage Current Biography”). Unfortunately, emancipation has been less profound than expected, for not even industrial wage labor has escaped continued sex segregation in the workplace.

To explain this unfinished revolution in the status of women, historians have recently begun to emphasize the way a prevailing definition of femininity often determines the kinds of work allocated to women, even when such allocation is inappropriate to new conditions. For instance, early textile-mill entrepreneurs, in justifying women’s employment in wage labor, made much of the assumption that women were by nature (by nature: adv.生来) skillful at detailed tasks and patient in carrying out repetitive chores; the mill owners thus imported into the new industrial order hoary stereotypes associated with the homemaking activities they presumed to have been the purview of women. Because women accepted the more unattractive new industrial tasks more readily than did men, such jobs came to be regarded as female jobs. And employers, who assumed that women’s “real” aspirations were for marriage and family life, declined to pay women wages commensurate with those of men. Thus many lower-skilled, lower-paid, less secure jobs came to be perceived as “female.”

More remarkable than the origin has been the persistence of such sex segregation in twentieth-century industry. Once an occupation came to be perceived as “female.” employers showed surprisingly little interest in changing that perception, even when higher profits beckoned. And despite the urgent need of the United States during the Second World War to mobilize its human resources fully, job segregation by sex characterized even the most important war industries. Moreover, once the war ended, employers quickly returned to men most of the “male” jobs that women had been permitted to master.

1.According to the passage, job segregation by sex in the United States was

(A) greatly diminished by labor mobilization during the Second World War

(B) perpetuated by those textile-mill owners who argued in favor of women’s employment in wage labor

(C) one means by which women achieved greater job security

(D) reluctantly challenged by employers except when the economic advantages were obvious（B）

(E) a constant source of labor unrest in the young textile industry

2.According to the passage, historians of women’s labor focused on factory work as a more promising area of research than service-sector work because factory work

(A) involved the payment of higher wages

(B) required skill in detailed tasks

(C) was assumed to be less characterized by sex segregation

(D) was more readily accepted by women than by men（C）

(E) fitted the economic dynamic of industrialism better

3.It can be inferred from the passage that early historians of women’s labor in the United States paid little attention to women’s employment in the service sector of the economy because

(A) the extreme variety of these occupations made it very difficult to assemble meaningful statistics about them

(B) fewer women found employment in the service sector than in factory work

(C) the wages paid to workers in the service sector were much lower than those paid in the industrial sector

(D) women’s employment in the service sector tended to be much more short-term than in factory work（E）

(E) employment in the service sector seemed to have much in common with the unpaid work associated with homemaking

4.The passage supports which of the following statements about the early mill owners mentioned in the second paragraph?

(A) They hoped that by creating relatively unattractive “female” jobs they would discourage women from losing interest in marriage and family life.

(B) They sought to increase the size of the available labor force as a means to keep men’s wages low.

(C) They argued that women were inherently suited to do well in particular kinds of factory work.

(D) They thought that factory work bettered the condition of women by emancipating them from dependence on income earned by men.（C）

(E) They felt guilty about disturbing the traditional division of labor in family.

5.It can be inferred from the passage that the “unfinished revolution” the author mentions in line 13 refers to the

(A) entry of women into the industrial labor market

(B) recognition that work done by women as homemakers should be compensated at rates comparable to those prevailing in the service sector of the economy

(C) development of a new definition of femininity unrelated to the economic forces of industrialism

(D) introduction of equal pay for equal work in all professions（E）

(E) emancipation of women wage earners from gender-determined job allocation

6.The passage supports which of the following statements about hiring policies in the United States?

(A) After a crisis many formerly “male” jobs are reclassified as “female” jobs.

(B) Industrial employers generally prefer to hire women with previous experience as homemakers.

(C) Post-Second World War hiring policies caused women to lose many of their wartime gains in employment opportunity.

(D) Even war industries during the Second World War were reluctant to hire women for factory work.（C）

(E) The service sector of the economy has proved more nearly gender-blind in its hiring policies than has the manufacturing sector.

7.Which of the following words best expresses the opinion of the author of the passage concerning the notion that women are more skillful than men in carrying out detailed tasks?

(A) “patient” (line 21)

(B) “repetitive” (line 21)

(C) “hoary” (line 22)

(D) “homemaking” (line 23)（C）

(E) “purview” (line 24)

8.Which of the following best describes the relationship of the final paragraph to the passage as a whole?

(A) The central idea is reinforced by the citation of evidence drawn from twentieth-century history.

(B) The central idea is restated in such a way as to form a transition to a new topic for discussion.

(C) The central idea is restated and juxtaposed with evidence that might appear to contradict it.

(D) A partial exception to the generalizations of the central idea is dismissed as unimportant.（A）

(E) Recent history is cited to suggest that the central idea’s validity is gradually diminishing.

女王的肥皂

According to a recent theory, Archean-age gold-quartz vein systems were formed over two billion years agofrom magnetic fluids that originated from molten granite-like bodies deep beneath the surface of the Earth. This theory is contrary to the widely held view that the systems were deposited from metamorphic fluids, that is, from fluids that formed during the dehydration of wet sedimentary rocks.
The recently developed theory has considerable practical importance. Most of the gold deposits discovered during the original gold rushes were exposed at the Earth’s surface and were found because they had shed trails of alluvial gold that were easily traced by simple prospecting methods. Although these same methods still lead to an occasional discovery, most deposits not yet discovered have gone undetected because they are buried and have no surface expression.
The challenge in exploration is therefore to unravel the subsurface geology of an area and pinpoint the position of buried minerals. Methods widely used today include analysis of aerial images that yield a broad geological overview; geophysical techniques that provide data on the magnetic, electrical, and mineralogical properties of the rocks being investigated; and sensitive chemical tests that are able to detect the subtle chemical halos that often envelop mineralization. However, none of these high-technology methods are of any value if the sites to which they are applied have never mineralized, and to maximize the chances of discovery the explorer must therefore pay particular attention to selecting the ground formations most likely to be mineralized. Such ground selection relies to varying degrees on conceptual models, which take into account （考虑到）theoretical studies of relevant factors.
These models are constructed primarily from empirical observations of known mineral deposits and from theories of ore-forming processes. The explorer uses the models to identify those geological features that are critical to the formation of the mineralization being modeled, and then tries to select areas for exploration that exhibit as many of the critical features as possible.

Archean- age
Mineralization
Mineralization is the process of depositing minerals or naturally occuring inorganic chemicals. This may be a normal biological process which takes place during the life of an organism such as the the formation of bone tissue or egg shells. Alternatively it may a process which begins after death, the total replacement of the organic material with various minerals ie Fossilization. Frequently this involves either Calcium carbonate or Silica but many other minerals can be involved.

Minerlaization: 无机物质的自然沉积，或是有机物质的fossilization.

第一段，gold-quarta vein systems 来自岩浆。
第二段，这个发现可以帮助发现那些表面没有痕迹的金子
第三段，寻找buried  mineral 有三种方法： 航拍，地质物理技术和化学检测。但是，问题是所有这些技术，都是在找到有矿藏的地方才可以。这就需要conceptual models.
第四段，这些理论模型来自于经验观察，也来自于ore-forming 的理论。（所以，第一段的理论发现是很重要的。）



1. The author is primarily concerned with
(A) advocating a return to an older methodology
(B) explaining the importance of a recent theory
(C) enumerating differences between two widely used methods
(D) describing events leading to a discovery
(E) challenging the assumptions on which a theory is based

2. According to the passage, the widely held view of Archean-age gold-quartz vein systems is that such systems
(A) were formed from metamorphic fluids
(B) originated in molten granite-like bodies
(C) were formed from alluvial deposits
(D) generally have surface expression
(E) are not discoverable through chemical tests

3. The passage implies that which of the following steps would be the first performed by explorers who wish to maximize their chances of discovering gold?
(A) Surveying several sites known to have been formed more than two billion years ago
(B) Limiting exploration to sites known to have been formed from metamorphic fluid
(C) Using an appropriate conceptual model to select a site for further exploration
(D) Using geophysical methods to analyze rocks over a broad area
(E) Limiting exploration to sites where alluvial gold has previously been found


4. Which of the following statements about discoveries of gold deposits is supported by information in the passage?
(A) The number of gold discoveries made annually has increased between the time of the original gold rushes and the present.
(B) New discoveries of gold deposits are likely to be the result of exploration techniques designed to locate buried mineralization.
(C) It is unlikely that newly discovered gold deposits will ever yield as much as did those deposits discovered during the original gold rushes.
(D) Modern explorers are divided on the question of the utility of simple prospecting methods as a source of new discoveries of gold deposits.
(E) Models based on the theory that gold originated from magnetic fluids have already led to new discoveries of gold deposits.


5. It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following is easiest to detect?
(A) A gold-quartz vein system originating in magnetic fluids
(B) A gold-quartz vein system originating in metamorphic fluids
(C) A gold deposit that is mixed with granite
(D) A gold deposit that has shed alluvial gold
(E) A gold deposit that exhibits chemical halos


6. The theory mentioned in line 1 relates to the conceptual models discussed in the passage in which of the following ways?
(A) It may furnish a valid account of ore-forming processes, and, hence, can support conceptual models that have great practical significance.
(B) It suggests that certain geological formations, long believed to be mineralized, are in fact mineralized, thus confirming current conceptual models.
(C) It suggests that there may not be enough similarity across Archean-age gold-quartz vein systems to warrant the formulation of conceptual models.
(D) It corrects existing theories about the chemical halos of gold deposits, and thus provides a basis for correcting current conceptual models.
(E) It suggests that simple prospecting methods still have a higher success rate in the discovery of gold deposits than do more modern methods.


7. According to the passage, methods of exploring for gold that are widely used today are based on which of the following facts?
(A) Most of the Earth’s remaining gold deposits are still molten.
(B) Most of the Earth’s remaining gold deposits are exposed at the surface.
(C) Most of the Earth’s remaining gold deposits are buried and have no surface expression.
(D) Only one type of gold deposit warrants exploration, since the other types of gold deposits are found in regions difficult to reach.
(E) Only one type of gold deposit warrants exploration, since the other types of gold deposits are unlikely to yield concentrated quantities of gold.


8. It can be inferred from the passage that the efficiency of model-based gold exploration depends on which of the following?
I. The closeness of the match between the geological features identified by the model as critical and the actual geological features of a given area
II. The degree to which the model chosen relies on empirical observation of known mineral deposits rather than on theories of ore-forming processes
III. The degree to which the model chosen is based on an accurate description of the events leading to mineralization
(A) I only
(B) II only
(C) I and II only
(D) I and III only
(E) I, II and III

According to a recent theory, Archean-age gold-quartz vein systems were formed over two billion years ago from magnetic fluids that originated from molten granite-like bodies deep beneath the surface of the Earth. This theory is contrary to the widely held view that the systems were deposited from metamorphic fluids, that is, from fluids that formed during the dehydration of wet sedimentary rocks.

The recently developed theory has considerable practical importance. Most of the gold deposits discovered during the original gold rushes were exposed at the Earth’s surface and were found because they had shed trails of alluvial gold (alluvial gold: 砂金) that were easily traced by simple prospecting (prospecting: n.探矿) methods. Although these same methods still lead to an occasional discovery, most deposits not yet discovered have gone undetected because they are buried and have no surface expression.

The challenge in exploration is therefore to unravel the subsurface geology of an area and pinpoint the position of buried minerals. Methods widely used today include analysis of aerial images that yield a broad geological overview; geophysical techniques that provide data on the magnetic, electrical, and mineralogical properties of the rocks being investigated; and sensitive chemical tests that are able to detect the subtle chemical halos that often envelop mineralization. However, none of these high-technology methods are of any value if the sites to which they are applied have never mineralized, and to maximize the chances of discovery the explorer must therefore pay particular attention to selecting the ground formations most likely to be mineralized. Such ground selection relies to varying degrees on conceptual models, which take into account theoretical studies of relevant factors.

These models are constructed primarily from empirical observations of known mineral deposits and from theories of ore-forming processes. The explorer uses the models to identify those geological features that are critical to the formation of the mineralization being modeled, and then tries to select areas for exploration that exhibit as many of the critical features as possible.

1.The author is primarily concerned with

(A) advocating a return to an older methodology

(B) explaining the importance of a recent theory

(C) enumerating differences between two widely used methods

(D) describing events leading to a discovery（B）

(E) challenging the assumptions on which a theory is based

2.According to the passage, the widely held view of Archean-age gold-quartz vein systems is that such systems

(A) were formed from metamorphic fluids

(B) originated in molten granite-like bodies

(C) were formed from alluvial deposits

(D) generally have surface expression（A）

(E) are not discoverable through chemical tests

3.The passage implies that which of the following steps would be the first performed by explorers who wish to maximize their chances of discovering gold?

(A) Surveying several sites known to have been formed more than two billion years ago

(B) Limiting exploration to sites known to have been formed from metamorphic fluid

(C) Using an appropriate conceptual model to select a site for further exploration

(D) Using geophysical methods to analyze rocks over a broad area（C）

(E) Limiting exploration to sites where alluvial gold has previously been found

4.Which of the following statements about discoveries of gold deposits is supported by information in the passage?

(A) The number of gold discoveries made annually has increased between the time of the original gold rushes and the present.

(B) New discoveries of gold deposits are likely to be the result of exploration techniques designed to locate buried mineralization.

(C) It is unlikely that newly discovered gold deposits will ever yield as much as did those deposits discovered during the original gold rushes.

(D) Modern explorers are divided on the question of the utility of simple prospecting methods as a source of new discoveries of gold deposits.（B）

(E) Models based on the theory that gold originated from magnetic fluids have already led to new discoveries of gold deposits.

5.It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following is easiest to detect?

(A) A gold-quartz vein system originating in magnetic fluids

(B) A gold-quartz vein system originating in metamorphic fluids

(C) A gold deposit that is mixed with granite

(D) A gold deposit that has shed alluvial gold（D）

(E) A gold deposit that exhibits chemical halos

6.The theory mentioned in line 1 relates to the conceptual models discussed in the passage in which of the following ways?

(A) It may furnish a valid account of ore-forming processes, and, hence, can support conceptual models that have great practical significance.

(B) It suggests that certain geological formations, long believed to be mineralized, are in fact mineralized, thus confirming current conceptual models.

(C) It suggests that there may not be enough similarity across Archean-age gold-quartz vein systems to warrant the formulation of conceptual models.

(D) It corrects existing theories about the chemical halos of gold deposits, and thus provides a basis for correcting current conceptual models.（A）

(E) It suggests that simple prospecting methods still have a higher success rate in the discovery of gold deposits than do more modern methods.

7.According to the passage, methods of exploring for gold that are widely used today are based on which of the following facts?

(A) Most of the Earth’s remaining gold deposits are still molten.

(B) Most of the Earth’s remaining gold deposits are exposed at the surface.

(C) Most of the Earth’s remaining gold deposits are buried and have no surface expression.

(D) Only one type of gold deposit warrants exploration, since the other types of gold deposits are found in regions difficult to reach.（C）

(E) Only one type of gold deposit warrants exploration, since the other types of gold deposits are unlikely to yield concentrated quantities of gold.

8.It can be inferred from the passage that the efficiency of model-based gold exploration depends on which of the following?

I.The closeness of the match between the geological features identified by the model as critical and the actual geological features of a given area

II.The degree to which the model chosen relies on empirical observation of known mineral deposits rather than on theories of ore-forming processes

III.The degree to which the model chosen is based on an accurate description of the events leading to mineralization

(A) I only

(B) II only

(C) I and II only

(D) I and III only（D）

(E) I, II and III

女王的肥皂

While there is no blueprint for transforming a largely（大体上了，主要是 mainly ） government-controlled economy into a free one, the experience of the United Kingdom since 1979 clearly shows one approach that works: privatization, in which state-owned industries are sold to private companies. By 1979, the total borrowings and losses of state-owned industries were running at about £3 billion a year. By selling many of these industries, the government has decreased these borrowings and losses, gained over £34 billion from the sales, and now receives tax revenues from the newly privatized companies. Along with a dramatically improved overall economy, the government has been able to repay 12.5 percent of the net national debt over a two-year period.
In fact, privatization has not only rescued individual industries and a whole economy headed for disaster, but has also raised the level of performance in every area. At British Airways and British Gas, for example, productivity per employee has risen by 20 percent. At Associated British Ports, labor disruptions common in the 1970’s and early 1980’s have now virtually disappeared. At British Telecom, there is no longer a waiting list—as there always was before privatization—to have a telephone installed.
Part of this improved productivity has come about because the employees of privatized industries were given the opportunity to buy shares in their own companies. They responded enthusiastically to the offer of shares; at British Aerospace, 89 percent of the eligible work force bought shares; at Associated British Ports, 90 percent; and at British Telecom, 92 percent. When people have a personal stake in something, they think about it, care about it, work to make it prosper. At the National Freight Consortium, the new employee-owners grew so concerned about their company’s profits that during wage negotiations they actually pressed their union to lower its wage demands.
Some economists have suggested that giving away free shares would provide a needed acceleration of the privatization process. Yet they miss Thomas Paine’s point that “what we obtain too cheap we esteem too lightly.” In order for the far-ranging benefits of individual ownership to be achieved by owners, companies, and countries, employees and other individuals must make their own decisions to buy, and they must commit some of their own resources to the choice.（我觉得这个句子就是很西方化。我的意思是说这样的话，需要一些文化背景的知识。）

what we obtain too cheap we esteem too lightly. 轻易得到的东西，我们都是不是很重视。
反正，我表示我对自由经济不是很感冒。
再补充一点，就是这个privatizaion process 全世界都没有一个方法，这个文章只是讲了一个成功的例子。


第一段，一种从政府管控经济转向free economy的一个方法：privatization. 这样，政府从卖企业上得到一笔，而且和可以从这些企业收税。一个很直接的好处是，英国政府可以可以还债了。
第二段，就是私有化其他的好处就是提升了各个方面的效率。
第三段，为什么这么有效率，是因为employees of privatized industries brought the shares in their own companies. （但是，最后一句表黑的是什么意思？这些员工疯了不成，为了公司利润，自己少要工资，难道股票这么真可以补偿工资的降低？？）
第四段，some economists 认为在私有化进程中，免费给share 可以促进私有化进程。但是作者不同意。（这段不是做题，我就理解错了）

错误 6

1. According to the passage, all of the following were benefits of privatizing state-owned industries in the United Kingdom EXCEPT:
(A) Privatized industries paid taxes to the government.
(B) The government gained revenue from selling state-owned industries.
(C) The government repaid some of its national debt.
(D) Profits from industries that were still state-owned increased.
(E) Total borrowings and losses of state-owned industries decreased.


2. According to the passage, which of the following resulted in increased productivity in companies that have been privatized?
(A) A large number of employees chose to purchase shares in their companies.
(B) Free shares were widely distributed to individual shareholders.
(C) The government ceased to regulate major industries.
(D) Unions conducted wage negotiations for employees.
(E) Employee-owners agreed to have their wages lowered.
比较AB ，注意 问题关键是 employee 持有，而不是shareholders 持有

3. It can be inferred from the passage that the author considers labor disruptions to be
(A) an inevitable problem in a weak national economy
(B) a positive sign of employee concern about a company
(C) a predictor of employee reactions to a company’s offer to sell shares to them
(D) a phenomenon found more often in state-owned industries than in private companies
(E) a deterrence to high performance levels in an industry


4. The passage supports which of the following statements about employees buying shares in their own companies?
(A) At three different companies, approximately nine out of ten of the workers were eligible to buy shares in their companies.
(B) Approximately 90% of the eligible workers at three different companies chose o buy shares in their companies.
(C) The opportunity to buy shares was discouraged by at least some labor unions.
(D) Companies that demonstrated the highest productivity were the first to allow their employees the opportunity to buy shares.
(E) Eligibility to buy shares was contingent on employees’ agreeing to increased work loads.


5. Which of the following statements is most consistent with the principle described in lines 30-32?
(A) A democratic government that decides it is inappropriate to own a particular industry has in no way abdicated its responsibilities as guardian of the public interest.
(B) The ideal way for a government to protect employee interests is to force companies to maintain their share of a competitive market without government subsidies.
(C) The failure to harness the power of self-interest is an important reason that state-owned industries perform poorly.
(D) Governments that want to implement privatization programs must try to eliminate all resistance to the free-market system.
(E) The individual shareholder will reap only a minute share of the gains from whatever sacrifices he or she makes to achieve these gains.


6. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about the privatization process in the United Kingdom?
(A) It depends to a potentially dangerous degree on individual ownership of shares.
(B) It conforms in its most general outlines to Thomas Paine’s prescription for business ownership.
(C) It was originally conceived to include some giving away of free shares.
(D) It has been successful, even though privatization has failed in other countries.
(E) It is taking place more slowly than some economists suggest is necessary.
这个题，privationzation process，整个世界都没有一个blueprint，
我只能说这是我第四段没有读明白的后遗症。D不对的，文章说的世界上没有一个blueprint，但是人家没有说privatizaiont process 在其他地方没有成果。
It is taking place more slowly than some economists suggest is necessary 我自己句子分析一下，划线部分都是主语。
这个题是这样的。有些economists 认为发免费的shares 可以促进私有化进程，但是 作者明显是反对这个这个意义的，认为，what we obtains too cheep we esteem slightly. 所以，明显作者不赞成免费发share, 这样的私有化进程就会慢下来。 这个推理有些像逻辑里的取非.

7. The quotation in line 39 is most probably used to
(A) counter a position that the author of the passage believes is incorrect
(B) state a solution to a problem described in the previous sentence
(C) show how opponents of the viewpoint of the author of the passage have supported their arguments
(D) point out a paradox contained in a controversial viewpoint
(E) present a historical maxim to challenge the principle introduced in the third paragraph


While there is no blueprint (a detailed plan or program of action “a blueprint for victory”)for transforming a largely government-controlled economy into a free one, the experience of the United Kingdom since 1979 clearly shows one approach that works: privatization, in which state-owned industries are sold to private companies. By 1979, the total borrowings and losses of state-owned industries were running at about £3 billion a year. By selling many of these industries, the government has decreased these borrowings and losses, gained over £34 billion from the sales, and now receives tax revenues from the newly privatized companies. Along with a dramatically improved overall economy, the government has been able to repay 12.5 percent of the net national debt over a two-year period.

In fact, privatization has not only rescued individual industries and a whole economy headed for disaster, but has also raised the level of performance in every area. At British Airways and British Gas, for example, productivity per employee has risen by 20 percent. At Associated British Ports, labor disruptions common in the 1970’s and early 1980’s have now virtually disappeared. At British Telecom, there is no longer a waiting list—as there always was before privatization—to have a telephone installed.

Part of this improved productivity has come about (come about: v.发生, 产生, 改变方向;发生,转向) because the employees of privatized industries were given the opportunity to buy shares in their own companies. They responded enthusiastically to the offer of shares; at British Aerospace, 89 percent of the eligible work force bought shares; at Associated British Ports, 90 percent; and at British Telecom, 92 percent. When people have a personal stake in something, they think about it, care about it, work to make it prosper. At the National Freight Consortium, the new employee-owners grew so concerned about their company’s profits that during wage negotiations they actually pressed their union to lower its wage demands.

Some economists have suggested that giving away free shares would provide a needed acceleration of the privatization process. Yet they miss Thomas Paine’s point that “what we obtain too cheap we esteem too lightly.” In order for the far-ranging benefits of individual ownership to be achieved by owners, companies, and countries, employees and other individuals must make their own decisions to buy, and they must commit some of their own resources to the choice.

1.According to the passage, all of the following were benefits of privatizing state-owned industries in the United Kingdom EXCEPT:

(A) Privatized industries paid taxes to the government.

(B) The government gained revenue from selling state-owned industries.

(C) The government repaid some of its national debt.

(D) Profits from industries that were still state-owned increased.（D）

(E) Total borrowings and losses of state-owned industries decreased.

2.According to the passage, which of the following resulted in increased productivity in companies that have been privatized?

(A) A large number of employees chose to purchase shares in their companies.

(B) Free shares were widely distributed to individual shareholders.

(C) The government ceased to regulate major industries.

(D) Unions conducted wage negotiations for employees.（A）

(E) Employee-owners agreed to have their wages lowered.

3.It can be inferred from the passage that the author considers labor disruptions to be

(A) an inevitable problem in a weak national economy

(B) a positive sign of employee concern about a company

(C) a predictor of employee reactions to a company’s offer to sell shares to them

(D) a phenomenon found more often in state-owned industries than in private companies（E）

(E) a deterrence to high performance levels in an industry

4.The passage supports which of the following statements about employees buying shares in their own companies?

(A) At three different companies, approximately nine out of ten of the workers were eligible to buy shares in their companies.

(B) Approximately 90% of the eligible workers at three different companies chose o buy shares in their companies.

(C) The opportunity to buy shares was discouraged by at least some labor unions.

(D) Companies that demonstrated the highest productivity were the first to allow their employees the opportunity to buy shares.（B）

(E) Eligibility to buy shares was contingent on employees’ agreeing to increased work loads.

5.Which of the following statements is most consistent with the principle described in lines 30-32?

(A) A democratic government that decides it is inappropriate to own a particular industry has in no way abdicated its responsibilities as guardian of the public interest.

(B) The ideal way for a government to protect employee interests is to force companies to maintain their share of a competitive market without government subsidies.

(C) The failure to harness the power of self-interest is an important reason that state-owned industries perform poorly.

(D) Governments that want to implement privatization programs must try to eliminate all resistance to the free-market system.（C）

(E) The individual shareholder will reap only a minute share of the gains from whatever sacrifices he or she makes to achieve these gains.

6.Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about the privatization process in the United Kingdom?

(A) It depends to a potentially dangerous degree on individual ownership of shares.

(B) It conforms in its most general outlines to Thomas Paine’s prescription for business ownership.

(C) It was originally conceived to include some giving away of free shares.

(D) It has been successful, even though privatization has failed in other countries.（E）

(E) It is taking place more slowly than some economists suggest is necessary.

7.The quotation in line 39 is most probably used to

(A) It depends to a potentially dangerous degree on individual ownership of shares.

(B) It conforms in its most general outlines to Thomas Paine’s prescription for business ownership.

(C) It was originally conceived to include some giving away of free shares.

(D) It has been successful, even though privatization has failed in other countries.（E）

(E) It is taking place more slowly than some economists suggest is necessary.

7.The quotation in [url=http://forum.chasedream.com/GMAT_Preparation/#p45q7]line 39 is most probably used to

(A) counter a position that the author of the passage believes is incorrect

(B) state a solution to a problem described in the previous sentence

(C) show how opponents of the viewpoint of the author of the passage have supported their arguments

(D) point out a paradox contained in a controversial viewpoint（A）

(E) present a historical maxim to challenge the principle introduced in the third paragraph

女王的肥皂

Seeking a competitive advantage, some professional service firms (for example, firms providing advertising, accounting, or health care services) have considered offering unconditional guarantees of satisfaction. Such guarantees specify what clients can expect and what the firm will do if it fails to fulfill these expectations. Particularly with first-time clients, an unconditional guarantee can be an effective marketing tool if the client is very cautious, the firm’s fees are high, the negative consequences of bad service are grave, or business is difficult to obtain through referrals and word-of-mouth.
However, an unconditional guarantee can sometimes hinder marketing efforts. With its implication that failure is possible, the guarantee may, paradoxically, cause clients to doubt the service firm’s ability to deliver the promised level of service. It may conflict with a firm’s desire to appear sophisticated, or may even suggest that a firm is begging for business. In legal and health care services, it may mislead clients by suggesting that lawsuits or medical procedures will have guaranteed outcomes. Indeed, professional service firms with outstanding reputations and performance to match have little to gain from offering unconditional guarantees. And any firm that implements an unconditional guarantee without undertaking a commensurate commitment(commitment 这个词很难翻译,工作投入。) to quality of service is merely employing a potentially costly marketing gimmick.

commitment : the hard work and loyalty that someone gives to an organization, activity etc
　I was impressed by the energy and commitment shown by the players.


看见 unconditional，我想到一个很有文化的词“categorical”

第一段，就是 professional service firms 使用unconditional gurantee of satisfation 来赢的自己竞争力，特别是指针对first time customers.
第二段，unconditional guarantee of satisfaction 有些不好的暗示。工作优异的公司没有通过这个获得多少好处。因此，任何一个只保证，但是不好好干活的人都是在搞噱头。

错误 2

1. The primary function of the passage as a whole is to
(A) account for the popularity of a practice
(B) evaluate the utility of a practice
(C) demonstrate how to institute a practice
(D) weigh the ethics of using a strategy
(E) explain the reasons for pursuing a strategy
开始找refute这个味道的词，没有，就只能是evaluate.

2. All of the following are mentioned in the passage as circumstances in which professional service firms can benefit from offering an unconditional guarantee EXCEPT:
(A) The firm is having difficulty retaining its clients of long standing.
(B) The firm is having difficulty getting business through client recommendations.
(C) The firm charges substantial fees for its services.
(D) The adverse effects of poor performance by the firm are significant for the client.
(E) The client is reluctant to incur risk.
if the client is very cautious, the firm’s fees are high, the negative consequences of bad service are grave, or business is difficult to obtain through referrals and word-of-mouth.
我不爱回去看。但是我也应该注意到，这个手段主要是针对 first time customers的呀。

3. Which of the following is cited in the passage as a goal of some professional service firms in offering unconditional guarantees of satisfaction?
(A) A limit on the firm’s liability
(B) Successful competition against other firms
(C) Ability to justify fee increases
(D) Attainment of an outstanding reputation in a field
(E) Improvement in the quality of the firm’s service


4. The passage’s description of the issue raised by unconditional guarantees for health care or legal services most clearly implies that which of the following is true?
(A) The legal and medical professions have standards of practice that would be violated by attempts to fulfill such unconditional guarantees.
(B) The result of a lawsuit of medical procedure cannot necessarily be determined in advance by the professionals handling a client’s case.
(C) The dignity of the legal and medical professions is undermined by any attempts at marketing of professional services, including unconditional guarantees.
(D) Clients whose lawsuits or medical procedures have unsatisfactory outcomes cannot be adequately compensated by financial settlements alone.
(E) Predicting the monetary cost of legal or health care services is more difficult than predicting the monetary cost of other types of professional services.


5. Which of the following hypothetical situations best exemplifies the potential problem noted in the second sentence of the second paragraph (lines 14-17)?
(A) A physician’s unconditional guarantee of satisfaction encourages patients to sue for malpractice if they are unhappy with the treatment they receive.
(B) A lawyer’s unconditional guarantee of satisfaction makes clients suspect that the lawyer needs to find new clients quickly to increase the firm’s income.
(C) A business consultant’s unconditional guarantee of satisfaction is undermined when the consultant fails to provide all of the services that are promised.
(D) An architect’s unconditional guarantee of satisfaction makes clients wonder how often the architect’s buildings fail to please clients.
(E) An accountant’s unconditional guarantee of satisfaction leads clients to believe that tax returns prepared by the accountant are certain to be accurate.


6. The passage most clearly implies which of the following about the professional service firms mentioned in line 22?
(A) They are unlikely to have offered unconditional guarantees of satisfaction in the past.
(B) They are usually profitable enough to be able to compensate clients according to the terms of an unconditional guarantee.
(C) They usually practice in fields in which the outcomes are predictable.
(D) Their fees are usually more affordable than those charged by other professional service firms.
(E) Their clients are usually already satisfied with the quality of service that is delivered.

Seeking a competitive advantage, some professional service firms (for example, firms providing advertising, accounting, or health care services) have considered offering unconditional guarantees of satisfaction. Such guarantees specify what clients can expect and what the firm will do if it fails to fulfill these expectations. Particularly with first-time clients, an unconditional guarantee can be an effective marketing tool if the client is very cautious, the firm’s fees are high, the negative consequences of bad service are grave, or business is difficult to obtain through referrals and word-of-mouth (orally communicated; also: generated from or reliant on oral publicity “word”of”mouth customers” “a word”of”mouth business”).

However, an unconditional guarantee can sometimes hinder marketing efforts. With its implication that failure is possible, the guarantee may, paradoxically, cause clients to doubt the service firm’s ability to deliver the promised level of service. It may conflict with a firm’s desire to appear sophisticated, or may even suggest that a firm is begging for business. In legal and health care services, it may mislead clients by suggesting that lawsuits or medical procedures will have guaranteed outcomes. Indeed, professional service firms with outstanding reputations and performance to match have little to gain from offering unconditional guarantees. And any firm that implements an unconditional guarantee without undertaking a commensurate commitment to quality of service is merely employing a potentially costly marketing gimmick.

1.The primary function of the passage as a whole is to

(A) account for the popularity of a practice

(B) evaluate the utility of a practice

(C) demonstrate how to institute a practice

(D) weigh the ethics of using a strategy（B）

(E) explain the reasons for pursuing a strategy

2.All of the following are mentioned in the passage as circumstances in which professional service firms can benefit from offering an unconditional guarantee EXCEPT:

(A) The firm is having difficulty retaining its clients of long standing.

(B) The firm is having difficulty getting business through client recommendations.

(C) The firm charges substantial fees for its services.

(D) The adverse effects of poor performance by the firm are significant for the client.（A）

(E) The client is reluctant to incur risk.

3.Which of the following is cited in the passage as a goal of some professional service firms in offering unconditional guarantees of satisfaction?

(A) A limit on the firm’s liability

(B) Successful competition against other firms

(C) Ability to justify fee increases

(D) Attainment of an outstanding reputation in a field（B）

(E) Improvement in the quality of the firm’s service

4.The passage’s description of the issue raised by unconditional guarantees for health care or legal services most clearly implies that which of the following is true?

(A) The legal and medical professions have standards of practice that would be violated by attempts to fulfill such unconditional guarantees.

(B) The result of a lawsuit of medical procedure cannot necessarily be determined in advance by the professionals handling a client’s case.

(C) The dignity of the legal and medical professions is undermined by any attempts at marketing of professional services, including unconditional guarantees.

(D) Clients whose lawsuits or medical procedures have unsatisfactory outcomes cannot be adequately compensated by financial settlements alone.（B）

(E) Predicting the monetary cost of legal or health care services is more difficult than predicting the monetary cost of other types of professional services.

5.Which of the following hypothetical situations best exemplifies the potential problem noted in the second sentence of the second paragraph (lines 14-17)?

(A) A physician’s unconditional guarantee of satisfaction encourages patients to sue for malpractice if they are unhappy with the treatment they receive.

(B) A lawyer’s unconditional guarantee of satisfaction makes clients suspect that the lawyer needs to find new clients quickly to increase the firm’s income.

(C) A business consultant’s unconditional guarantee of satisfaction is undermined when the consultant fails to provide all of the services that are promised.

(D) An architect’s unconditional guarantee of satisfaction makes clients wonder how often the architect’s buildings fail to please clients.（D）

(E) An accountant’s unconditional guarantee of satisfaction leads clients to believe that tax returns prepared by the accountant are certain to be accurate.

6.The passage most clearly implies which of the following about the professional service firms mentioned in line 22?

(A) They are unlikely to have offered unconditional guarantees of satisfaction in the past.

(B) They are usually profitable enough to be able to compensate clients according to the terms of an unconditional guarantee.

(C) They usually practice in fields in which the outcomes are predictable.

(D) Their fees are usually more affordable than those charged by other professional service firms.（E）

(E) Their clients are usually already satisfied with the quality of service that is delivered.

女王的肥皂

Although genetic mutations in bacteria and viruses can lead to epidemics, some epidemics are caused by bacteria and viruses that have undergone no significant genetic change. In analyzing the latter, scientists have discovered theimportance of social and ecological factors to epidemics. Poliomyelitis, for example, emerged as an epidemic in the United States in the twentieth century; by then, modern sanitation was able to delay exposure to polio until adolescence or adulthood, at which time polio infection produced paralysis. Previously, infection had occurred during infancy, when it typically provided lifelong immunity without paralysis. Thus, the hygiene that helped prevent typhoid epidemics indirectly fostered a paralytic polio epidemic. Another example is Lyme disease, which is caused by bacteria that are transmitted by deer ticks. It occurred only sporadically during the late nineteenth century but has recently become prevalent in parts of the United States, largely due to an increase in the deer population that occurred simultaneously with the growth of the suburbs and increased outdoor recreational activities in the deer’s habitat. Similarly, an outbreak of dengue hemorrhagic fever became an epidemic in Asia in the 1950’s because of ecological changes that caused Aedes aegypti, the mosquito that transmits the dengue virus, to proliferate. The stage is now set(the stage is set for sth, 为。。。创作了条件) in the United States for a dengue epidemic because of the inadvertent introduction and wide dissemination of another mosquito, Aedes albopictus.


一段呀，
开始的时候，认为认为流行病是因为基因突变引起的。但是，有些流行病的流行却不是这个原因。科学家发现，social factors and ecoological factors 引起了一些epidemic.  之后例子，一个是社会因素的例子，3个ecological factors 的例子。

错误　５

1. The passage suggests that a lack of modern sanitation would make which of the following most likely to occur?
(A) An outbreak of Lyme disease
(B) An outbreak of dengue hemorrhagic fever
(C) An epidemic of typhoid
(D) An epidemic of paralytic polio among infants
(E) An epidemic of paralytic polio among adolescents and adults


2. According to the passage, the outbreak of dengue hemorrhagic fever in the 1950’s occurred for which of the following reasons?
(A) The mosquito Aedes aegypti was newly introduced into Asia.
(B) The mosquito Aedes aegypti became more numerous.
(C) The mosquito Aedes albopictus became infected with the dengue virus.
(D) Individuals who would normally acquire immunity to the dengue virus as infants were not infected until later in life.
(E) More people began to visit and inhabit areas in which mosquitoes live and breed.


3. It can be inferred from the passage that Lyme disease has become prevalent in parts of the United States because of which of the following?
(A) The inadvertent introduction of Lyme disease bacteria to the United States
(B) The inability of modern sanitation methods to eradicate Lyme disease bacteria
(C) A genetic mutation in Lyme disease bacteria that makes them more virulent
(D) The spread of Lyme disease bacteria from infected humans to noninfected humans
(E) An increase in the number of humans who encounter deer ticks


4. Which of the following can most reasonably be concluded about the mosquito Aedes albopictus on the basis of information given in the passage?
(A) It is native to the United States.
(B) It can proliferate only in Asia.
(C) It transmits the dengue virus.
(D) It caused an epidemic of dengue hemorrhagic fever in the 1950’s.
(E) It replaced Aedes aegypti in Asia when ecological changes altered Aedes aegypti’s habitat.


5. Which of the following best describes the organization of the passage?
(A) A paradox is stated, discussed and left unresolved.
(B) Two opposing explanations are presented, argued, and reconciled.
(C) A theory is proposed and is then followed by descriptions of three experiments that support the theory.
(D) A generalization is stated and is then followed by three instances that support the generalization.
(E) An argument is described and is then followed by three counterexamples that refute the argument.
额。。。什么是theory? 什么是ｇｅｎａｒｌｉｚａｔｉｏｎ．

6. Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen the author’s assertion about the cause of the Lyme disease outbreak in the United States?
(A) The deer population was smaller in the late nineteenth century than in the mid-twentieth century.
(B) Interest in outdoor recreation began to grow in the late nineteenth century.
(C) In recent years the suburbs have stopped growing.
(D) Outdoor recreation enthusiasts routinely take measures to protect themselves against Lyme disease.
(E) Scientists have not yet developed a vaccine that can prevent Lyme disease.

这题 我开始想选B的。但是时点一比较，我觉得A的说服力更大。

Although genetic mutations in bacteria and viruses can lead to epidemics, some epidemics are caused by bacteria and viruses that have undergone no significant genetic change. In analyzing the latter, scientists have discovered the importance of social and ecological factors to epidemics. Poliomyelitis (poliomyelitis: n.小儿麻痹症, 急性骨髓灰白质炎), for example, emerged as an epidemic in the United States in the twentieth century; by then (by then: 到那时候), modern sanitation was able to delay exposure to polio (POLIOMYELITIS)until adolescence or adulthood, at which time polio infection produced paralysis. Previously, infection had occurred during infancy, when it typically provided lifelong immunity without paralysis. Thus, the hygiene that helped prevent typhoid epidemics indirectly fostered a paralytic polio epidemic. Another example is Lyme disease, which is caused by bacteria that are transmitted by deer ticks. It occurred only sporadically during the late nineteenth century but has recently become prevalent in parts of the United States, largely due to an increase in the deer population that occurred simultaneously with the growth of the suburbs and increased outdoor recreational activities in the deer’s habitat. Similarly, an outbreak of dengue hemorrhagic fever became an epidemic in Asia in the 1950’s because of ecological changes that caused Aedes aegypti, the mosquito that transmits the dengue virus, to proliferate. The stage is now set in the United States for a dengue epidemic because of the inadvertent introduction and wide dissemination of another mosquito, Aedesalbopictus.

1.The passage suggests that a lack of modern sanitation would make which of the following most likely to occur?

(A) An outbreak of Lyme disease

(B) An outbreak of dengue hemorrhagic fever

(C) An epidemic of typhoid

(D) An epidemic of paralytic polio among infants（C）

(E) An epidemic of paralytic polio among adolescents and adults

2.According to the passage, the outbreak of dengue hemorrhagic fever in the 1950’s occurred for which of the following reasons?

(A) The mosquito Aedes aegypti was newly introduced into Asia.

(B) The mosquito Aedes aegypti became more numerous.

(C) The mosquito Aedes albopictus became infected with the dengue virus.

(D) Individuals who would normally acquire immunity to the dengue virus as infants were not infected until later in life.（B）

(E) More people began to visit and inhabit areas in which mosquitoes live and breed.

3.It can be inferred from the passage that Lyme disease has become prevalent in parts of the United States because of which of the following?

(A) The inadvertent introduction of Lyme disease bacteria to the United States

(B) The inability of modern sanitation methods to eradicate Lyme disease bacteria

(C) A genetic mutation in Lyme disease bacteria that makes them more virulent

(D) The spread of Lyme disease bacteria from infected humans to noninfected humans（E）

(E) An increase in the number of humans who encounter deer ticks

4.Which of the following can most reasonably be concluded about the mosquito Aedes albopictus on the basis of information given in the passage?

(A) It is native to the United States.

(B) It can proliferate only in Asia.

(C) It transmits the dengue virus.

(D) It caused an epidemic of dengue hemorrhagic fever in the 1950’s.（C）

(E) It replaced Aedes aegypti in Asia when ecological changes altered Aedes aegypti’s habitat.

5.Which of the following best describes the organization of the passage?

(A) A paradox is stated, discussed and left unresolved.

(B) Two opposing explanations are presented, argued, and reconciled.

(C) A theory is proposed and is then followed by descriptions of three experiments that support the theory.

(D) A generalization is stated and is then followed by three instances that support the generalization.（D）

(E) An argument is described and is then followed by three counterexamples that refute the argument.

6.Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen the author’s assertion about the cause of the Lyme disease outbreak in the United States?

(A) The deer population was smaller in the late nineteenth century than in the mid-twentieth century.

(B) Interest in outdoor recreation began to grow in the late nineteenth century.

(C) In recent years the suburbs have stopped growing.

(D) Outdoor recreation enthusiasts routinely take measures to protect themselves against Lyme disease.（A）

(E) Scientists have not yet developed a vaccine that can prevent Lyme disease.

女王的肥皂

Two modes of argumentation have been used on behalf of women’s emancipation in Western societies. Arguments in what could be called the “relational” feminist tradition maintain the doctrine of “equality in difference,” or equity as distinct for equality. They posit that biological distinctions between the sexes result in a necessary sexual division of labor in the family and throughout society and that women’s procreative labor is currently undervalued by society, to the disadvantage of women. By contrast, the individualist feminist traditionemphasizes individual human rights and celebrates women’s quest for personal autonomy（=independency）, while downplaying the importance of gender roles and minimizing discussion of childbearing and its attendant responsibilities.
Before the late nineteenth century, these views coexisted within the feminist movement, often within the writings of the same individual. Between 1890 and 1920, however, relational feminism, which had been the dominant strain in feminist thought, and which still predominates among European and non-Western feminists, lost ground in England and the United States. Because the concept of individual rights was already well established in the Anglo-Saxon legal and political tradition, individualist feminism came to predominate in English-speaking countries. At the same time, the goals of the two approaches began to seem increasingly irreconcilable. Individualist feminists began to advocate a totally gender-blind system with equal rights for all. Relational feminists, while agreeing that equal educational and economic opportunities outside the home should be available for all women, continued to emphasize women’s special contributions to society as homemakers and mothers; they demanded special treatment including protective legislation for women workers, state-sponsored maternity benefits, and paid compensation for housework.
Relational arguments have a major pitfall: because they underline women’s physiological and psychological distinctiveness, they are often appropriated by political adversaries and used to endorse male privilege. But the individualist approach, by attacking gender roles, denying the significance of physiological difference, and condemning existing familial institutions as hopelessly patriarchal, has often simply treated as irrelevant the family roles important to many women（倒装）. If the individualist framework, with its claim for women’s autonomy, could be harmonized with the family-oriented concerns of relational feminists, a more fruitful model for contemporary feminist politics could emerge.

Two modes of argumentation have been used on behalf of women’s emancipation in Western societies
on behalf of sth,= for sth.
“equality in difference,” or equity as distinct for equality  这个看的想哭。
注意，equal rights for all.这个是女性题材的一贯主张，不是同工同酬，而是女人有权力做和男人一样的工作。
patriarchal： ruled or controlled only by men
Paternalism
                 这两次的意思真是南辕北辙呀。

第一段，关于女性解放有两种说法：1 relational feminist tradtion 认为女性的生育能力被社会低估了；2  individualist feminist tadition 认为应鼓励女性却追求个人的独立.
第二段，Anglo-Saxon国家，Rlational 让位给了Idividial tradition. Relational 虽然承认 equal right for all, 到是还是认为女人扮演妈妈的角色，应该给予更过的帮助。
第三段，R的强调成了别人攻击的靶子，而Ｉ却忽略家庭对女性的重要作用。作者希望出现一个能整合二者的观点的出现。

错误 4

1. The author of the passage alludes to the well-established nature of the concept of individual rights in the Anglo-Saxon legal and political tradition in order to
(A) illustrate the influence of individualist feminist thought on more general intellectual trends in English history
(B) argue that feminism was already a part of the larger Anglo-Saxon intellectual tradition, even though this has often gone unnoticed by critics of women’s emancipation
(C) explain the decline in individualist thinking among feminists in non-English-speaking countries
(D) help account for an increasing shift toward individualist feminism among feminists in English-speaking countries
(E) account for the philosophical differences between individualist and relational feminists in English-speaking countries


2. The passage suggests that the author of the passage believes which of the following?
(A) The predominance of individualist feminism in English-speaking countries is a historical phenomenon, the causes of which have not yet been investigated.
(B) The individualist and relational feminist views are irreconcilable, given their theoretical differences concerning the foundations of society.
(C) A consensus concerning the direction of future feminist politics will probably soon emerge, given the awareness among feminists of the need for cooperation among women.
(D) Political adversaries of feminism often misuse arguments predicated on differences between the sexes to argue that the existing social system should be maintained.
(E) Relational feminism provides the best theoretical framework for contemporary feminist politics, but individualist feminism could contribute much toward refining and strengthening modern feminist thought.


3. It can be inferred from the passage that the individualist feminist tradition denies the validity of which of the following causal statements?
(A) A division of labor in a social group can result in increased efficiency with regard to the performance of group tasks.
(B) A division of labor in a social group causes inequities in the distribution of opportunities and benefits among group members.
(C) A division of labor on the basis of gender in a social group is necessitated by the existence of sex-linked biological differences between male and female members of the group.
(D) Culturally determined distinctions based on gender in a social group foster the existence of differing attitudes and opinions among group members.
(E) Educational programs aimed at reducing inequalities based on gender among members of a social group can result in a sense of greater well-being for all members of the group.


4. According to the passage, relational feminists and individualist feminists agree that
(A) individual human rights take precedence over most other social claims
(B) the gender-based division of labor in society should be eliminated
(C) laws guaranteeing equal treatment for all citizens regardless of gender should be passed
(D) a greater degree of social awareness concerning the importance of motherhood would be beneficial to society
(E) the same educational and economic opportunities should be available to both sexes
额。。自己总结不小心就是错的，还是找文章里的安全。
再想想，我觉得我还是不理解BE的区别。

5. According to the author, which of the following was true of feminist thought in Western societies before 1890?
(A) Individualist feminist arguments were not found in the thought or writing of non-English-speaking feminists.
(B) Individualist feminism was a strain in feminist thought, but another strain, relational feminism, predominated.
(C) Relational and individualist approaches were equally prevalent in feminist thought and writing.
(D) The predominant view among feminists held that the welfare of women was ultimately less important than the welfare of children.
(E) The predominant view among feminists held that the sexes should receive equal treatment under the law.


6. The author implies that which of the following was true of most feminist thinkers in England and the United States after 1920?
(A) They were less concerned with politics than with intellectual issues.
(B) They began to reach a broader audience and their programs began to be adopted by mainstream political parties.
(C) They called repeatedly for international cooperation among women’s groups to achieve their goals.
(D) They moderated their initial criticism of the economic systems that characterized their societies.
(E) They did not attempt to unite the two different feminist approaches in their thought.


Two modes of argumentation have been used on behalf of women’s emancipation in Western societies. Arguments in what could be called the “relational” feminist tradition maintain the doctrine of “equality in difference,” or equity as distinct for equality. They posit that biological distinctions between the sexes result in a necessary sexual division of labor (division of labor: n. 劳动力的分工) in the family and throughout society and that women’s procreative (procreative: adj.生产的, 有生殖力的) labor is currently undervalued by society, to the disadvantage of women. By contrast, the individualist feminist tradition emphasizes individual human rights and celebrates women’s quest for personal autonomy, while downplaying the importance of gender roles and minimizing discussion of childbearing and its attendant (accompanying or following as a consequence or result “problems attendant upon pollution”)responsibilities.

Before the late nineteenth century, these views coexisted within the feminist movement, often within the writings of the same individual. Between 1890 and 1920, however, relational feminism, which had been the dominant strain in feminist thought, and which still predominates among European and non-Western feminists, lost ground in England and the United States. Because the concept of individual rights was already well established in the Anglo-Saxon legal and political tradition, individualist feminism came to predominate in English-speaking countries. At the same time, the goals of the two approaches began to seem increasingly irreconcilable. Individualist feminists began to advocate a totally gender-blind system with equal rights for all. Relational feminists, while agreeing that equal educational and economic opportunities outside the home should be available for all women, continued to emphasize women’s special contributions to society as homemakers and mothers; they demanded special treatment including protective legislation for women workers, state-sponsored maternity benefits, and paid compensation for housework.

Relational arguments have a major pitfall: because they underline women’s physiological and psychological distinctiveness, they are often appropriated (to take or make use of without authority or right)by political adversaries and used to endorse male privilege. But the individualist approach, by attacking gender roles, denying the significance of physiological difference, and condemning existing familial institutions as hopelessly patriarchal, has often simply treated as irrelevant the family roles important to many women. If the individualist framework, with its claim for women’s autonomy, could be harmonized with the family-oriented concerns of relational feminists, a more fruitful model for contemporary feminist politics could emerge.

1.The author of the passage alludes to the well-established nature of the concept of individual rights in the Anglo-Saxon legal and political tradition in order to

(A) illustrate the influence of individualist feminist thought on more general intellectual trends in English history

(B) argue that feminism was already a part of the larger Anglo-Saxon intellectual tradition, even though this has often gone unnoticed by critics of women’s emancipation

(C) explain the decline in individualist thinking among feminists in non-English-speaking countries

(D) help account for an increasing shift toward individualist feminism among feminists in English-speaking countries（D）

(E) account for the philosophical differences between individualist and relational feminists in English-speaking countries

2.The passage suggests that the author of the passage believes which of the following?

(A) The predominance of individualist feminism in English-speaking countries is a historical phenomenon, the causes of which have not yet been investigated.

(B) The individualist and relational feminist views are irreconcilable, given their theoretical differences concerning the foundations of society.

(C) A consensus concerning the direction of future feminist politics will probably soon emerge, given the awareness among feminists of the need for cooperation among women.

(D) Political adversaries of feminism often misuse arguments predicated on differences between the sexes to argue that the existing social system should be maintained.（D）

(E) Relational feminism provides the best theoretical framework for contemporary feminist politics, but individualist feminism could contribute much toward refining and strengthening modern feminist thought.

3.It can be inferred from the passage that the individualist feminist tradition denies the validity of which of the following causal statements?

(A) A division of labor in a social group can result in increased efficiency with regard to the performance of group tasks.

(B) A division of labor in a social group causes inequities in the distribution of opportunities and benefits among group members.

(C) A division of labor on the basis of gender in a social group is necessitated by the existence of sex-linked biological differences between male and female members of the group.

(D) Culturally determined distinctions based on gender in a social group foster the existence of differing attitudes and opinions among group members.（C）

(E) Educational programs aimed at reducing inequalities based on gender among members of a social group can result in a sense of greater well-being for all members of the group.

4.According to the passage, relational feminists and individualist feminists agree that

(A) individual human rights take precedence over most other social claims

(B) the gender-based division of labor in society should be eliminated

(C) laws guaranteeing equal treatment for all citizens regardless of gender should be passed

(D) a greater degree of social awareness concerning the importance of motherhood would be beneficial to society（E）

(E) the same educational and economic opportunities should be available to both sexes

5.According to the author, which of the following was true of feminist thought in Western societies before 1890?

(A) Individualist feminist arguments were not found in the thought or writing of non-English-speaking feminists.

(B) Individualist feminism was a strain in feminist thought, but another strain, relational feminism, predominated.

(C) Relational and individualist approaches were equally prevalent in feminist thought and writing.

(D) The predominant view among feminists held that the welfare of women was ultimately less important than the welfare of children.（B）

(E) The predominant view among feminists held that the sexes should receive equal treatment under the law.

6.The author implies that which of the following was true of most feminist thinkers in England and the United States after 1920?

(A) They were less concerned with politics than with intellectual issues.

(B) They began to reach a broader audience and their programs began to be adopted by mainstream political parties.

(C) They called repeatedly for international cooperation among women’s groups to achieve their goals.

(D) They moderated their initial criticism of the economic systems that characterized their societies.（E）

(E) They did not attempt to unite the two different feminist approaches in their thought.