俺的GMAT家

女王的肥皂

Some observers have attributed the dramatic growth in temporary employment that occurred in the United States during the 1980’s to increased participation in the workforce by certain groups, such as first-time or reentering workers, who supposedly prefer such arrangements. However, statistical analyses reveal that demographic changes in the workforce did not correlate with variations in the total number of temporary workers. Instead, these analyses suggest thatfactors affecting employers account for the rise in temporary employment. One factor is product demand: temporary employment is favored by employers who are adapting to fluctuating demand for products while at the same time seeking to reduce overall labor costs. Another factor is labor’s reduced bargaining strength, which allows employers more control over the terms of employment. Given the analyses, which reveal that growth in temporary employment now far exceeds the level explainable by recent workforce entry rates of groups said to prefer temporary jobs,firms should be discouraged from creating excessive numbers of temporary positions. Government policymakers should consider mandating benefit coverage for temporary employees, promoting pay equity between temporary and permanent workers, assisting labor unions in organizing temporary workers, and encouraging firms to assign temporary jobs primarily to employees who explicitly indicate that preference.

一段
employers 的原因造成了temporary workers 增多：1 生产需求的变化；2 劳动者bargaining strength 的降低。


错误 7


1. The primary purpose of the passage is to
(A) present the results of statistical analyses and propose further studies.
(B) explain a recent development and predict its eventual consequences.
(C) identify the reasons for a trend and recommend measures to address it.
(D) outline several theories about a phenomenon and advocate one of them.
(E) describe the potential consequences of implementing a new policy and argue in favor of that policy.


2. According to the passage, which of the following is true of the “factors affecting employers” that are mentioned in lines 9-10?
(A) Most experts cite them as having initiated the growth in temporary employment that occurred during the 1980’s.
(B) They may account for the increase in the total number of temporary workers during the 1980’s.
(C) They were less important than demographic change in accounting for the increase of temporary employment during the 1980’s.
(D) They included a sharp increase in the cost of labor during the 1980’s.
(E) They are more difficult to account for than at other factors involved in the growth of temporary employment during the 1980’s.


3. The passage suggests which of the following about the use of temporary employment by firms during the 1980’s?
(A) It enabled firms to deal with fluctuating product demand far more efficiently than they before the 1980’s.
(B) It increased as a result of increased participation in the workforce by certain demography groups.
(C) It was discouraged by government-mandated policies.
(D) It was a response to preferences indicated by certain employees for more flexible working arrangements.
(E) It increased partly as a result of workers’ reduced ability to control the terms of their employment.


4. The passage suggests which of the following about the workers who took temporary jobs during the 1980’s?
(A) Their jobs frequently led to permanent positions within firms.
(B) They constituted a less demographically diverse group than has been suggested.
(C) They were occasionally involved in actions organized by labor unions.
(D) Their pay declined during the decade in comparison with the pay of permanent employees.
(E) They did not necessarily prefer temporary employment to permanent employment.


5. The first sentence in the passage suggests that the observers mentioned in line 1 would be most likely to predict which of the following?
(A) That the number of new temporary positions would decline as fewer workers who preferred temporary employment entered the workforce.
(B) That the total number of temporary positions would increase as fewer workers were able to find permanent positions.
(C) That employers would have less control over the terms of workers’ employment as workers increased their bargaining strength.
(D) That more workers would be hired for temporary positions as product demand increased.
(E) That the number of workers taking temporary positions would increase as more workers in any given demographic group entered the workforce.


6. In the context of the passage, the word “excessive” (line 21) most closely corresponds to which of the following phrases?
(A) Far more than can be justified by worker preferences.
(B) Far more than can be explained by fluctuations in product demand.
(C) Far more than can be beneficial to the success of the firms themselves.
(D) Far more than can be accounted for by an expanding national economy.
(E) Far more than can be attributed to increases in the total number of people in the workforce.


7. The passage mentions each of the following as an appropriate kind of governmental action EXCEPT
(A) getting firms to offer temporary employment primarily to a certain group of people
(B) encouraging equitable pay for temporary and permanent employees
(C) facilitating the organization of temporary workers by labor unions
(D) establishing guidelines on the proportion of temporary workers that firms should employ
(E) ensuring that temporary workers obtain benefits from their employers
AE 注意比较意思。 答案是D  这几个答案写的也太有歧义了。
E写的感觉，原来employers 都不给钱似的。
mandating benefit coverage for temporary employees, promoting pay equity between temporary and permanent workers, assisting labor unions in organizing temporary workers, and encouraging firms to assign temporary jobs primarily to employees who explicitly indicate that preference.



Some observers have attributed the dramatic growth in temporary employment that occurred in the United States during the 1980’s to increased participation in the workforce by certain groups, such as first-time or reentering workers, who supposedly prefer such arrangements. However, statistical analyses reveal that demographic changes in the workforce did not correlate with variations in the total number of temporary workers. Instead, these analyses suggest that factors affecting employers account for the rise in temporary employment. One factor is product demand: temporary employment is favored by employers who are adapting to fluctuating demand for products while at the same time seeking to reduce overall labor costs. Another factor is labor’s reduced bargaining strength, which allows employers more control over the terms of employment. Given the analyses, which reveal that growth in temporary employment now far exceeds the level explainable by recent workforce entry rates of groups said to prefer temporary jobs, firms should be discouraged from creating excessive numbers of temporary positions. Government policymakers should consider mandating benefit coverage for temporary employees, promoting pay equity between temporary and permanent workers, assisting labor unions in organizing temporary workers, and encouraging firms to assign temporary jobs primarily to employees who explicitly indicate that preference.

1.The primary purpose of the passage is to

(A) present the results of statistical analyses and propose further studies.

(B) explain a recent development and predict its eventual consequences.

(C) identify the reasons for a trend and recommend measures to address it.

(D) outline several theories about a phenomenon and advocate one of them.（C）

(E) describe the potential consequences of implementing a new policy and argue in favor of that policy.

2.According to the passage, which of the following is true of the “factors affecting employers” that are mentioned in lines 9-10?

(A) Most experts cite them as having initiated the growth in temporary employment that occurred during the 1980’s.

(B) They may account for the increase in the total number of temporary workers during the 1980’s.

(C) They were less important than demographic change in accounting for the increase of temporary employment during the 1980’s.

(D) They included a sharp increase in the cost of labor during the 1980’s.（B）

(E) They are more difficult to account for than at other factors involved in the growth of temporary employment during the 1980’s.

3.The passage suggests which of the following about the use of temporary employment by firms during the 1980’s?

(A) It enabled firms to deal with fluctuating product demand far more efficiently than they before the 1980’s.

(B) It increased as a result of increased participation in the workforce by certain demography groups.

(C) It was discouraged by government-mandated policies.

(D) It was a response to preferences indicated by certain employees for more flexible working arrangements.（E）

(E) It increased partly as a result of workers’ reduced ability to control the terms of their employment.

4.The passage suggests which of the following about the workers who took temporary jobs during the 1980’s?

(A) Their jobs frequently led to permanent positions within firms.

(B) They constituted a less demographically diverse group than has been suggested.

(C) They were occasionally involved in actions organized by labor unions.

(D) Their pay declined during the decade in comparison with the pay of permanent employees.（E）

(E) They did not necessarily prefer temporary employment to permanent employment.

5.The first sentence in the passage suggests that the observers mentioned in line 1 would be most likely to predict which of the following?

(A) That the number of new temporary positions would decline as fewer workers who preferred temporary employment entered the workforce.

(B) That the total number of temporary positions would increase as fewer workers were able to find permanent positions.

(C) That employers would have less control over the terms of workers’ employment as workers increased their bargaining strength.

(D) That more workers would be hired for temporary positions as product demand increased.（E）

(E) That the number of workers taking temporary positions would increase as more workers in any given demographic group entered the workforce.

6.In the context of the passage, the word “excessive” (line 21) most closely corresponds to which of the following phrases?

(A) Far more than can be justified by worker preferences.

(B) Far more than can be explained by fluctuations in product demand.

(C) Far more than can be beneficial to the success of the firms themselves.

(D) Far more than can be accounted for by an expanding national economy.（A）

(E) Far more than can be attributed to increases in the total number of people in the workforce.

7.The passage mentions each of the following as an appropriate kind of governmental action EXCEPT（应该是D）

(A) getting firms to offer temporary employment primarily to a certain group of people

(B) encouraging equitable pay for temporary and permanent employees

(C) facilitating the organization of temporary workers by labor unions

(D) establishing guidelines on the proportion of temporary workers that firms should employ（A）

(E) ensuring that temporary workers obtain benefits from their employers

女王的肥皂

女王的肥皂

In recent years, teachers of introductory courses in Asian American studies have been facing a dilemma nonexistent a few decades ago, when hardly any texts in that field were available. Today, excellent anthologies and other introductory texts exist, and books on individual Asian American nationality groups and on general issues important for Asian Americans are published almost weekly. Even professors who are experts in the field find it difficult to decide which of these to assign to students; nonexperts who teach in related areas and are looking for writings for and by Asian American to include in survey courses are in an even worse position.
A complicating factor has been the continuing lack of specialized one-volume reference works on Asian Americans, such as biographical dictionaries or desktop encyclopedias. Such works would enable students taking Asian American studies courses (and professors in related fields) to look up basic information on Asian American individuals, institutions, history, and culture without having to wade through mountains of primary source material. In addition, give such works, Asian American studies professors might feel more free to include more challenging Asian American material in their introductory reading lists, since good reference works allow students to acquire on their own the background information necessary to interpret difficult or unfamiliar material.

第一段，就是关于 Asia American 的书很多，大家很难选择
第二段，这个问题是缺少一个one reference work on Asia Americans. 这样的referece book 可以帮助非专业人士不需要找很多第一手资料；使得Professor 加入更过challanging 的东西。

错误 1

1. The author of the passage is primarily concerned with doing which of the following?
(A) Recommending a methodology
(B) Describing a course of study
(C) Discussing a problem
(D) Evaluating a past course of action
(E) Responding to a criticism

被这么大的词吓到了，methodology
这样的形式是讨论问题，给出一个方法。

2. The “dilemma” mentioned in line 2 can best be characterized as being caused by the necessity to make a choice when faced with a
(A) lack of acceptable alternatives
(B) lack of strict standards for evaluating alternatives
(C) preponderance of bad alternatives as compared to good
(D) multitude of different alternatives
(E) large number of alternatives that are nearly identical in content


3. The passage suggests that the factor mentioned in lines 14-17 complicates professors’ attempts to construct introductory reading lists for courses in Asian American studies in which of the following ways?
(A) By making it difficult for professors to identify primary source material and to obtain standard information on Asian American history and culture
(B) By preventing professors from identifying excellent anthologies and introductory texts in the field that are both recent and understandable to students
(C) By preventing professors from adequately evaluating the quality of the numerous texts currently being published in the field
(D) By making it more necessary for professors to select readings for their courses that are not too challenging for students unfamiliar with Asian American history and culture
(E) By making it more likely that the readings professors assign to students in their courses will be drawn solely from primary sources


4. The passage implies that which of the following was true of introductory courses in Asian American studies a few decades ago?
(A) The range of different textbooks that could be assigned for such courses was extremely limited.
(B) The texts assigned as readings in such courses were often not very challenging for students.
(C) Students often complained about the texts assigned to them in such courses.
(D) Such courses were offered only at schools whose libraries were rich in primary sources.
(E) Such courses were the only means then available by which people in the United States could acquire knowledge of the field.


5. According to the passage, the existence of good one-volume reference works about Asian Americans could result in
(A) increased agreement among professors of Asian American studies regarding the quality of the sources available in their field
(B) an increase in the number of students signing up for introductory courses in Asian American studies
(C) increased accuracy in writings that concern Asian American history and culture
(D) the use of introductory texts about Asian American history and culture in courses outside the field of Asian American studies
(E) the inclusion of a wider range of Asian American material in introductory reading lists in Asian American studies

In recent years, teachers of introductory courses in Asian American studies have been facing a dilemma nonexistent a few decades ago, when hardly any texts in that field were available. Today, excellent anthologies and other introductory texts exist, and books on individual Asian American nationality groups and on general issues important for Asian Americans are published almost weekly. Even professors who are experts in the field find it difficult to decide which of these to assign to students; nonexperts who teach in related areas and are looking for writings for and by Asian American to include in survey courses are in an even worse position.

A complicating factor has been the continuing lack of specialized one-volume reference works on Asian Americans, such as biographical dictionaries or desktop encyclopedias. Such works would enable students taking Asian American studies courses (and professors in related fields) to look up basic information on Asian American individuals, institutions, history, and culture without having to wade through mountains of primary source material. In addition, give such works, Asian American studies professors might feel more free to include more challenging Asian American material in their introductory reading lists, since good reference works allow students to acquire on their own the background information necessary to interpret difficult or unfamiliar material.

1.The author of the passage is primarily concerned with doing which of the following?

(A) Recommending a methodology

(B) Describing a course of study

(C) Discussing a problem

(D) Evaluating a past course of action（C）

(E) Responding to a criticism

2.The “dilemma” mentioned in line 2 can best be characterized as being caused by the necessity to make a choice when faced with a

(A) lack of acceptable alternatives

(B) lack of strict standards for evaluating alternatives

(C) preponderance of bad alternatives as compared to good

(D) multitude of different alternatives（D）

(E) large number of alternatives that are nearly identical in content

3.The passage suggests that the factor mentioned in lines 14-17 complicates professors’ attempts to construct introductory reading lists for courses in Asian American studies in which of the following ways?

(A) By making it difficult for professors to identify primary source material and to obtain standard information on Asian American history and culture

(B) By preventing professors from identifying excellent anthologies and introductory texts in the field that are both recent and understandable to students

(C) By preventing professors from adequately evaluating the quality of the numerous texts currently being published in the field

(D) By making it more necessary for professors to select readings for their courses that are not too challenging for students unfamiliar with Asian American history and culture（D）

(E) By making it more likely that the readings professors assign to students in their courses will be drawn solely from primary sources

4.The passage implies that which of the following was true of introductory courses in Asian American studies a few decades ago?

(A) The range of different textbooks that could be assigned for such courses was extremely limited.

(B) The texts assigned as readings in such courses were often not very challenging for students.

(C) Students often complained about the texts assigned to them in such courses.

(D) Such courses were offered only at schools whose libraries were rich in primary sources.（A）

(E) Such courses were the only means then available by which people in the United States could acquire knowledge of the field.

5.According to the passage, the existence of good one-volume reference works about Asian Americans could result in

(A) increased agreement among professors of Asian American studies regarding the quality of the sources available in their field

(B) an increase in the number of students signing up for introductory courses in Asian American studies

(C) increased accuracy in writings that concern Asian American history and culture

(D) the use of introductory texts about Asian American history and culture in courses outside the field of Asian American studies（E）

(E) the inclusion of a wider range of Asian American material in introductory reading lists in Asian American studies

女王的肥皂

In recent years, teachers of introductory courses in Asian American studies have been facing a dilemma nonexistent a few decades ago, when hardly any texts in that field were available. Today, excellent anthologies and other introductory texts exist, and books on individual Asian American nationality groups and on general issues important for Asian Americans are published almost weekly. Even professors who are experts in the field find it difficult to decide which of these to assign to students; nonexperts who teach in related areas and are looking for writings for and by Asian American to include in survey courses are in an even worse position.
A complicating factor has been the continuing lack of specialized one-volume reference works on Asian Americans, such as biographical dictionaries or desktop encyclopedias. Such works would enable students taking Asian American studies courses (and professors in related fields) to look up basic information on Asian American individuals, institutions, history, and culture without having to wade through mountains of primary source material. In addition, give such works, Asian American studies professors might feel more free to include more challenging Asian American material in their introductory reading lists, since good reference works allow students to acquire on their own the background information necessary to interpret difficult or unfamiliar material.

第一段，就是关于 Asia American 的书很多，大家很难选择
第二段，这个问题是缺少一个one reference work on Asia Americans. 这样的referece book 可以帮助非专业人士不需要找很多第一手资料；使得Professor 加入更过challanging 的东西。

错误 1

1. The author of the passage is primarily concerned with doing which of the following?
(A) Recommending a methodology
(B) Describing a course of study
(C) Discussing a problem
(D) Evaluating a past course of action
(E) Responding to a criticism

被这么大的词吓到了，methodology
这样的形式是讨论问题，给出一个方法。

Th is question about the author’s intent requires looking at the whole passage. Th e fi rst paragraph introduces a problem unknown just a short time ago: an overabundance of materials. Th e second paragraph explains a complicating factor of this problem: the lack of reference works. A consideration of the passage as a whole shows that the author is most interested in discussing a problem.

2. The “dilemma” mentioned in line 2 can best be characterized as being caused by the necessity to make a choice when faced with a
(A) lack of acceptable alternatives
(B) lack of strict standards for evaluating alternatives
(C) preponderance of bad alternatives as compared to good
(D) multitude of different alternatives
(E) large number of alternatives that are nearly identical in content


3. The passage suggests that the factor mentioned in lines 14-17 complicates professors’ attempts to construct introductory reading lists for courses in Asian American studies in which of the following ways?
(A) By making it difficult for professors to identify primary source material and to obtain standard information on Asian American history and culture
(B) By preventing professors from identifying excellent anthologies and introductory texts in the field that are both recent and understandable to students
(C) By preventing professors from adequately evaluating the quality of the numerous texts currently being published in the field
(D) By making it more necessary for professors to select readings for their courses that are not too challenging for students unfamiliar with Asian American history and culture
(E) By making it more likely that the readings professors assign to students in their courses will be drawn solely from primary sources


4. The passage implies that which of the following was true of introductory courses in Asian American studies a few decades ago?
(A) The range of different textbooks that could be assigned for such courses was extremely limited.
(B) The texts assigned as readings in such courses were often not very challenging for students.
(C) Students often complained about the texts assigned to them in such courses.
(D) Such courses were offered only at schools whose libraries were rich in primary sources.
(E) Such courses were the only means then available by which people in the United States could acquire knowledge of the field.


5. According to the passage, the existence of good one-volume reference works about Asian Americans could result in
(A) increased agreement among professors of Asian American studies regarding the quality of the sources available in their field
(B) an increase in the number of students signing up for introductory courses in Asian American studies
(C) increased accuracy in writings that concern Asian American history and culture
(D) the use of introductory texts about Asian American history and culture in courses outside the field of Asian American studies
(E) the inclusion of a wider range of Asian American material in introductory reading lists in Asian American studies

In recent years, teachers of introductory courses in Asian American studies have been facing a dilemma nonexistent a few decades ago, when hardly any texts in that field were available. Today, excellent anthologies and other introductory texts exist, and books on individual Asian American nationality groups and on general issues important for Asian Americans are published almost weekly. Even professors who are experts in the field find it difficult to decide which of these to assign to students; nonexperts who teach in related areas and are looking for writings for and by Asian American to include in survey courses are in an even worse position.

A complicating factor has been the continuing lack of specialized one-volume reference works on Asian Americans, such as biographical dictionaries or desktop encyclopedias. Such works would enable students taking Asian American studies courses (and professors in related fields) to look up basic information on Asian American individuals, institutions, history, and culture without having to wade through mountains of primary source material. In addition, give such works, Asian American studies professors might feel more free to include more challenging Asian American material in their introductory reading lists, since good reference works allow students to acquire on their own the background information necessary to interpret difficult or unfamiliar material.

1.The author of the passage is primarily concerned with doing which of the following?

(A) Recommending a methodology

(B) Describing a course of study

(C) Discussing a problem

(D) Evaluating a past course of action（C）

(E) Responding to a criticism

2.The “dilemma” mentioned in line 2 can best be characterized as being caused by the necessity to make a choice when faced with a

(A) lack of acceptable alternatives

(B) lack of strict standards for evaluating alternatives

(C) preponderance of bad alternatives as compared to good

(D) multitude of different alternatives（D）

(E) large number of alternatives that are nearly identical in content

3.The passage suggests that the factor mentioned in lines 14-17 complicates professors’ attempts to construct introductory reading lists for courses in Asian American studies in which of the following ways?

(A) By making it difficult for professors to identify primary source material and to obtain standard information on Asian American history and culture

(B) By preventing professors from identifying excellent anthologies and introductory texts in the field that are both recent and understandable to students

(C) By preventing professors from adequately evaluating the quality of the numerous texts currently being published in the field

(D) By making it more necessary for professors to select readings for their courses that are not too challenging for students unfamiliar with Asian American history and culture（D）

(E) By making it more likely that the readings professors assign to students in their courses will be drawn solely from primary sources

4.The passage implies that which of the following was true of introductory courses in Asian American studies a few decades ago?

(A) The range of different textbooks that could be assigned for such courses was extremely limited.

(B) The texts assigned as readings in such courses were often not very challenging for students.

(C) Students often complained about the texts assigned to them in such courses.

(D) Such courses were offered only at schools whose libraries were rich in primary sources.（A）

(E) Such courses were the only means then available by which people in the United States could acquire knowledge of the field.

5.According to the passage, the existence of good one-volume reference works about Asian Americans could result in

(A) increased agreement among professors of Asian American studies regarding the quality of the sources available in their field

(B) an increase in the number of students signing up for introductory courses in Asian American studies

(C) increased accuracy in writings that concern Asian American history and culture

(D) the use of introductory texts about Asian American history and culture in courses outside the field of Asian American studies（E）

(E) the inclusion of a wider range of Asian American material in introductory reading lists in Asian American studies

女王的肥皂

In an attempt to improve the overall performance of clerical workers, many companies have introduced computerized performance monitoring and control systems (CPMCS) that record and report a worker’s computer-driven activities. However, at least one study has shown that such monitoring may not be having the desired effect. In the study, researchers asked monitored clerical workers and their supervisors how assessments of productivity affected supervisors’ ratings of workers’ performance. In contrast to unmonitored workers doing the same work, who without exception identified the most important element in their jobs as customer service, the monitored workers and their supervisors all responded that productivity was the critical factor in assigning ratings. This finding suggested that there should have been a strong correlation between a monitored worker’s productivity and the overall rating the worker received. However, measures of the relationship between overall rating and individual elements of performance clearly supported the conclusion that supervisors gave considerable weight to criteria such as attendance, accuracy, and indications of customer satisfaction.
It is possible that productivity may be a “hygiene factor,” that is, if it is too low, it will hurt the overall rating. But the evidence suggests that beyond the point at which productivity becomes “good enough,” higher productivity per se is unlikely to improve a rating.

how assessments of productivity affected supervisors' ratings of workers's performance. 我对这句话有些不理解，感觉不是我平时理解那种：生产效率的评价如何影响 supervisors 对 emplpyee 的评价。但是，后面说的却是：工作中哪项更重要。
Hygiene factor

第一段，在一个测试中，没有被检测的人认为customer service 是影响他们rating of performance 最重要的因素；被检测的人认为productivity 是影响他们 rating of performance 最重要的因素。结论是，productivity 和performance之间是很强的关系的。但是，影响performance 的因素还包括其他。
第二段， 作者认为 productivity 是个 hygience factor。

错误 3

1. According to the passage, before the final results of the study were known, which of the following seemed likely?
(A) That workers with the highest productivity would also be the most accurate
(B) That workers who initially achieved high productivity ratings would continue to do so consistently
(C) That the highest performance ratings would be achieved by workers with the highest productivity
(D) That the most productive workers would be those whose supervisors claimed to value productivity
(E) That supervisors who claimed to value productivity would place equal value on customer satisfaction

C

2. It can be inferred that the author of the passage discusses “unmonitored workers” (line 10) primarily in order to
(A) compare the ratings of these workers with the ratings of monitored workers
(B) provide an example of a case in which monitoring might be effective
(C) provide evidence of an inappropriate use of CPMCS
(D) emphasize the effect that CPMCS may have on workers’ perceptions of their jobs
(E) illustrate the effect that CPMCS may have on workers’ ratings

D 开始的时候，我出于自己不忍受 有这样的东西监视自己工作，觉得这个对比应该是说，监视不监视的效果应该是差不多的。但是，这个作者想说的东西，和我的潜意识设想是不一样的、

3. Which of the following, if true, would most clearly have supported the conclusion referred to in lines 19-21?
(A) Ratings of productivity correlated highly with ratings of both accuracy and attendance.
(B) Electronic monitoring greatly increased productivity.
(C) Most supervisors based overall ratings of performance on measures of productivity alone.
(D) Overall ratings of performance correlated more highly with measures of productivity than the researchers expected.
(E) Overall ratings of performance correlated more highly with measures of accuracy than with measures of productivity.

B 还是文章没用读懂，productivity 这个因素没有其他因素对performance 的影响力大。

4. According to the passage, a “hygiene factor” (lines 2223) is an aspect of a worker’s performance that
(A) has no effect on the rating of a worker’s performance
(B) is so basic to performance that it is assumed to be adequate for all workers
(C) is given less importance than it deserves in rating a worker’s performance
(D) is not likely to affect a worker’s rating unless it is judged to be inadequate
(E) is important primarily because of the effect it has on a worker’s rating

D

5. The primary purpose of the passage is to
(A) explain the need for the introduction of an innovative strategy
(B) discuss a study of the use of a particular method
(C) recommend a course of action
(D) resolved a difference of opinion
(E) suggest an alternative approach

B


In an attempt to improve the overall performance of clerical workers, many companies have introduced computerized performance monitoring and control systems (CPMCS) that record and report a worker’s computer-driven activities. However, at least one study has shown that such monitoring may not be having the desired effect. In the study, researchers asked monitored clerical workers and their supervisors how assessments of productivity affected supervisors’ ratings of workers’ performance. In contrast to unmonitored workers doing the same work, who without exception identified the most important element in their jobs as customer service, the monitored workers and their supervisors all responded that productivity was the critical factor in assigning ratings. This finding suggested that there should have been a strong correlation between a monitored worker’s productivity and the overall rating the worker received. However, measures of the relationship between overall rating and individual elements of performance clearly supported the conclusion that supervisors gave considerable weight to criteria such as attendance, accuracy, and indications of customer satisfaction.

It is possible that productivity may be a “hygiene factor,” that is, if it is too low, it will hurt the overall rating. But the evidence suggests that beyond the point at which productivity becomes “good enough,” higher productivity per se is unlikely to improve a rating.

1.According to the passage, before the final results of the study were known, which of the following seemed likely?

(A) That workers with the highest productivity would also be the most accurate

(B) That workers who initially achieved high productivity ratings would continue to do so consistently

(C) That the highest performance ratings would be achieved by workers with the highest productivity

(D) That the most productive workers would be those whose supervisors claimed to value productivity（C）

(E) That supervisors who claimed to value productivity would place equal value on customer satisfaction

2.It can be inferred that the author of the passage discusses “unmonitored workers” (line 10) primarily in order to

(A) compare the ratings of these workers with the ratings of monitored workers

(B) provide an example of a case in which monitoring might be effective

(C) provide evidence of an inappropriate use of CPMCS

(D) emphasize the effect that CPMCS may have on workers’ perceptions of their jobs（D）

(E) illustrate the effect that CPMCS may have on workers’ ratings

3.Which of the following, if true, would most clearly have supported the conclusion referred to in lines 19-21?

(A) Ratings of productivity correlated highly with ratings of both accuracy and attendance.

(B) Electronic monitoring greatly increased productivity.

(C) Most supervisors based overall ratings of performance on measures of productivity alone.

(D) Overall ratings of performance correlated more highly with measures of productivity than the researchers expected.（E）

(E) Overall ratings of performance correlated more highly with measures of accuracy than with measures of productivity.

4.According to the passage, a “hygiene factor” (lines 2223) is an aspect of a worker’s performance that

(A) has no effect on the rating of a worker’s performance

(B) is so basic to performance that it is assumed to be adequate for all workers

(C) is given less importance than it deserves in rating a worker’s performance

(D) is not likely to affect a worker’s rating unless it is judged to be inadequate（D）

(E) is important primarily because of the effect it has on a worker’s rating

5.The primary purpose of the passage is to

(A) explain the need for the introduction of an innovative strategy

(B) discuss a study of the use of a particular method

(C) recommend a course of action

(D) resolved a difference of opinion（B）

(E) suggest an alternative approach

女王的肥皂

Schools expect textbooks to be a valuable source of information for students. My research suggests, however, that textbooks that address the place of Native Americans within the history of the United States distort history to suit a particular cultural value system. In some textbooks, for example, settlers are pictured as more humane, complex, skillful, and wise than Native American. In essence, textbooks stereotype and deprecate the numerous Native American cultures while reinforcing the attitude that the European conquest of the New World denotes the superiority of European cultures. Although textbooks evaluate Native American architecture, political systems, and homemaking, I contend thatthey （textbooks ）do it from an ethnocentric, European perspective without recognizing that other perspectives are possible.
One argument against my contention asserts that, by nature, textbooks are culturally biased and that I am simply underestimating children’s ability to see through these biases. Some researchers even claim that by the time students are in high school, they know they cannot take textbooks literally. Yet substantial evidence exists to the contrary. Two researchers, for example, have conducted studies that suggest that children’s attitudes about particular culture are strongly influenced by the textbooks used in schools. Given this, an ongoing, careful review of how school textbooks depict Native American is certainly warranted（作者最终的主张）.

第一段，作者认为textbook stereotype and deprecate the numerous Native American cultrure, reinforce the attitude that European conquest of New World denotes the superiority of European cultures. 并且，作者认为 这个textbooks 很ecthnocentric

第二段，虽然有反对意见，但是两个研究正证明儿童对某个历史态度很受教科书的影响，所以很有必要ongoing and careful review of .....

这篇文章最终的目的就是为了最后一句的主张。


1. Which of the following would most logically be the topic of the paragraph immediately following the passage?
(A) Specific ways to evaluate the biases of United States history textbooks
(B) The centrality of the teacher’s role in United States history courses
(C) Nontraditional methods of teaching United States history
(D) The contributions of European immigrants to the development of the United States
(E) Ways in which parents influence children’s political attitudes


2. The primary purpose of the passage is to
(A) describe in detail one research study regarding the impact of history textbooks on children’s attitudes and beliefs about certain cultures
(B) describe revisions that should be made to United States history textbooks
(C) discuss the difficulty of presenting an accurate history of the United States
(D) argue that textbooks used in schools stereotype Native Americans and influence children’s attitudes
(E) summarize ways in which some textbooks give distorted pictures of the political systems developed by various Native American groups


3. The author mentions two researchers’ studies (lines 22-25) most likely in order to
(A) suggest that children’s political attitudes are formed primarily through textbooks
(B) counter the claim that children are able to see through stereotypes in textbooks
(C) suggest that younger children tend to interpret the messages in textbooks more literally than do older children
(D) demonstrate that textbooks carry political messages meant to influence their readers
(E) prove that textbooks are not biased in terms of their political presentations

see through

4. The author’s attitude toward the content of the history textbooks discussed in the passage is best described as one of
(A) indifference
(B) hesitance
(C) neutrality
(D) amusement
(E) disapproval

5. It can be inferred from the passage that the researchers mentioned in line 19 would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements?
(A) Students form attitudes about cultures other than their own primarily inside the school environment.
(B) For the most part, seniors in high school know that textbooks can be biased.
(C) Textbooks play a crucial role in shaping the attitudes and beliefs of students.
(D) Elementary school students are as likely to recognize biases in textbooks as are high school students.
(E) Students are less likely to give credence to history textbooks than to mathematics textbooks.
Boldface 选项什么意思？？？这个文化观点不是学生自己的

6. The author implies that which of the following will occur if textbooks are not carefully reviewed?
(A) Children will remain ignorant of the European settlers’ conquest of the New World.
(B) Children will lose their ability to recognize biases in textbooks.
(C) Children will form negative stereotypes of Native Americans.
(D) Children will develop an understanding of ethnocentrism.
(E) Children will stop taking textbooks seriously.

Schools expect textbooks to be a valuable source of information for students. My research suggests, however, that textbooks that address the place of Native Americans within the history of the United States distort history to suit a particular cultural value system. In some textbooks, for example, settlers are pictured as more humane, complex, skillful, and wise than Native American. In essence, textbooks stereotype and deprecate the numerous Native American cultures while reinforcing the attitude that the European conquest of the New World denotes the superiority of European cultures. Although textbooks evaluate Native American architecture, political systems, and homemaking, I contend that they do it from an ethnocentric, European perspective without recognizing that other perspectives are possible.

One argument against my contention asserts that, by nature, textbooks are culturally biased and that I am simply underestimating children’s ability to see through these biases. Some researchers even claim that by the time students are in high school, they know they cannot take textbooks literally. Yet substantial evidence exists to the contrary. Two researchers, for example, have conducted studies that suggest that children’s attitudes about particular culture are strongly influenced by the textbooks used in schools. Given this, an ongoing, careful review of how school textbooks depict Native American is certainly warranted.

1.Which of the following would most logically be the topic of the paragraph immediately following the passage?

(A) Specific ways to evaluate the biases of United States history textbooks

(B) The centrality of the teacher’s role in United States history courses

(C) Nontraditional methods of teaching United States history

(D) The contributions of European immigrants to the development of the United States（A）

(E) Ways in which parents influence children’s political attitudes

2.The primary purpose of the passage is to

(A) describe in detail one research study regarding the impact of history textbooks on children’s attitudes and beliefs about certain cultures

(B) describe revisions that should be made to United States history textbooks

(C) discuss the difficulty of presenting an accurate history of the United States

(D) argue that textbooks used in schools stereotype Native Americans and influence children’s attitudes（D）

(E) summarize ways in which some textbooks give distorted pictures of the political systems developed by various Native American groups

3.The author mentions two researchers’ studies (lines 22-25) most likely in order to

(A) suggest that children’s political attitudes are formed primarily through textbooks

(B) counter the claim that children are able to see through stereotypes in textbooks

(C) suggest that younger children tend to interpret the messages in textbooks more literally than do older children

(D) demonstrate that textbooks carry political messages meant to influence their readers（B）

(E) prove that textbooks are not biased in terms of their political presentations

4.The author’s attitude toward the content of the history textbooks discussed in the passage is best described as one of

(A) indifference

(B) hesitance

(C) neutrality

(D) amusement（E）

(E) disapproval

5.It can be inferred from the passage that the researchers mentioned in line 19 would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements?

(A) Students form attitudes about cultures other than their own primarily inside the school environment.

(B) For the most part, seniors in high school know that textbooks can be biased.

(C) Textbooks play a crucial role in shaping the attitudes and beliefs of students.

(D) Elementary school students are as likely to recognize biases in textbooks as are high school students.（B）

(E) Students are less likely to give credence to history textbooks than to mathematics textbooks.

6.The author implies that which of the following will occur if textbooks are not carefully reviewed?

(A) Children will remain ignorant of the European settlers’ conquest of the New World.

(B) Children will lose their ability to recognize biases in textbooks.

(C) Children will form negative stereotypes of Native Americans.

(D) Children will develop an understanding of ethnocentrism.（C）

(E) Children will stop taking textbooks seriously.

女王的肥皂

Until recently, scientists did not know of a close vertebrate analogue to the extreme form of altruism observed in eusocial insects like ants and bees, whereby individuals cooperate, sometimes even sacrificing their own opportunities to survive and reproduce, for the good of others. However, such a vertebrate society may exist among underground colonies of the highly social rodent Heterocephalus glaber, the naked mole rat.
A naked mole rat colony, like a beehive, wasp’s nest, or termite mound, is ruled by its queen, or reproducing female. Other adult female mole rats neither ovulate nor breed. The queen is the largest member of the colony, and she maintains her breeding status through a mixture of behavioral and, presumably, chemical control. Queens have been long-lived in captivity, and when they die or are removed from a colony one sees violent fighting for breeding status among the larger remaining females, leading to a takeover by a new queen.
Eusocial insect societies have rigid caste systems, each insect’s role being defined by its behavior, body shape, and physiology. In naked mole rat societies, on the other hand, differences in behavior are related primarily to reproductive status (reproduction being limited to the queen and a few males), body size, and perhaps age（这里比较这两个society, 我还真没有看出区别到底有多大，这两个社会都承认body shape 的重要性，但是其他的方面呢。 一个 behavior， 一个是 reproductive status。 behavior 不包括reprodcutive 吗？）. Smaller non-breeding members,both male and female, seem to participate primarily in gathering food, transporting nest material, and tunneling. Larger nonbreeders are active in defending the colony and perhaps in removing dirt from the tunnels. Jarvis’ work has suggested that differences in growth rates may influence the length of time that an individual performs a task, regardless of its age.
Cooperative breeding has evolved many times in vertebrates, but unlike naked mole rats, most cooperatively breeding vertebrates (except the wild dog, Lycaon pictus) are dominated by a pair of breeders rather than by a single breeding female. The division of labor within social groups is less pronounced among other vertebrates than among naked mole rats, colony size is much smaller, and mating by subordinate females may not be totally suppressed, whereas in naked mole rat colonies subordinate females are not sexually active, and many never breed.

第一段，extreme altruims society may exist in the naked mole rat.
第二段，这个社会是由一个queen 来统治的，queen通过 behavioral and , presumably, chemical control 来维护自己的Breeding status(这里权力似乎很至高无上是的。).
第三段，比较insect society 和 mole soceity 的不同。mole society 从事什么工作是由 body size 起决定作用的。
第四段，在mole society 没有cooperative breeding, breeding 是由female 单方面决定的。

还是不是很明白。

错误 2 3 5

以下 是 OG 解释
The first paragraph of the passage introduces the idea that the naked mole rat colony is similar to certain insect colonies. The rest of the passage provides comparisons of naked mole rat behavior with the behavior of eusocial insects (paragraphs 2 and 3) and contrast naked mole rat behavior with that of other vertebrates (paragraph 4).  我对这个文章的结构还真看得稀松凌乱，不知道忽然间怎么就谈到第三段，第三段和第四段之间是什么关系。



1. Which of the following most accurately states the main idea of the passage?
(A) Naked mole rat colonies are the only known examples of cooperatively breeding vertebrate societies.
(B) Naked mole rat colonies exhibit social organization based on a rigid caste system.
(C) Behavior in naked mole rat colonies may well be a close vertebrate analogue to behavior in eusocial insect societies.
(D) The mating habits of naked mole rats differ from those of any other vertebrate species.
(E) The basis for the division of labor among naked mole rats is the same as that among eusocial insects.


2. The passage suggests that Jarvis’ work has called into question which of the following explanatory variables for naked mole rat behavior?
(A) Size
(B) Age
(C) Reproductive status
(D) Rate of growth
(E) Previously exhibited behavior
天呢，这里真不是找到句子就可以了。你还要根据上文对比，再结合这个结论 推定作者想说的是什么
读题干出现了问题，我理解成强调，指出 的意思了。我背过这个phrase 的意思的，但是这里怎么就不这样想了呢？？？

3. It can be inferred from the passage that the performance of tasks in naked mole rat colonies differs from task performance in eusocial insect societies in which of the following ways?
(A) In naked mole rat colonies, all tasks ate performed cooperatively.
(B) In naked mole rat colonies, the performance of tasks is less rigidly determined by body shape.
(C) In naked mole rat colonies, breeding is limited to the largest animals.
(D) In eusocial insect societies, reproduction is limited to a single female.
(E) In eusocial insect societies, the distribution of tasks is based on body size.
这里真是不懂呀，看半天 第三段前半段。像是在说reproduction的问题。这个题很抠字眼呀， body shape 和body size 这么格格不入吗？
The best answer is B. According to lines 19-24, in eusocial insect societies, role is defined by


“behavior, body shape, and physiology.” For naked mole rats, in contrast, “reproductive status…,


body size, and perhaps age” influence behavior; no mention is made of body shape. The passage


does not indicate whether all tasks are performed cooperatively in eusocial societies, so A is


incorrect. Choice C is incorrect: the passage contains no information about the relative size of


breeders in insect societies. Choice D is incorrect because reproduction rat societies. Choice E is


not correct: body size is not mentioned as affecting the distribution of tasks in eusocial insect


societies


4. According to the passage, which of the following is a supposition rather than a fact concerning the queen in a naked mole rat colony?
(A) She is the largest member of the colony.
(B) She exerts chemical control over the colony.
(C) She mates with more than one male.
(D) She attains her status through aggression.
(E) She is the only breeding female.


5. The passage supports which of the following inferences about breeding among Lycaon pictus?
(A) The largest female in the social group does not maintain reproductive status by means of behavioral control.
(B) An individual’s ability to breed is related primarily to its rate of growth.
(C) Breeding is the only task performed by the breeding female.
(D) Breeding in the social group is not cooperative.
(E) Breeding is not dominated by a single pair of dogs.
只能怪自己看的时候走马观花，把 这个dog 理解成 common vertebrate 的代表。
most cooperatively breeding vertebrates (except the wild dog, Lycaon pictus) are


6. According to the passage, naked mole rat colonies may differ from all other known vertebrate groups in which of the following ways?
(A) Naked mole rats exhibit an extreme form of altruism.
(B) Naked mole rats are cooperative breeders.
(C) Among naked mole rats, many males are permitted to breed with a single dominant female.
(D) Among naked mole rats, different tasks are performed at different times in an individual’s life.
(E) Among naked mole rats, fighting results in the selection of a breeding female.
这个在文章开头，说在vertebreate 里很难找到the extreme altruism among the insect society like ants and bees.


7. One function of the third paragraph of the passage is to
(A) state a conclusion about facts presented in an earlier paragraph
(B) introduce information that is contradicted by information in the fourth paragraph
(C) qualify the extent to which two previously mentioned groups might be similar
(D) show the chain of reasoning that led to the conclusions of a specific study
(E) demonstrate that of three explanatory factors offered, two may be of equal significance


Until recently, scientists did not know of a close vertebrate analogue to the extreme form of altruism observed in eusocial insects like ants and bees, whereby individuals cooperate, sometimes even sacrificing their own opportunities to survive and reproduce, for the good of others. However, such a vertebrate society may exist among underground colonies of the highly social rodent Heterocephalusglaber, the naked mole rat.

A naked mole rat colony, like a beehive, wasp’s nest, or termite mound, is ruled by its queen, or reproducing female. Other adult female mole rats neither ovulate nor breed. The queen is the largest member of the colony, and she maintains her breeding status through a mixture of behavioral and, presumably, chemical control. Queens have been long-lived in captivity, and when they die or are removed from a colony one sees violent fighting for breeding status among the larger remaining females, leading to a takeover by a new queen.

Eusocial insect societies have rigid caste systems, each insect’s role being defined by its behavior, body shape, and physiology. In naked mole rat societies, on the other hand, differences in behavior are related primarily to reproductive status (reproduction being limited to the queen and a few males), body size, and perhaps age. Smaller non-breeding members, both male and female, seem to participate primarily in gathering food, transporting nest material, and tunneling. Larger nonbreeders are active in defending the colony and perhaps in removing dirt from the tunnels. Jarvis’ work has suggested that differences in growth rates may influence the length of time that an individual performs a task, regardless of its age.

Cooperative breeding has evolved many times in vertebrates, but unlike naked mole rats, most cooperatively breeding vertebrates (except the wild dog, Lycaon pictus) are dominated by a pair of breeders rather than by a single breeding female. The division of labor within social groups is less pronounced among other vertebrates than among naked mole rats, colony size is much smaller, and mating by subordinate females may not be totally suppressed, whereas in naked mole rat colonies subordinate females are not sexually active, and many never breed.

1.Which of the following most accurately states the main idea of the passage?

(A) Naked mole rat colonies are the only known examples of cooperatively breeding vertebrate societies.

(B) Naked mole rat colonies exhibit social organization based on a rigid caste system.

(C) Behavior in naked mole rat colonies may well be a close vertebrate analogue to behavior in eusocial insect societies.

(D) The mating habits of naked mole rats differ from those of any other vertebrate species.（C）

(E) The basis for the division of labor among naked mole rats is the same as that among eusocial insects.

2.The passage suggests that Jarvis’ work has called into question which of the following explanatory variables for naked mole rat behavior?

(A) Size

(B) Age

(C) Reproductive status

(D) Rate of growth（B）

(E) Previously exhibited behavior

3.It can be inferred from the passage that the performance of tasks in naked mole rat colonies differs from task performance in eusocial insect societies in which of the following ways?

(A) In naked mole rat colonies, all tasks ate performed cooperatively.

(B) In naked mole rat colonies, the performance of tasks is less rigidly determined by body shape.

(C) In naked mole rat colonies, breeding is limited to the largest animals.

(D) In eusocial insect societies, reproduction is limited to a single female.（B）

(E) In eusocial insect societies, the distribution of tasks is based on body size.

4.According to the passage, which of the following is a supposition rather than a fact concerning the queen in a naked mole rat colony?

(A) She is the largest member of the colony.

(B) She exerts chemical control over the colony.

(C) She mates with more than one male.

(D) She attains her status through aggression.（B）

(E) She is the only breeding female.

5.The passage supports which of the following inferences about breeding among Lycaon pictus?

(A) The largest female in the social group does not maintain reproductive status by means of behavioral control.

(B) An individual’s ability to breed is related primarily to its rate of growth.

(C) Breeding is the only task performed by the breeding female.

(D) Breeding in the social group is not cooperative.（E）

(E) Breeding is not dominated by a single pair of dogs.

6.According to the passage, naked mole rat colonies may differ from all other known vertebrate groups in which of the following ways?

(A) Naked mole rats exhibit an extreme form of altruism.

(B) Naked mole rats are cooperative breeders.

(C) Among naked mole rats, many males are permitted to breed with a single dominant female.

(D) Among naked mole rats, different tasks are performed at different times in an individual’s life.（A）

(E) Among naked mole rats, fighting results in the selection of a breeding female.

7.One function of the third paragraph of the passage is to

(A) state a conclusion about facts presented in an earlier paragraph

(B) introduce information that is contradicted by information in the fourth paragraph

(C) qualify the extent to which two previously mentioned groups might be similar

(D) show the chain of reasoning that led to the conclusions of a specific study（C）

(E) demonstrate that of three explanatory factors offered, two may be of equal significance

女王的肥皂

Coral reefs are one of the most fragile, biologically complex, and diverse marine ecosystems on Earth. This ecosystem is one of the fascinating paradoxes of the biosphere: how do clear, and thus nutrient-poor, waters support such prolific and productive communities? Part of the answer lies within the tissues of the corals themselves. Symbiotic cells of algae known as zooxanthellae carry out photosynthesis using the metabolic wastes of the coral thereby producing food for themselves, for their corals, hosts, and even for other members of the reef community. This symbiotic process allows organisms in the reef community to use sparse nutrient resources efficiently.
Unfortunately for coral reefs, however, a variety of human activities are causing worldwide degradation of shallow marine habitats by adding nutrients to the water. Agriculture, slash-and-burn land clearing, sewage disposal and manufacturing that creates waste by-products all increase nutrient loads in these waters. Typical symptoms of reef decline are destabilized herbivore populations and an increasing abundance of algae and filter-feeding animals. Declines in reef communities are consistent with observations that nutrient input is increasing in direct proportion to growing human populations, thereby threatening reef communities sensitive to subtle changes in nutrient input to their waters.

第一段， coral reef只能在水质很干净的地方生存，但是这样的地方nutrient 又是很匮乏。symbiotic cells of algea的photosysthesis 解决了这个问题。
第二段，人类数目的扩张，造成more nutient inputs in the water and declines in reef communities.

1. The passage is primarily concerned with
(A) describing the effects of human activities on algae in coral reefs
(B) explaining how human activities are posing a threat to coral reef communities
(C) discussing the process by which coral reefs deteriorate in nutrient-poor waters
(D) explaining how coral reefs produce food for themselves
(E) describing the abundance of algae and filter-feeding animals in coral reef areas
AB 比较

2. The passage suggests which of the following about coral reef communities?
(A) Coral reef communities may actually be more likely to thrive in waters that are relatively low in nutrients.
(B) The nutrients on which coral reef communities thrive are only found in shallow waters.
(C) Human population growth has led to changing ocean temperatures, which threatens coral reef communities.
(D) The growth of coral reef communities tends to destabilize underwater herbivore populations.
(E) Coral reef communities are more complex and diverse than most ecosystems located on dry land.


3. The author refers to “filter-feeding animals” (line 20) in order to
(A) provide an example of a characteristic sign of reef deterioration
(B) explain how reef communities acquire sustenance for survival
(C) identify a factor that helps herbivore populations thrive
(D) indicate a cause of decreasing nutrient input in waters that reefs inhabit
(E) identify members of coral reef communities that rely on coral reefs for nutrients


4. According to the passage, which of the following is a factor that is threatening the survival of coral reef communities?
(A) The waters they inhabit contain few nutrient resources.
(B) A decline in nutrient input is disrupting their symbiotic relationship with zooxanthellae.
(C) The degraded waters of their marine habitats have reduced their ability to carry out photosynthesis.
(D) They are too biologically complex to survive in habitats with minimal nutrient input.
(E) Waste by-products result in an increase in nutrient input to reef communities.


5. It can be inferred from the passage that the author describes coral reef communities as paradoxical most likely for which of the following reasons?
(A) They are thriving even though human activities have depleted the nutrients in their environment.
(B) They are able to survive in spite of an overabundance of algae inhabiting their waters.
(C) They are able to survive in an environment with limited food resources.
(D) Their metabolic wastes contribute to the degradation of the waters that they inhabit.
(E) They are declining even when the water surrounding them remains clear.

Coral reefs are one of the most fragile, biologically complex, and diverse marine ecosystems on Earth. This ecosystem is one of the fascinating paradoxes of the biosphere: how do clear, and thus nutrient-poor, waters support such prolific and productive communities? Part of the answer lies within the tissues of the corals themselves. Symbiotic cells of algae known as zooxanthellae carry out photosynthesis using the metabolic wastes of the coral thereby producing food for themselves, for their corals, hosts, and even for other members of the reef community. This symbiotic process allows organisms in the reef community to use sparse nutrient resources efficiently.

Unfortunately for coral reefs, however, a variety of human activities are causing worldwide degradation of shallow marine habitats by adding nutrients to the water. Agriculture, slash-and-burn land clearing, sewage disposal and manufacturing that creates waste by-products all increase nutrient loads in these waters. Typical symptoms of reef decline are destabilized herbivore populations and an increasing abundance of algae and filter-feeding animals. Declines in reef communities are consistent with observations that nutrient input is increasing in direct proportion to growing human populations, thereby threatening reef communities sensitive to subtle changes in nutrient input to their waters.

1.The passage is primarily concerned with

(A) describing the effects of human activities on algae in coral reefs

(B) explaining how human activities are posing a threat to coral reef communities

(C) discussing the process by which coral reefs deteriorate in nutrient-poor waters

(D) explaining how coral reefs produce food for themselves（B）

(E) describing the abundance of algae and filter-feeding animals in coral reef areas

2.The passage suggests which of the following about coral reef communities?

(A) Coral reef communities may actually be more likely to thrive in waters that are relatively low in nutrients.

(B) The nutrients on which coral reef communities thrive are only found in shallow waters.

(C) Human population growth has led to changing ocean temperatures, which threatens coral reef communities.

(D) The growth of coral reef communities tends to destabilize underwater herbivore populations.（A）

(E) Coral reef communities are more complex and diverse than most ecosystems located on dry land.

3.The author refers to “filter-feeding animals” (line 20) in order to

(A) provide an example of a characteristic sign of reef deterioration

(B) explain how reef communities acquire sustenance for survival

(C) identify a factor that helps herbivore populations thrive

(D) indicate a cause of decreasing nutrient input in waters that reefs inhabit（A）

(E) identify members of coral reef communities that rely on coral reefs for nutrients

4.According to the passage, which of the following is a factor that is threatening the survival of coral reef communities?

(A) The waters they inhabit contain few nutrient resources.

(B) A decline in nutrient input is disrupting their symbiotic relationship with zooxanthellae.

(C) The degraded waters of their marine habitats have reduced their ability to carry out photosynthesis.

(D) They are too biologically complex to survive in habitats with minimal nutrient input.（E）

(E) Waste by-products result in an increase in nutrient input to reef communities.

5.It can be inferred from the passage that the author describes coral reef communities as paradoxical most likely for which of the following reasons?

(A) They are thriving even though human activities have depleted the nutrients in their environment.

(B) They are able to survive in spite of an overabundance of algae inhabiting their waters.

(C) They are able to survive in an environment with limited food resources.

(D) Their metabolic wastes contribute to the degradation of the waters that they inhabit.（C）

(E) They are declining even when the water surrounding them remains clear.

女王的肥皂

Two divergent definitions have dominated sociologists’ discussions of the nature of ethnicity. The first emphasizes the primordial and unchanging character of ethnicity. In this view, people have an essential need for belonging that is satisfied by membership in groups based on shared ancestry and culture. A different conception of ethnicity de-emphasizes the cultural component and defines ethnic groups as interest groups. In this view, ethnicity serves as a way of mobilizing a certain population behind issues relating to its economic position. While both of these definitions are useful, neither fully captures the dynamic and changing aspects of ethnicity in the United States. Rather, ethnicity is more satisfactorily conceived of as a process in which preexisting communal bonds and common cultural attributes are adapted for instrumental purposes according to changing real-life situations.
One example of this process is the rise of participation by Native American people in the broader United States political system since the Civil Rights movement of the 1960’s. Besides leading Native Americans to participate more actively in politics (the number of Native American legislative officeholders more than doubled), this movement also evoked increased interest in tribal history and traditional culture. Cultural and instrumental components of ethnicity are not mutually exclusive, but rather reinforce one another.
The Civil Rights movement also brought changes in the uses to which ethnicity was put by Mexican American people. In the 1960’s, Mexican Americans formed community-based political groups that emphasized ancestral heritage as a way of mobilizing constituents. Such emerging issues as immigration and voting rights gave Mexican American advocacy groups the means by which to promote ethnic solidarity. Like European ethnic groups in the nineteenth-century United States, late-twentieth-century Mexican American leaders combined ethnic with contemporary civic symbols. In 1968 Henry Cisneros, then mayor of San Antonio, Texas, cited Mexican leader Benito Juarez as a model for Mexican Americans in their fight for contemporary civil rights. And every year, Mexican Americans celebrate Cinco de Mayo as fervently as many Irish American people embrace St. Patrick’s Day (both are major holidays in the countries of origin), with both holidays having been reinvented in the context of the United States and linked to ideals, symbols, and heroes of the United States.

mobilizing a certain population behind issues relating to its economic position. 这句话什么意思？

第一段，作者认为的the nature of ethnicity in America, 是上面两种观点的整合，即culture bond and preexisting commual bonds 都是为了instrumental purpose 的需要。
第二段， 典型的例子就是 civil right movement in 1960s. 这场运动使得， culture and instrument components 彼此加强。
第三段， 一墨西哥人为例子，说明civil right movement 还带来ethinicity 用处的改变。

真心不明白 Mexican American 为什么要举这样一个例子？


错误，4

1. Which of the following best states the main idea of the passage?
(A) In their definitions of the nature of ethnicity, sociologists have underestimated the power of the primordial human need to belong.
(B) Ethnicity is best defined as a dynamic process that combines cultural components with shared political and economic interests.
(C) In the United States in the twentieth century, ethnic groups have begun to organize in order to further their political and economic interests.
(D) Ethnicity in the United States has been significantly changed by the Civil Rights movement.
(E) The two definitions of ethnicity that have dominated sociologists discussions are incompatible and should be replaced by an entirely new approach.


2. Which of the following statements about the first two definitions of ethnicity discussed in the first paragraph is supported by the passage?
(A) One is supported primarily by sociologists, and the other is favored by members of ethnic groups.
(B) One emphasizes the political aspects of ethnicity, and the other focuses on the economic aspects.
(C) One is the result of analysis of United States populations, and the other is the result of analysis of European populations.
(D) One focuses more on the ancestral components of ethnicity than does the other.
(E) One focuses more on immigrant groups than does the other.


3. The author of the passage refers to Native American people in the second paragraph in order to provide an example of
(A) the ability of membership in groups based on shared ancestry and culture to satisfy an essential human need
(B) how ethnic feelings have both motivated and been strengthened by political activity
(C) how the Civil Rights movement can help promote solidarity among United States ethnic groups
(D) how participation in the political system has helped to improve a group’s economic situation
(E) the benefits gained from renewed study of ethnic history and culture


4. The passage supports which of the following statements about the Mexican American community?
(A) In the 1960’s the Mexican American community began to incorporate the customs of another ethnic group in the United States into the observation of its own ethnic holidays.
(B) In the 1960’s Mexican American community groups promoted ethnic solidarity primarily in order to effect economic change.
(C) In the 1960’s leader of the Mexican American community concentrated their efforts on promoting a renaissance of ethnic history and culture.
(D) In the 1960’s members of the Mexican American community were becoming increasingly concerned about the issue of voting rights.
(E) In the 1960’s the Mexican American community had greater success in mobilizing constituents than did other ethnic groups in the United States.
combined ethnic with contemporary civic symbols.
Such emerging issues as immigration and voting rights gave Mexican American advocacy groups the means by which to promote ethnic solidarity.

5. Which of the following types of ethnic cultural expression is discussed in the passage?
(A) The retelling of traditional narratives
(B) The wearing of traditional clothing
(C) The playing of traditional music
(D) The celebration of traditional holidays
(E) The preparation of traditional cuisine


6. Information in the passage supports which of the following statements about many European ethnic groups in the nineteenth-century United States?
(A) They emphasized economic interests as a way of mobilizing constituents behind certain issues.
(B) They conceived of their own ethnicity as being primordial in nature.
(C) They created cultural traditions that fused United States symbols with those of their countries of origin.
(D) They de-emphasized the cultural components of their communities in favor of political interests.
(E) They organized formal community groups designed to promote a renaissance of ethnic history and culture.


7. The passage suggests that in 1968 Henry Cisneros most likely believed that
(A) many Mexican American would respond positively to the example of Benito Juarez
(B) many Mexican American were insufficiently educated in Mexican history
(C) the fight for civil fights in the United States had many strong parallels in both Mexican and Irish history
(D) the quickest way of organizing community-based groups was to emulate the tactics of Benito Juarez
(E) Mexican Americans should emulate the strategies of Native American political leaders

Two divergent definitions have dominated sociologists’ discussions of the nature of ethnicity (ethnicity: n.种族划分). The first emphasizes the primordial and unchanging character of ethnicity. In this view, people have an essential need for belonging that is satisfied by membership in groups based on shared ancestry and culture. A different conception of ethnicity de-emphasizes the cultural component and defines ethnic groups as interest groups. In this view, ethnicity serves as a way of mobilizing a certain population behind issues relating to its economic position. While both of these definitions are useful, neither fully captures the dynamic and changing aspects of ethnicity in the United States. Rather, ethnicity is more satisfactorily conceived of as a process in which preexisting communal bonds and common cultural attributes are adapted for instrumental purposes according to changing real-life situations.

One example of this process is the rise of participation by Native American people in the broader United States political system since the Civil Rights movement of the 1960’s. Besides leading Native Americans to participate more actively in politics (the number of Native American legislative officeholders more than doubled), this movement also evoked increased interest in tribal history and traditional culture. Cultural and instrumental components of ethnicity are not mutually exclusive, but rather reinforce one another.

The Civil Rights movement also brought changes in the uses to which ethnicity was put by Mexican American people. In the 1960’s, Mexican Americans formed community-based political groups that emphasized ancestral heritage as a way of mobilizing constituents. Such emerging issues as immigration and voting rights gave Mexican American advocacy groups the means by which to promote ethnic solidarity. Like European ethnic groups in the nineteenth-century United States, late-twentieth-century Mexican American leaders combined ethnic with contemporary civic symbols. In 1968 Henry Cisneros, then mayor of San Antonio, Texas, cited Mexican leader Benito Juarez as a model for Mexican Americans in their fight for contemporary civil rights. And every year, Mexican Americans celebrate Cinco de Mayo as fervently as many Irish American people embrace St. Patrick’s Day (both are major holidays in the countries of origin), with both holidays having been reinvented in the context of the United States and linked to ideals, symbols, and heroes of the United States.

1.Which of the following best states the main idea of the passage?

(A) In their definitions of the nature of ethnicity, sociologists have underestimated the power of the primordial human need to belong.

(B) Ethnicity is best defined as a dynamic process that combines cultural components with shared political and economic interests.

(C) In the United States in the twentieth century, ethnic groups have begun to organize in order to further their political and economic interests.

(D) Ethnicity in the United States has been significantly changed by the Civil Rights movement.（B）

(E) The two definitions of ethnicity that have dominated sociologists discussions are incompatible and should be replaced by an entirely new approach.

2.Which of the following statements about the first two definitions of ethnicity discussed in the first paragraph is supported by the passage?

(A) One is supported primarily by sociologists, and the other is favored by members of ethnic groups.

(B) One emphasizes the political aspects of ethnicity, and the other focuses on the economic aspects.

(C) One is the result of analysis of United States populations, and the other is the result of analysis of European populations.

(D) One focuses more on the ancestral components of ethnicity than does the other.（D）

(E) One focuses more on immigrant groups than does the other.

3.The author of the passage refers to Native American people in the second paragraph in order to provide an example of

(A) the ability of membership in groups based on shared ancestry and culture to satisfy an essential human need

(B) how ethnic feelings have both motivated and been strengthened by political activity

(C) how the Civil Rights movement can help promote solidarity among United States ethnic groups

(D) how participation in the political system has helped to improve a group’s economic situation（B）

(E) the benefits gained from renewed study of ethnic history and culture

4.The passage supports which of the following statements about the Mexican American community?

(A) In the 1960’s the Mexican American community began to incorporate the customs of another ethnic group in the United States into the observation of its own ethnic holidays.

(B) In the 1960’s Mexican American community groups promoted ethnic solidarity primarily in order to effect economic change.

(C) In the 1960’s leader of the Mexican American community concentrated their efforts on promoting a renaissance of ethnic history and culture.

(D) In the 1960’s members of the Mexican American community were becoming increasingly concerned about the issue of voting rights.（D）

(E) In the 1960’s the Mexican American community had greater success in mobilizing constituents than did other ethnic groups in the United States.

5.Which of the following types of ethnic cultural expression is discussed in the passage?

(A) The retelling of traditional narratives

(B) The wearing of traditional clothing

(C) The playing of traditional music

(D) The celebration of traditional holidays（D）

(E) The preparation of traditional cuisine

6.Information in the passage supports which of the following statements about many European ethnic groups in the nineteenth-century United States?

(A) They emphasized economic interests as a way of mobilizing constituents behind certain issues.

(B) They conceived of their own ethnicity as being primordial in nature.

(C) They created cultural traditions that fused United States symbols with those of their countries of origin.

(D) They de-emphasized the cultural components of their communities in favor of political interests.（C）

(E) They organized formal community groups designed to promote a renaissance of ethnic history and culture.

7.The passage suggests that in 1968 Henry Cisneros most likely believed that

(A) many Mexican American would respond positively to the example of Benito Juarez

(B) many Mexican American were insufficiently educated in Mexican history

(C) the fight for civil fights in the United States had many strong parallels in both Mexican and Irish history

(D) the quickest way of organizing community-based groups was to emulate the tactics of Benito Juarez（A）

(E) Mexican Americans should emulate the strategies of Native American political leaders

女王的肥皂

The fact that superior service can generate a competitive advantage for a company does not mean that every attempt at improving service will create such an advantage. Investments in service, like those in production and distribution, must be balanced against other types of investments on the basis of direct, tangible benefits such as cost reduction and increased revenues. If a company is already effectively on a par with its competitors because it provides service that avoids a damaging reputation and keeps customers from leaving at an unacceptable rate, then investment in higher service levels may be wasted, since service is a deciding factor for customers only in extreme situations.
This truth was not apparent to managers of one regional bank, which failed to improve its competitive position despite its investment in reducing the time a customer had to wait for a teller. The bank managers did not recognize the level of customer inertia in the consumer banking industry that arises from the inconvenience of switching banks. Nor did they analyze their service improvement to determine whether it would attract new customers by producing a new standard of service that would excite customers or by proving difficult for competitors to copy. The only merit of the improvement was that it could easily be described to customers.

这篇 和那个 说 productivity 是 hygience factor 那篇是一样的。
看着，第二段，弄不好，又是一个功利主义分子

第一段，service发面，一个公司和competitor 一样的情况下，再在这方面投入，就得不偿失。
第二段，managers in bank 减少customer waing time for a teller 不是很成功。首先，他没明白为什么customer 想等。 其次，这个方案没有建立一个标准，也不能防止competitor 的复制。

错误 2 重点


1. The primary purpose of the passage is to
(A) contrast possible outcomes of a type of business investment
(B) suggest more careful evaluation of a type of business investment
(C) illustrate various ways in which a type of business investment could fail to enhance revenues
(D) trace the general problems of a company to a certain type of business investment
(E) criticize the way in which managers tend to analyze the costs and benefits of business investments


2. According to the passage, investments in service are comparable to investments in production and distribution in terms of the
(A) tangibility of the benefits that they tend to confer
(B) increased revenues that they ultimately produce
(C) basis on which they need to be weighed
(D) insufficient analysis that managers devote to them
(E) degree of competitive advantage that they are likely to provide
Investments in service, like those in production and distribution, must be balanced against other types of investments on the basis of direct, tangible benefits such as cost reduction and increased revenues.
这句话第一次没有读明白。这句话的意识是说，不管什么投资，你都要用 cost and beefits 来衡量， 来决定是不是应该进行这样的投资。
ABC

3. The passage suggests which of the following about service provided by the regional bank prior to its investment in enhancing that service?
(A) It enabled the bank to retain customers at an acceptable rate.
(B) It threatened to weaken the bank’s competitive position with respect to other regional banks.
(C) It had already been improved after having caused damage to the bank’s reputation in the past.
(D) It was slightly superior to that of the bank’s regional competitors.
(E) It needed to be improved to attain parity with the service provided by competing banks.
The bank managers did not recognize the level of customer inertia in the consumer banking industry that arises from the inconvenience of switching banks

4. The passage suggests that bank managers failed to consider whether or not the service improvement mentioned in line 19
(A) was too complicated to be easily described to prospective customers
(B) made a measurable change in the experiences of customers in the bank’s offices
(C) could be sustained if the number of customers increased significantly
(D) was an innovation that competing banks could have imitated
(E) was adequate to bring the bank’s general level of service to a level that was comparable with that of its competitors
还是 我想找 attract new customers. 没有。就只能找那两个by

5. The discussion of the regional bank (line 13-24) serves which of the following functions within the passage as a whole?
(A) It describes an exceptional case in which investment in service actually failed to produce a competitive advantage.
(B) It illustrates the pitfalls of choosing to invest in service at a time when investment is needed more urgently in another area.
(C) It demonstrates the kind of analysis that managers apply when they choose one kind of service investment over another.
(D) It supports the argument that investments in certain aspects of service are more advantageous than investments in other aspects of service.
(E) It provides an example of the point about investment in service made in the first paragraph.


6. The author uses the word “only” in line 23 most likely in order to
(A) highlight the oddity of the service improvement
(B) emphasize the relatively low value of the investment in service improvement
(C) distinguish the primary attribute of the service improvement from secondary attributes
(D) single out a certain merit of the service improvement from other merits
(E) point out the limited duration of the actual service improvement


The fact that superior service can generate a competitive advantage for a company does not mean that every attempt at improving service will create such an advantage. Investments in service, like those in production and distribution, must be balanced against other types of investments on the basis of direct, tangible benefits such as cost reduction and increased revenues. If a company is already effectively on a par (on a par: adv.同等) with its competitors because it provides service that avoids a damaging reputation and keeps customers from leaving at an unacceptable rate, then investment in higher service levels may be wasted, since service is a deciding factor for customers only in extreme situations.

This truth was not apparent to managers of one regional bank (regional bank: 美国设在联邦储备区的联邦储备银行), which failed to improve its competitive position despite its investment in reducing the time a customer had to wait for a teller. The bank managers did not recognize the level of customer inertia in the consumer banking industry that arises from the inconvenience of switching banks. Nor did they analyze their service improvement to determine whether it would attract new customers by producing a new standard of service that would excite customers or by proving difficult for competitors to copy. The only merit of the improvement was that it could easily be described to customers.

1.The primary purpose of the passage is to

(A) contrast possible outcomes of a type of business investment

(B) suggest more careful evaluation of a type of business investment

(C) illustrate various ways in which a type of business investment could fail to enhance revenues

(D) trace the general problems of a company to a certain type of business investment（B）

(E) criticize the way in which managers tend to analyze the costs and benefits of business investments

2.According to the passage, investments in service are comparable to investments in production and distribution in terms of the

(A) tangibility of the benefits that they tend to confer

(B) increased revenues that they ultimately produce

(C) basis on which they need to be weighed

(D) insufficient analysis that managers devote to them（C）

(E) degree of competitive advantage that they are likely to provide

3.The passage suggests which of the following about service provided by the regional bank prior to its investment in enhancing that service?

(A) It enabled the bank to retain customers at an acceptable rate.

(B) It threatened to weaken the bank’s competitive position with respect to other regional banks.

(C) It had already been improved after having caused damage to the bank’s reputation in the past.

(D) It was slightly superior to that of the bank’s regional competitors.（A）

(E) It needed to be improved to attain parity with the service provided by competing banks.

4.The passage suggests that bank managers failed to consider whether or not the service improvement mentioned in line 19

(A) was too complicated to be easily described to prospective customers

(B) made a measurable change in the experiences of customers in the bank’s offices

(C) could be sustained if the number of customers increased significantly

(D) was an innovation that competing banks could have imitated（D）

(E) was adequate to bring the bank’s general level of service to a level that was comparable with that of its competitors

5.The discussion of the regional bank (line 13-24) serves which of the following functions within the passage as a whole?

(A) It describes an exceptional case in which investment in service actually failed to produce a competitive advantage.

(B) It illustrates the pitfalls of choosing to invest in service at a time when investment is needed more urgently in another area.

(C) It demonstrates the kind of analysis that managers apply when they choose one kind of service investment over another.

(D) It supports the argument that investments in certain aspects of service are more advantageous than investments in other aspects of service.（E）

(E) It provides an example of the point about investment in service made in the first paragraph.

6.The author uses the word “only” in line 23 most likely in order to

(A) highlight the oddity of the service improvement

(B) emphasize the relatively low value of the investment in service improvement

(C) distinguish the primary attribute of the service improvement from secondary attributes

(D) single out a certain merit of the service improvement from other merits（B）

(E) point out the limited duration of the actual service improvement