俺的GMAT家

女王的肥皂

The sensation of pain cannot accurately be described as “located” at the point of an injury, or, for that matter（并且）, in any one place in the nerves or brain. Rather, pain signals—and pain relief—are delivered through a highly complex interacting circuitry.
When a cell is injured, a rush of prostaglandins sensitizes nerve endings at the injury. Prostaglandins are chemicals produced in and released from virtually all mammalian cells when they are injured: these are the only pain signals that do not originate in the nervous system. Aspirin and other similar drugs (such as indomethacin and ibuprofen) keep prostaglandins from being made by interfering with an enzyme known as prostaglandin synthetase, or cyclooxygenase. The drugs’ effectiveness against pain is proportional to their success in blocking this enzyme at the site of injury.
From nerve endings at the injury, pain signals move to nerves feeding into the spinal cord. The long, tubular membranes of nerve cells carry electrical impulses. When electrical impulses get to the spinal cord, a pain-signaling chemical known as substance P is released there. Substance P then excites nearby neurons to send impulses to the brain. Local anesthetics such as novocaine and xylocaine work by blocking the electrical transmission along nerves in a particular area. They inhibit the flow of sodium ions through the membranes, making the nerves electrically quiescent; thus no pain signals are sent to the spinal cord or to the brain.
Recent discoveries in the study of pain have involved the brain itself—the supervising organ that notices pain signals and that sends messages down to the spinal cord to regulate incoming pain traffic. Endorphins—the brain’s own morphine—are a class of small peptides that help to block pain signals within the brain itself. The presence of endorphins may also help to explain differences in response to pain signals, since individuals seem to differ in their ability to produce endorphins. It now appears that a number of techniques for blocking chronic pain—such as acupuncture and electrical stimulation of the central brain stem—involve the release of endorphins in the brain and spinal cord.

第一段 痛感是通过一个复杂的回路来完成的。
第二段，细胞一受伤，就是生成Pr. Aspirin 作用机制就是生成一个enzyme，防止Pr在患处生成。
第三段， 神经信息传递过程。pain signals-nerves-electrical impulse-spinal cord-substance B-neurons-impulse-brain.
                                                                         anesthetics
第四段，endorphin 可以阻止脑内的疼痛信号。

1. The passage is primarily concerned with
(A) analyzing ways that enzymes and other chemicals influence how the body feels pain
(B) describing the presence of endorphins in the brain and discussing ways the body blocks pain within the brain itself
(C) describing how pain signals are conveyed in the body and discussing ways in which the pain signals can be blocked
(D) demonstrating that pain can be influenced by acupuncture and electrical stimulation of the central brain stem
(E) differentiating the kinds of pain that occur at different points in the body’s nervous system


2. According to the passage, which of the following is one of the first things to occur when cells are injured?
(A) The flow of electrical impulses through nerve cells at the site of the injury is broken.
(B) The production of substance P traveling through nerve cells to the brain increases.
(C) Endorphins begin to speed up the response of nerve cells at the site of the injury.
(D) A flood of prostaglandins sensitizes nerve endings at the site of the injury.
(E) Nerve cells connected to the spinal cord become electrically quiescent.


3. Of the following, which is most likely attributable to the effect of endorphins as described in the passage?
(A) After an injection of novocaine, a patient has no feeling in the area where the injection was given.
(B) After taking ibuprofen, a person with a headache gets quick relief.
(C) After receiving a local anesthetic, an injured person reports relief in the anesthetized area.
(D) After being given aspirin, a child with a badly scraped elbow feels better.
(E) After acupuncture, a patient with chronic back pain reports that the pain is much less severe.


4. It can be inferred from the passage that if the prostaglandin synthetase is only partially blocked, which of the following is likely to be true?
(A) Some endorphins will be produced, and some pain signals will be intensified.
(B) Some substance P is likely to be produced, so some pain signals will reach the brain.
(C) Some sodium ions will be blocked, so some pain signals will not reach the brain.
(D) Some prostaglandins will be produced, but production of substance P will be prevented.
(E) Some peptides in the brain will receive pain signals and begin to regulate incoming pain traffic.

The sensation of pain (sensation of pain: 痛觉) cannot accurately be described as “located” at the point of an injury, or, for that matter (for that matter: so far as that is concerned), in any one place in the nerves or brain. Rather, pain signals—and pain relief—are delivered through a highly complex interacting circuitry.

When a cell is injured, a rush of prostaglandins sensitizes nerve endings at the injury. Prostaglandins are chemicals produced in and released from virtually all mammalian cells when they are injured: these are the only pain signals that do not originate in the nervous system. Aspirin and other similar drugs (such as indomethacin and ibuprofen) keep prostaglandins from being made by interfering with an enzyme known as prostaglandin synthetase, or cyclooxygenase. The drugs’ effectiveness against pain is proportional to their success in blocking this enzyme at the site of injury.

From nerve endings at the injury, pain signals move to nerves feeding into the spinal cord (spinal cord: n.脊髓). The long, tubular membranes of nerve cells carry electrical impulses. When electrical impulses get to the spinal cord, a pain-signaling chemical known as substance P is released there. Substance P then excites nearby neurons to send impulses to the brain. Local anesthetics such as novocaine and xylocaine work by blocking the electrical transmission along nerves in a particular area. They inhibit the flow of sodium ions through the membranes, making the nerves electrically quiescent; thus no pain signals are sent to the spinal cord or to the brain.

Recent discoveries in the study of pain have involved the brain itself—the supervising organ that notices pain signals and that sends messages down to the spinal cord to regulate incoming pain traffic. Endorphins—the brain’s own morphine—are a class of small peptides that help to block pain signals within the brain itself. The presence of endorphins may also help to explain differences in response to pain signals, since individuals seem to differ in their ability to produce endorphins. It now appears that a number of techniques for blocking chronic pain—such as acupuncture and electrical stimulation of the central brain stem (brain stem: 脑干)—involve the release of endorphins in the brain and spinal cord.

1.The passage is primarily concerned with

(A) analyzing ways that enzymes and other chemicals influence how the body feels pain

(B) describing the presence of endorphins in the brain and discussing ways the body blocks pain within the brain itself

(C) describing how pain signals are conveyed in the body and discussing ways in which the pain signals can be blocked

(D) demonstrating that pain can be influenced by acupuncture and electrical stimulation of the central brain stem（C）

(E) differentiating the kinds of pain that occur at different points in the body’s nervous system

2.According to the passage, which of the following is one of the first things to occur when cells are injured?

(A) The flow of electrical impulses through nerve cells at the site of the injury is broken.

(B) The production of substance P traveling through nerve cells to the brain increases.

(C) Endorphins begin to speed up the response of nerve cells at the site of the injury.

(D) A flood of prostaglandins sensitizes nerve endings at the site of the injury.（D）

(E) Nerve cells connected to the spinal cord become electrically quiescent.

3.Of the following, which is most likely attributable to the effect of endorphins as described in the passage?

(A) After an injection of novocaine, a patient has no feeling in the area where the injection was given.

(B) After taking ibuprofen, a person with a headache gets quick relief.

(C) After receiving a local anesthetic, an injured person reports relief in the anesthetized area.

(D) After being given aspirin, a child with a badly scraped elbow feels better.（E）

(E) After acupuncture, a patient with chronic back pain reports that the pain is much less severe.

4.It can be inferred from the passage that if the prostaglandin synthetase is only partially blocked, which of the following is likely to be true?

(A) Some endorphins will be produced, and some pain signals will be intensified.

(B) Some substance P is likely to be produced, so some pain signals will reach the brain.

(C) Some sodium ions will be blocked, so some pain signals will not reach the brain.

(D) Some prostaglandins will be produced, but production of substance P will be prevented.（B）

(E) Some peptides in the brain will receive pain signals and begin to regulate incoming pain traffic.

女王的肥皂

Japanese firms have achieved the highest levels of manufacturing efficiency in the world automobile industry. Some observers of Japan have assumed that Japanese firms use the same manufacturing equipment and techniques as United States firms but have benefited from the unique characteristics of Japanese employees and the Japanese culture. However, if this were true, then one would expect Japanese auto plants in the United States to perform no better than factories run by United States companies. This is not the case; Japanese-run automobile plants located in the United States and staffed by local workers have demonstrated higher levels of productivity when compared with factories owned by United States companies.
Other observers link high Japanese productivity tohigher levels of capital investment per worker. But a historical perspective leads to a different conclusion. When the two top Japanese automobile makers matched andthen doubled United States productivity levels in the mid-sixties, capital investment per employee was comparable to that of United States firms. Furthermore, by the late seventies, the amount of fixed assets required to produce one vehicle was roughly equivalent in Japan and in the United States.
Since capital investment was not higher in Japan, it had to be other factors that led to higher productivity. A more fruitful explanation may lie with Japanese production techniques. Japanese automobile producers did not simply implement conventional processes more effectively: they made critical changes in United States procedures. For instance, the mass-production philosophy of United States automakers encouraged the production of huge lots of cars in order to utilize fully expensive, component-specific equipment and to occupy fully workers who have been trained to execute one operation efficiently. Japanese automakers chose to make small-lot production feasible by introducing several departures from United States practices, including the use of flexible equipment that could be altered easily to do several different production tasks and the training of workers in multiple jobs. Automakers could schedule the production of different components or models on single machines, thereby eliminating the need to store the buffer stocks of extra components that result when specialized equipment and workers are kept constantly active.

第一段，日本汽车效率高不是因为the unique character of Janpanese employee and Janpanese culture.
第二段，否认这个高效是因为capital investment
第三段，认为日本别于美国的高效是，没有选择专业化，而是灵活生产。

错误 1 3
3 不确定

1. The primary purpose of the passage is to
(A) present the major steps of a process
(B) clarify an ambiguity
(C) chronicle a dispute
(D) correct misconceptions
(E) defend an accepted approach

澄清一些错误观念，注意BD的区别， a ambiguity, misconveptions. 当然是复数的了，这么多错误的想法。

2. The author suggests that if the observers of Japan mentioned in line 3 were correct, which of the following would be the case?
(A) The equipment used in Japanese automobile plants would be different from the equipment used in United States plants.
(B) Japanese workers would be trained to do several different production jobs.
(C) Culture would not have an influence on the productivity levels of workers.
(D) The workers in Japanese-run plants would have higher productivity levels regardless of where they were located.
(E) The production levels of Japanese-run plants located in the United States would be equal to those of plants run by United States companies.

3. Which of the following statements concerning the productivity levels of automakers can be inferred from the passage?
(A) Prior to the 1960’s, the productivity levels of the top Japanese automakers were exceeded by those of United States automakers.
(B) The culture of a country has a large effect on the productivity levels of its automakers.
(C) During the late 1970’s and early 1980’s, productivity levels were comparable in Japan and the United States.
(D) The greater the number of cars that are produced in a single lot, the higher a plant’s productivity level.
(E) The amount of capital investment made by automobile manufacturers in their factories determines the level of productivity.
When the two top Japanese automobile makers matched andthen doubled United States productivity levels in the mid-sixties
我是不是读错了，这句暗含的意思，美国in the mid-sixties automobile productivity 是最高的。


4. According to the passage, which of the following statements is true of Japanese automobile workers?
(A) Their productivity levels did not equal those of United States automobile workers until the late seventies.
(B) Their high efficiency levels are a direct result of cultural influences.
(C) They operate component-specific machinery.
(D) They are trained to do more than one job.
(E) They produce larger lots of cars than do workers in United States factories.


5. Which of the following best describes the organization of the first paragraph?
(A) A thesis is presented and supporting examples are provided.
(B) Opposing views are presented, classified, and then reconciled.
(C) A fact is stated, and an explanation is advanced and then refuted.
(D) A theory is proposed, considered, and then amended.
(E) An opinion is presented, qualified, and then reaffirmed.


6. It can be inferred from the passage that one problem associated with the production of huge lots of cars is which of the following?
(A) The need to manufacture flexible machinery and equipment
(B) The need to store extra components not required for immediate use
(C) The need for expensive training programs for workers, which emphasize the development of facility in several production jobs
(D) The need to alter conventional mass-production processes
(E) The need to increase the investment per vehicle in order to achieve high productivity levels


7. Which of the following statements is supported by information stated in the passage?
(A) Japanese and United States automakers differ in their approach to production processes.
(B) Japanese automakers have perfected the use of single-function equipment.
(C) Japanese automakers invest more capital per employee than do United States automakers.
(D) United States-owned factories abroad have higher production levels than do Japanese owned plants in the United States.
(E) Japanese automakers have benefited from the cultural heritage of their workers.


8. With which of the following predictive statement regarding Japanese automakers would the author most likely agree?
(A) The efficiency levels of the Japanese automakers will decline if they become less flexible in their approach to production.
(B) Japanese automakers productivity levels double during the late 1990’s.
(C) United States automakers will originate new production processes before Japanese automakers do.
(D) Japanese automakers will hire fewer workers than will United States automakers because each worker is required to perform several jobs.
(E) Japanese automakers will spend less on equipment repairs than will United States automakers because Japanese equipment can be easily altered.


Japanese firms have achieved the highest levels of manufacturing efficiency in the world automobile industry. Some observers of Japan have assumed that Japanese firms use the same manufacturing equipment and techniques as United States firms but have benefited from the unique characteristics of Japanese employees and the Japanese culture. However, if this were true, then one would expect Japanese auto plants in the United States to perform no better than factories run by United States companies. This is not the case; Japanese-run automobile plants located in the United States and staffed by local workers have demonstrated higher levels of productivity when compared with factories owned by United States companies.

Other observers link high Japanese productivity to higher levels of capital investment per worker. But a historical perspective leads to a different conclusion. When the two top Japanese automobile makers matched and then doubled United States productivity levels in the mid-sixties, capital investment per employee was comparable to that of United States firms. Furthermore, by the late seventies, the amount of fixed assets required to produce one vehicle was roughly equivalent in Japan and in the United States.

Since capital investment was not higher in Japan, it had to be other factors that led to higher productivity. A more fruitful explanation may lie with Japanese production techniques. Japanese automobile producers did not simply implement conventional processes more effectively: they made critical changes in United States procedures. For instance, the mass-production philosophy of United States automakers encouraged the production of huge lots of cars in order to utilize fully expensive, component-specific equipment and to occupy fully workers who have been trained to execute one operation efficiently. Japanese automakers chose to make small-lot production feasible by introducing several departures from United States practices, including the use of flexible equipment that could be altered easily to do several different production tasks and the training of workers in multiple jobs. Automakers could schedule the production of different components or models on single machines, thereby eliminating the need to store the buffer stocks of extra components that result when specialized equipment and workers are kept constantly active.

1.The primary purpose of the passage is to

(A) present the major steps of a process

(B) clarify an ambiguity

(C) chronicle a dispute

(D) correct misconceptions（D）

(E) defend an accepted approach

2.The author suggests that if the observers of Japan mentioned in line 3 were correct, which of the following would be the case?

(A) The equipment used in Japanese automobile plants would be different from the equipment used in United States plants.

(B) Japanese workers would be trained to do several different production jobs.

(C) Culture would not have an influence on the productivity levels of workers.

(D) The workers in Japanese-run plants would have higher productivity levels regardless of where they were located.（E）

(E) The production levels of Japanese-run plants located in the United States would be equal to those of plants run by United States companies.

3.Which of the following statements concerning the productivity levels of automakers can be inferred from the passage?

(A) Prior to the 1960’s, the productivity levels of the top Japanese automakers were exceeded by those of United States automakers.

(B) The culture of a country has a large effect on the productivity levels of its automakers.

(C) During the late 1970’s and early 1980’s, productivity levels were comparable in Japan and the United States.

(D) The greater the number of cars that are produced in a single lot, the higher a plant’s productivity level.（A）

(E) The amount of capital investment made by automobile manufacturers in their factories determines the level of productivity.

4.According to the passage, which of the following statements is true of Japanese automobile workers?

(A) Their productivity levels did not equal those of United States automobile workers until the late seventies.

(B) Their high efficiency levels are a direct result of cultural influences.

(C) They operate component-specific machinery.

(D) They are trained to do more than one job.（D）

(E) They produce larger lots of cars than do workers in United States factories.

5.Which of the following best describes the organization of the first paragraph?

(A) A thesis is presented and supporting examples are provided.

(B) Opposing views are presented, classified, and then reconciled.

(C) A fact is stated, and an explanation is advanced and then refuted.

(D) A theory is proposed, considered, and then amended.（C）

(E) An opinion is presented, qualified, and then reaffirmed.

6.It can be inferred from the passage that one problem associated with the production of huge lots of cars is which of the following?

(A) The need to manufacture flexible machinery and equipment

(B) The need to store extra components not required for immediate use

(C) The need for expensive training programs for workers, which emphasize the development of facility in several production jobs

(D) The need to alter conventional mass-production processes（B）

(E) The need to increase the investment per vehicle in order to achieve high productivity levels

7.Which of the following statements is supported by information stated in the passage?

(A) Japanese and United States automakers differ in their approach to production processes.

(B) Japanese automakers have perfected the use of single-function equipment.

(C) Japanese automakers invest more capital per employee than do United States automakers.

(D) United States-owned factories abroad have higher production levels than do Japanese owned plants in the United States.（A）

(E) Japanese automakers have benefited from the cultural heritage of their workers.

8.With which of the following predictive statement regarding Japanese automakers would the author most likely agree?

(A) The efficiency levels of the Japanese automakers will decline if they become less flexible in their approach to production.

(B) Japanese automakers productivity levels double during the late 1990’s.

(C) United States automakers will originate new production processes before Japanese automakers do.

(D) Japanese automakers will hire fewer workers than will United States automakers because each worker is required to perform several jobs.（A）

(E) Japanese automakers will spend less on equipment repairs than will United States automakers because Japanese equipment can be easily altered.

女王的肥皂

steven

路过，LZ加油哦~

女王的肥皂

enen

女王的肥皂

It was once believed that the brain was independent of metabolic processes occurring elsewhere in the body. In recent studies, however, we have discovered that the production and release in brain neurons of the neurotransmitter serotonin (neurotransmitters are compounds that neurons use to transmit signals to other cells) depend directly on the food that the body processes.
Our first studies sought to determine whether the increase in serotonin observed in rats given a large injection of the amino acid tryptophan might also occur after rats ate meals that change tryptophan levels in the blood. We found that, immediately after the rats began to eat, parallel elevations occurred in blood tryptophan, brain tryptophan, and brain serotonin levels. These findings suggested that the production and release of serotonin in brain neurons were normally coupled with blood-tryptophan increases. In later studies we found that injecting insulin into a rat’s bloodstream also caused parallel elevations in blood and brain tryptophan levels and in serotonin levels. We then decided to see whether the secretion of the animal’s own insulin similarly affected serotonin production. We gave the rats a carbohydrate-containing meal that we knew would elicit insulin secretion. As we had hypothesized, the blood tryptophan level and the concentrations of tryptophan serotonin in the brain increased after the meal.
Surprisingly, however, when we added a large amount of protein to the meal, brain tryptophan and serotonin levels fell. Since protein contains tryptophan, why should it depress brain tryptophan levels? The answer lies in the mechanism that provides blood tryptophan to the brain cells. This same mechanism also provides the brain cells with other amino acids found in protein, such as tyrosine and Leucine. The consumption of protein increases blood concentration of the other amino acids much more（原来是在血液里溶解成氨基酸呀）, proportionately, than it does that of tryptophan. The more protein in the meal, the lower is the ratio of the resulting blood-tryptophan concentration to the concentration of competing amino acids, and the more slowly is tryptophan provided to the brain. Thus the more protein in a meal, the less serotonin subsequently produced and released.

我像是一直分不清楚 amino acid and protein。 回去找到的
先写下我对这个gene 到protain的过程，nucleotide 的gene's sequence was transcribed into mRNA. 然后，以这个mRNA为链, 通过ribosome将amino acide 连接就是成了一个protain.
amino acid 来自食物，之后才能在体内进行合成。
还有呀，食物蛋白和人体蛋白不是一个东西。资料说，食物蛋白，变成氨基酸被人体吸收，之后再合成为人体的蛋白。


第一段，大脑神经元的 neurotransmitter 的产生和食物摄取息息相关的。（看完这个，我想说考试的时候一定不要减肥，不然考不好的。）
后面两段，正是在验证我口号里面的东西。食物中的蛋白质和脑子里的neurotransmitter成反向关系。

错误 2 3

1. Which of the following titles best summarizes the contents of the passage?
(A) Neurotransmitters: Their Crucial Function in Cellular Communication
(B) Diet and Survival: An Old Relationship Reexamined
(C) The Blood Supply and the Brain: A Reciprocal Dependence
(D) Amino Acids and Neurotransmitters: The Connection Between Serotonin Levels and Tyrosine
(E) The Effects of Food Intake on the Production and Release of Serotonin: Some Recent Findings


2. According to the passage, the speed with which tryptophan is provided to the brain cells of a rat varies with the
(A) amount of protein present in a meal
(B) concentration of serotonin in the brain before a meal
(C) concentration of leucine in the blood rather than on the concentration of tyrosine in the blood after a meal
(D) concentration of tryptophan in the brain before a meal
(E) number of serotonin-containing neurons present in the brain before a meal
题干没有读懂

3. According to the passage, when the authors began their first studies, they were aware that
(A) they would eventually need to design experiments that involved feeding rats high concentrations of protein
(B) tryptophan levels in the blood were difficult to monitor with accuracy
(C) serotonin levels increased after rats were fed meals rich in tryptophan
(D) there were many neurotransmitters whose production was dependent on metabolic processes elsewhere in the body
(E) serotonin levels increased after rats were injected with a large amount of tryptophan
CE 细节比较
注意 题干问什么，the authors werer aware what ?

4. According to the passage, one reason that the authors gave rats carbohydrates was to
(A) depress the rats’ tryptophan levels
(B) prevent the rats from contracting diseases
(C) cause the rats to produce insulin
(D) demonstrate that insulin is the most important substance secreted by the body
(E) compare the effect of carbohydrates with the effect of proteins


5. According to the passage, the more protein a rat consumes, the lower will be the
(A) ratio of the rat’s blood-tryptophan concentration to the amount of serotonin produced and released in the rat’s brain
(B) ratio of the rat’s blood-tryptophan concentration to the concentration in its blood of the other amino acids contained in the protein
(C) ratio of the rat’s blood-tyrosine concentration to its blood-leucine concentration
(D) number of neurotransmitters of any kind that the rat will produce and release
(E) number of amino acids the rat’s blood will contain


6. The authors’ discussion of the “mechanism that provides blood tryptophan to the brain cells” (lines 31-32) is meant to
(A) stimulate further research studies
(B) summarize an area of scientific investigation
(C) help explain why a particular research finding was obtained
(D) provide supporting evidence for a controversial scientific theory
(E) refute the conclusions of a previously mentioned research study


7. According to the passage, an injection of insulin was most similar in its effect on rats to an injection of
(A) tyrosine
(B) leucine
(C) blood
(D) tryptophan
(E) protein


8. It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following would be LEAST likely to be a potential source of aid to a patient who was not adequately producing and releasing serotonin?
(A) Meals consisting almost exclusively of protein
(B) Meals consisting almost exclusively of carbohydrates
(C) Meals that would elicit insulin secretion
(D) Meals that had very low concentrations of tyrosine
(E) Meals that had very low concentrations of leucine
多蛋白的食物

9. It can be inferred from the passage that the authors initially held which of the following hypotheses about what would happen when they fed large amounts of protein to rats?
(A) The rats’ brain serotonin levels would not decrease.
(B) The rats’ brain tryptophan levels would decrease.
(C) The rats’ tyrosine levels would increase less quickly than would their leucine levels.
(D) The rats would produce more insulin.
(E) The rats would produce neurotransmitters other than serotonin.

It was once believed that the brain was independent of metabolic processes occurring elsewhere in the body. In recent studies, however, we have discovered that the production and release in brain neurons of the neurotransmitter serotonin (serotonin: n.含于血液中的复合胺) (neurotransmitters are compounds that neurons use to transmit signals to other cells) depend directly on the food that the body processes.

Our first studies sought to determine whether the increase in serotonin observed in rats given a large injection of the amino acid tryptophan might also occur after rats ate meals that change tryptophan levels in the blood. We found that, immediately after the rats began to eat, parallel elevations occurred in blood tryptophan, brain tryptophan, and brain serotonin levels. These findings suggested that the production and release of serotonin in brain neurons were normally coupled with blood-tryptophan increases. In later studies we found that injecting insulin into a rat’s bloodstream also caused parallel elevations in blood and brain tryptophan levels and in serotonin levels. We then decided to see whether the secretion of the animal’s own insulin similarly affected serotonin production. We gave the rats a carbohydrate-containing meal that we knew would elicit insulin secretion. As we had hypothesized, the blood tryptophan level and the concentrations of tryptophan serotonin in the brain increased after the meal.

Surprisingly, however, when we added a large amount of protein to the meal, brain tryptophan and serotonin levels fell. Since protein contains tryptophan, why should it depress brain tryptophan levels? The answer lies in the mechanism that provides blood tryptophan to the brain cells. This same mechanism also provides the brain cells with other amino acids found in protein, such as tyrosine and Leucine. The consumption of protein increases blood concentration of the other amino acids much more, proportionately, than it does that of tryptophan. The more protein in the meal, the lower is the ratio of the resulting blood-tryptophan concentration to the concentration of competing amino acids, and the more slowly is tryptophan provided to the brain. Thus the more protein in a meal, the less serotonin subsequently produced and released.

1.Which of the following titles best summarizes the contents of the passage?

(A) Neurotransmitters: Their Crucial Function in Cellular Communication

(B) Diet and Survival: An Old Relationship Reexamined

(C) The Blood Supply and the Brain: A Reciprocal Dependence

(D) Amino Acids and Neurotransmitters: The Connection Between Serotonin Levels and Tyrosine（E）

(E) The Effects of Food Intake on the Production and Release of Serotonin: Some Recent Findings

2.According to the passage, the speed with which tryptophan is provided to the brain cells of a rat varies with the

(A) amount of protein present in a meal

(B) concentration of serotonin in the brain before a meal

(C) concentration of leucine in the blood rather than on the concentration of tyrosine in the blood after a meal

(D) concentration of tryptophan in the brain before a meal（A）

(E) number of serotonin-containing neurons present in the brain before a meal

3.According to the passage, when the authors began their first studies, they were aware that

(A) they would eventually need to design experiments that involved feeding rats high concentrations of protein

(B) tryptophan levels in the blood were difficult to monitor with accuracy

(C) serotonin levels increased after rats were fed meals rich in tryptophan

(D) there were many neurotransmitters whose production was dependent on metabolic processes elsewhere in the body（E）

(E) serotonin levels increased after rats were injected with a large amount of tryptophan

4.According to the passage, one reason that the authors gave rats carbohydrates was to

(A) depress the rats’ tryptophan levels

(B) prevent the rats from contracting diseases

(C) cause the rats to produce insulin

(D) demonstrate that insulin is the most important substance secreted by the body（C）

(E) compare the effect of carbohydrates with the effect of proteins

5.According to the passage, the more protein a rat consumes, the lower will be the

(A) ratio of the rat’s blood-tryptophan concentration to the amount of serotonin produced and released in the rat’s brain

(B) ratio of the rat’s blood-tryptophan concentration to the concentration in its blood of the other amino acids contained in the protein

(C) ratio of the rat’s blood-tyrosine concentration to its blood-leucine concentration

(D) number of neurotransmitters of any kind that the rat will produce and release（B）

(E) number of amino acids the rat’s blood will contain

6.The authors’ discussion of the “mechanism that provides blood tryptophan to the brain cells” (lines 31-32) is meant to

(A) stimulate further research studies

(B) summarize an area of scientific investigation

(C) help explain why a particular research finding was obtained

(D) provide supporting evidence for a controversial scientific theory（C）

(E) refute the conclusions of a previously mentioned research study

7.According to the passage, an injection of insulin was most similar in its effect on rats to an injection of

(A) tyrosine

(B) leucine

(C) blood

(D) tryptophan（D）

(E) protein

8.It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following would be LEAST likely to be a potential source of aid to a patient who was not adequately producing and releasing serotonin?

(A) Meals consisting almost exclusively of protein

(B) Meals consisting almost exclusively of carbohydrates

(C) Meals that would elicit insulin secretion

(D) Meals that had very low concentrations of tyrosine（A）

(E) Meals that had very low concentrations of leucine

9.It can be inferred from the passage that the authors initially held which of the following hypotheses about what would happen when they fed large amounts of protein to rats?

(A) The rats’ brain serotonin levels would not decrease.

(B) The rats’ brain tryptophan levels would decrease.

(C) The rats’ tyrosine levels would increase less quickly than would their leucine levels.

(D) The rats would produce more insulin.（A）

(E) The rats would produce neurotransmitters other than serotonin.

女王的肥皂

Historians sometimes forget that history is continually being made and experienced before it is studied, interpreted, and read. These latter activities have their own history, of course, which may impinge in unexpected ways on public events. It is difficult to predict when“new pasts” will overturn established historical interpretations and change the course of history.
In the fall of 1954, for example, C. Vann Woodward delivered a lecture series at the University of Virginia which challenged the prevailing dogma concerning the history, continuity, and uniformity of racial segregation in the South. He argued that the Jim Crow laws of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries not only codified traditional practice but also were a determined effort to erase the considerable progress made by Black people during and after Reconstruction in the 1870’s. This revisionist view of Jim Crow legislation grew in part from the research that Woodward had done for the NAACP legal campaign during its preparation for Brown v. Board of Education. The Supreme Court had issued its ruling in this epochal desegregation case a few months before Woodward’s lectures.
The lectures were soon published as a book, The Strange Career of Jim Crow. Ten years later, in a preface to the second revised edition, Woodward confessed with ironic modesty that the first edition “had begun to suffer under some of the handicaps that might be expected in a history of the American Revolution published in 1776.”That was a bit like hearing Thomas Paine apologize for the timing of his pamphlet Common Sense, which had a comparable impact. Although Common Sense also had a mass readership, Paine had intended to reach and inspire: he was not a historian, and thus not concerned with accuracy or the dangers of historical anachronism. Yet, like Paine, Woodward had an unerring sense of the revolutionary moment, and of how historical evidence could undermine the mythological tradition that was crushing the dreams of new social possibilities. Martin Luther King, Jr., testified to the profound effect of The Strange Career of Jim Crow on the civil rights movement by praising the book and quoting it frequently.

histroy 了， 我有些不能讲第一段，和后面的内容放在一起理解。第一段想表达是是不是，历史是连续的。在解释历史的时候，你不能割裂的解释。这种割裂的解释会对公共造成很坏的影响。这样的话，Woodward在它书中对Jim Crow laws 的指控就是在割裂历史，没有结合1776年的美国历史。woodward自己创造了一个 mythological tradition, and this mythological tration was crushing the dreams of new social possiblilities.

Jim crow laws 是支持segregation的

第一段， 解释历史也有自己的历史，会对历史本身产生影响
第二段，Woodward认为 Jim Crow laws 抹杀了黑人在Reconstruction中取得的进步.
后面不写了，不知道在表达什么

错误 1 2 3 5

额。。。。
这篇放弃。

1. The “new pasts” mentioned in line 6 can best be described as the
(A) occurrence of events extremely similar to past events
(B) history of the activities of studying, interpreting, and reading new historical writing
(C) change in people’s understanding of the past due to more recent historical writing
(D) overturning of established historical interpretations by politically motivated politicians
(E) difficulty of predicting when a given historical interpretation will be overturned
I am confused by the phrase "new pasts" too during my reading. And this new past is one interpration of history.

2. It can be inferred from the passage that the “prevailing dogma” (line 10) held that
(A) Jim Crow laws were passed to give legal status to well-established discriminatory practices in the South
(B) Jim Crow laws were passed to establish order and uniformity in the discriminatory practices of different southern states
(C) Jim Crow laws were passed to erase the social gains that Black people had achieved since Reconstruction
(D) the continuity of racial segregation in the South was disrupted by passage of Jim Crow laws
(E) the Jim Crow laws of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries were passed to reverse the effect of earlier Jim Crow
这个题好绕呀，知道 Wooward 反对prevailing dogma, woodward 认为那个law 是erazing the progress。 所以，就是说 prevailing dogma 是认为这个law 是肯定 progression made by the Black.
此外，还有一个问题。这个previaling dogma 和 这个law 到底什么关系。应该是这个law 体现了previaling dogma


3. Which of the following is the best example of writing that is likely to be subject to the kinds of “handicaps” referred to in line 27?
(A) A history of an auto manufacturing plant written by an employee during an auto-buying boom
(B) A critique of a statewide school-desegregation plan written by an elementary school teacher in that state
(C) A newspaper article assessing the historical importance of a United States President written shortly after the President has taken office
(D) A scientific paper describing the benefits of a certain surgical technique written by the surgeon who developed the technique
(E) Diary entries narrating the events of a battle written by a soldier who participated in the battle
天呢，找和desegregation相关的

4. The passage suggests that C. Vann Woodward and Thomas Paine were similar in all of the following ways EXCEPT:
(A) Both had works published in the midst of important historical events.
(B) Both wrote works that enjoyed widespread popularity.
(C) Both exhibited an understanding of the relevance of historical evidence to contemporary issues.
(D) The works of both had a significant effect on events following their publication.
(E) Both were able to set aside worries about historical anachronism in order to reach and inspire.
不同在于，wooodward 解读的是历史

5. The attitude of the author of the passage toward the work of C. Vann Woodward is best described as one of
(A) respectful regard
(B) qualified approbation
(C) implied skepticism
(D) pointed criticism
(E) fervent advocacy


6. Which of the following best describes the new idea expressed by C. Vann Woodward in his University of Virginia lectures in 1954?
(A) Southern racial segregation was continuous and uniform.
(B) Black people made considerable progress only after Reconstruction.
(C) Jim Crow legislation was conventional in nature.
(D) Jim Crow laws did not go as far in codifying traditional practice as they might have.
(E) Jim Crow laws did much more than merely reinforce a tradition of segregation.

Historians sometimes forget that history is continually being made and experienced before it is studied, interpreted, and read. These latter activities have their own history, of course, which may impinge in unexpected ways on public events. It is difficult to predict when “new pasts” will overturn established historical interpretations and change the course of history.

In the fall of 1954, for example, C. Vann Woodward delivered a lecture series at the University of Virginia which challenged the prevailing dogma concerning the history, continuity, and uniformity of racial segregation in the South. He argued that the Jim Crow (Jim Crow: n. 〈贬〉黑人) laws of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries not only codified traditional practice but also were a determined effort to erase the considerable progress made by Black people during and after Reconstruction in the 1870’s. This revisionist view of Jim Crow legislation grew in part from the research that Woodward had done for the NAACP legal campaign during its preparation for Brown v. Board of Education. The Supreme Court had issued its ruling in this epochal desegregation case a few months before Woodward’s lectures.

The lectures were soon published as a book, The Strange Career of Jim Crow. Ten years later, in a preface to the second revised edition, Woodward confessed with ironic modesty that the first edition “had begun to suffer under some of the handicaps that might be expected in a history of the American Revolution published in 1776.” That was a bit like hearing Thomas Paine apologize for the timing of his pamphlet Common Sense, which had a comparable impact. Although Common Sense also had a mass readership, Paine had intended to reach and inspire: he was not a historian, and thus not concerned with accuracy or the dangers of historical anachronism. Yet, like Paine, Woodward had an unerring sense of the revolutionary moment, and of how historical evidence could undermine the mythological tradition that was crushing the dreams of new social possibilities. Martin Luther King, Jr., testified to the profound effect of The StrangeCareer of Jim Crow on the civil rights movement by praising the book and quoting it frequently.

1.The “new pasts” mentioned in line 6 can best be described as the

(A) occurrence of events extremely similar to past events

(B) history of the activities of studying, interpreting, and reading new historical writing

(C) change in people’s understanding of the past due to more recent historical writing

(D) overturning of established historical interpretations by politically motivated politicians（C）

(E) difficulty of predicting when a given historical interpretation will be overturned

2.It can be inferred from the passage that the “prevailing dogma” (line 10) held that

(A) Jim Crow laws were passed to give legal status to well-established discriminatory practices in the South

(B) Jim Crow laws were passed to establish order and uniformity in the discriminatory practices of different southern states

(C) Jim Crow laws were passed to erase the social gains that Black people had achieved since Reconstruction

(D) the continuity of racial segregation in the South was disrupted by passage of Jim Crow laws（D）

(E) the Jim Crow laws of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries were passed to reverse the effect of earlier Jim Crow laws

3.Which of the following is the best example of writing that is likely to be subject to the kinds of “handicaps” referred to in line 27?

(A) A history of an auto manufacturing plant written by an employee during an auto-buying boom

(B) A critique of a statewide school-desegregation plan written by an elementary school teacher in that state

(C) A newspaper article assessing the historical importance of a United States President written shortly after the President has taken office

(D) A scientific paper describing the benefits of a certain surgical technique written by the surgeon who developed the technique（C）

(E) Diary entries narrating the events of a battle written by a soldier who participated in the battle

4.The passage suggests that C. Vann Woodward and Thomas Paine were similar in all of the following ways EXCEPT:

(A) Both had works published in the midst of important historical events.

(B) Both wrote works that enjoyed widespread popularity.

(C) Both exhibited an understanding of the relevance of historical evidence to contemporary issues.

(D) The works of both had a significant effect on events following their publication.（E）

(E) Both were able to set aside worries about historical anachronism in order to reach and inspire.

5.The attitude of the author of the passage toward the work of C. Vann Woodward is best described as one of

(A) respectful regard

(B) qualified approbation (approbation: n.官方批准, 认可, 嘉许)

(C) implied skepticism

(D) pointed criticism（B）

(E) fervent advocacy

6.Which of the following best describes the new idea expressed by C. Vann Woodward in his University of Virginia lectures in 1954?

(A) Southern racial segregation was continuous and uniform.

(B) Black people made considerable progress only after Reconstruction.

(C) Jim Crow legislation was conventional in nature.

(D) Jim Crow laws did not go as far in codifying traditional practice as they might have.（E）

(E) Jim Crow laws did much more than merely reinforce a tradition of segregation.

女王的肥皂

Joseph Glatthaar’s Forged in Battle is not the first excellent study of Black soldiers and their White officers in the Civil War, but it uses more soldiers’ letters and diaries—including rare material from Black soldiers—and concentrates more intensely on Black-White relations in Black regiments than do any of its predecessors. Glatthaar’s title expresses his thesis: loyalty, friendship, and respect among White officers and Black soldiers were fostered by the mutual dangers they faced in combat.
Glatthaar accurately describes the government’s discriminatory treatment of Black soldiers in pay, promotion, medical care, and job assignments, appropriately emphasizing the campaign by Black soldiers and their officers to get the opportunity to fight. That chance remained limited throughout the war by army policies that kept most Black units serving in rear-echelon（末等，末等不打仗的） assignments and working in labor battalions. Thus, while their combat death rate was only one-third that of White units, their mortality rate from disease, a major killer in his war, was twice as great. Despite these obstacles, the courage and effectiveness of several Black units in combat won increasing respect from initially skeptical or hostile White soldiers. As one White officer put it, “they have fought their way into the respect of all the army.”
In trying to demonstrate the magnitude of this attitudinal change, however, Glatthaar seems to exaggerate the prewar racism of the White men who became officers in Black regiments. “Prior to the war,” he writes of these men, “virtually all of them held powerful racial prejudices.” While perhaps true of those officers who joined Black units for promotion or other self-serving motives, this statement misrepresents the attitudes of the many abolitionists who became officers in Black regiments. Having spent years fighting against the race prejudice endemic in American society, they participated eagerly in this military experiment, which they hoped would help African Americans achieve freedom and postwar civil equality. By current standards of racial egalitarianism, these men’s paternalism toward African Americans was racist. But to call their feelings “powerful racial prejudices” is to indulge in generational chauvinism—to judge past eras by present standards.

Paternalism 真不能理解成家长主义。这个在中文中潜台词就是服从，服从家长，但是，英文的中解释是 你要啥我就给你啥，但是就是不给你机会，让你担责任。这种“宠的”才是paternalism。但是人家老外自己不想做废柴呀。
when people in charge of an organization or society protect the members and give them what they need but do not allow them any freedom or responsibility

self-serving showing that you will only do something if it will gain you an advantage - used to show disapproval

第一段，JG的对内战期间的black soliders and their White offices 进行研究。He think this relationship is loyality and friendship and repect.
第二段，Black soldiers have limited opportunity to fight in the combat, but they fought their own way into the respect from White.
第三段，White officers's paternalism toward African Americans.

错误 4 5


1. The passage as a whole can best be characterized as which of the following?
(A) An evaluation of a scholarly study
(B) A description of an attitudinal change
(C) A discussion of an analytical defect
(D) An analysis of the causes of a phenomenon
(E) An argument in favor of revising a view


2. According to the author, which of the following is true of Glatthaar’s Forged in Battle compared with previous studies on the same topic?
(A) It is more reliable and presents a more complete picture of the historical events on which it concentrates than do previous studies.
(B) It uses more of a particular kind of source material and focuses more closely on a particular aspect of the topic than do previous studies.
(C) It contains some unsupported generalizations, but it rightly emphasizes a theme ignored by most previous studies.
(D) It surpasses previous studies on the same topic in that it accurately describes conditions often neglected by those studies.
(E) It makes skillful use of supporting evidence to illustrate a subtle trend that previous studies have failed to detect.
表黑的两点

3. The author implies that the title of Glatthaar’s book refers specifically to which of the following?
(A) The sense of pride and accomplishment that Black soldiers increasingly felt as a result of their Civil War experiences
(B) The civil equality that African Americans achieved after the Civil War, partly as a result of their use of organizational skills honed by combat
(C) The changes in discriminatory army policies that were made as a direct result of the performance of Black combat units during the Civil War
(D) The improved interracial relations that were formed by the races’ facing of common dangers and their waging of a common fight during the Civil War
(E) The standards of racial egalitarianism that came to be adopted as a result of White Civil War veterans’ repudiation of the previous racism


4. The passage mentions which of the following as an important theme that receives special emphasis in Glatthaar’s book?
(A) The attitudes of abolitionist officers in Black units
(B) The struggle of Black units to get combat assignments
(C) The consequences of the poor medical care received by Black soldiers
(D) The motives of officers serving in Black units
(E) The discrimination that Black soldiers faced when trying for promotions
special emphasis=exaggerate
是不是从论述内容入手，G emphasis the relathion between Black soldiers and White officers

5. The passage suggests that which of the following was true of Black units’ disease mortality rates in the Civil War?
(A) They were almost as high as the combat mortality rates of White units.
(B) They resulted in part from the relative inexperience of these units when in combat.
(C) They were especially high because of the nature of these units’ usual duty assignments.
(D) They resulted in extremely high overall casualty rates in Black combat units.
(E) They exacerbated the morale problems that were caused by the army’s discriminatory policies.
higher, 后再读，注意到bold.


6. The author of the passage quotes the White officer in lines 23-24 primarily in order to provide evidence to support the contention that
(A) virtually all White officers initially had hostile attitudes toward Black soldiers
(B) Black soldiers were often forced to defend themselves from physical attacks initiated by soldiers from White units
(C) the combat performance of Black units changed the attitudes of White soldiers toward Black soldiers
(D) White units paid especially careful attention to the performance of Black units in battle
(E) respect in the army as a whole was accorded only to those units, whether Black or White, that performed well in battle


7. Which of the following best describes the kind of error attributed to Glatthaar in lines 25-28?
(A) Insisting on an unwarranted distinction between two groups of individuals in order to render an argument concerning them internally consistent
(B) Supporting an argument in favor of a given interpretation of a situation with evidence that is not particularly relevant to the situation
(C) Presenting a distorted view of the motives of certain individuals in order to provide grounds for a negative evaluation of their actions
(D) Describing the conditions prevailing before a given event in such a way that the contrast with those prevailing after the event appears more striking than it actually is
(E) Asserting that a given event is caused by another event merely because the other event occurred before the given event occurred


8. Which of the following actions can best be described as indulging in “generational chauvinism” (lines 40-41) as that practice is defined in the passage?
(A) Condemning a present-day monarch merely because many monarchs have been tyrannical in the past.
(B) Clinging to the formal standards of politeness common in one’s youth to such a degree that any relaxation of those standards is intolerable.
(C) Questioning the accuracy of a report written by an employee merely because of the employee’s gender.
(D) Deriding the superstitions accepted as “science” in past eras without acknowledging the prevalence of irrational beliefs today.
(E) Labeling a nineteenth-century politician as “corrupt” for engaging in once-acceptable practices considered intolerable today.
类比

Joseph Glatthaar’s Forged in Battle is not the first excellent study of Black soldiers and their White officers in the Civil War, but it uses more soldiers’ letters and diaries—including rare material from Black soldiers—and concentrates more intensely on Black-White relations in Black regiments than do any of its predecessors. Glatthaar’s title expresses his thesis: loyalty, friendship, and respect among White officers and Black soldiers were fostered by the mutual dangers they faced in combat.

Glatthaar accurately describes the government’s discriminatory treatment of Black soldiers in pay, promotion, medical care, and job assignments, appropriately emphasizing the campaign by Black soldiers and their officers to get the opportunity to fight. That chance remained limited throughout the war by army policies that kept most Black units serving in rear-echelon assignments and working in labor battalions. Thus, while their combat death rate was only one-third that of White units, their mortality rate from disease, a major killer in his war, was twice as great. Despite these obstacles, the courage and effectiveness of several Black units in combat won increasing respect from initially skeptical or hostile White soldiers. As one White officer put it, “they have fought their way into the respect of all the army.”

In trying to demonstrate the magnitude of this attitudinal change, however, Glatthaar seems to exaggerate the prewar racism of the White men who became officers in Black regiments. “Prior to the war,” he writes of these men, “virtually all of them held powerful racial prejudices.” While perhaps true of those officers who joined Black units for promotion or other self-serving motives, this statement misrepresents the attitudes of the many abolitionists who became officers in Black regiments. Having spent years fighting against the race prejudice endemic in American society, they participated eagerly in this military experiment, which they hoped would help African Americans achieve freedom and postwar civil equality. By current standards of racial egalitarianism, these men’s paternalism toward African Americans was racist. But to call their feelings “powerful racial prejudices” is to indulge in generational chauvinism—to judge past eras by present standards.

1.The passage as a whole can best be characterized as which of the following?

(A) An evaluation of a scholarly study

(B) A description of an attitudinal change

(C) A discussion of an analytical defect

(D) An analysis of the causes of a phenomenon（A）

(E) An argument in favor of revising a view

2.According to the author, which of the following is true of Glatthaar’s Forged in Battle compared with previous studies on the same topic?

(A) It is more reliable and presents a more complete picture of the historical events on which it concentrates than do previous studies.

(B) It uses more of a particular kind of source material and focuses more closely on a particular aspect of the topic than do previous studies.

(C) It contains some unsupported generalizations, but it rightly emphasizes a theme ignored by most previous studies.

(D) It surpasses previous studies on the same topic in that it accurately describes conditions often neglected by those studies.（B）

(E) It makes skillful use of supporting evidence to illustrate a subtle trend that previous studies have failed to detect.

3.The author implies that the title of Glatthaar’s book refers specifically to which of the following?

(A) The sense of pride and accomplishment that Black soldiers increasingly felt as a result of their Civil War experiences

(B) The civil equality that African Americans achieved after the Civil War, partly as a result of their use of organizational skills honed by combat

(C) The changes in discriminatory army policies that were made as a direct result of the performance of Black combat units during the Civil War

(D) The improved interracial relations that were formed by the races’ facing of common dangers and their waging of a common fight during the Civil War（D）

(E) The standards of racial egalitarianism that came to be adopted as a result of White Civil War veterans’ repudiation of the previous racism

4.The passage mentions which of the following as an important theme that receives special emphasis in Glatthaar’s book?

(A) The attitudes of abolitionist officers in Black units

(B) The struggle of Black units to get combat assignments

(C) The consequences of the poor medical care received by Black soldiers

(D) The motives of officers serving in Black units（B）

(E) The discrimination that Black soldiers faced when trying for promotions

5.The passage suggests that which of the following was true of Black units’ disease mortality rates in the Civil War?

(A) They were almost as high as the combat mortality rates of White units.

(B) They resulted in part from the relative inexperience of these units when in combat.

(C) They were especially high because of the nature of these units’ usual duty assignments.

(D) They resulted in extremely high overall casualty rates in Black combat units.（C）

(E) They exacerbated the morale problems that were caused by the army’s discriminatory policies.

6.The author of the passage quotes the White officer in lines 23-24 primarily in order to provide evidence to support the contention that

(A) The attitudes of abolitionist officers in Black units

(B) The struggle of Black units to get combat assignments

(C) The consequences of the poor medical care received by Black soldiers

(D) The motives of officers serving in Black units（B）

(E) The discrimination that Black soldiers faced when trying for promotions

5.The passage suggests that which of the following was true of Black units’ disease mortality rates in the Civil War?

(A) They were almost as high as the combat mortality rates of White units.

(B) They resulted in part from the relative inexperience of these units when in combat.

(C) They were especially high because of the nature of these units’ usual duty assignments.

(D) They resulted in extremely high overall casualty rates in Black combat units.（C）

(E) They exacerbated the morale problems that were caused by the army’s discriminatory policies.

6.The author of the passage quotes the White officer in lines 23-24 primarily in order to provide evidence to support the contention that

(A) virtually all White officers initially had hostile attitudes toward Black soldiers

(B) Black soldiers were often forced to defend themselves from physical attacks initiated by soldiers from White units

(C) the combat performance of Black units changed the attitudes of White soldiers toward Black soldiers

(D) White units paid especially careful attention to the performance of Black units in battle（C）

(E) respect in the army as a whole was accorded only to those units, whether Black or White, that performed well in battle

7.Which of the following best describes the kind of error attributed to Glatthaar in [url=http://forum.chasedream.com/GMAT_Preparation/#p40q7]lines 25-28?

(A) virtually all White officers initially had hostile attitudes toward Black soldiers

(B) Black soldiers were often forced to defend themselves from physical attacks initiated by soldiers from White units

(C) the combat performance of Black units changed the attitudes of White soldiers toward Black soldiers

(D) White units paid especially careful attention to the performance of Black units in battle（C）

(E) respect in the army as a whole was accorded only to those units, whether Black or White, that performed well in battle

7.Which of the following best describes the kind of error attributed to Glatthaar in lines 25-28?

(A) Insisting on an unwarranted distinction between two groups of individuals in order to render an argument concerning them internally consistent

(B) Supporting an argument in favor of a given interpretation of a situation with evidence that is not particularly relevant to the situation

(C) Presenting a distorted view of the motives of certain individuals in order to provide grounds for a negative evaluation of their actions

(D) Describing the conditions prevailing before a given event in such a way that the contrast with those prevailing after the event appears more striking than it actually is（D）

(E) Asserting that a given event is caused by another event merely because the other event occurred before the given event occurred

8.Which of the following actions can best be described as indulging in “generational chauvinism” ([url=http://forum.chasedream.com/GMAT_Preparation/#p40q8]lines 40-41) as that practice is defined in the passage?

(A) Insisting on an unwarranted distinction between two groups of individuals in order to render an argument concerning them internally consistent

(B) Supporting an argument in favor of a given interpretation of a situation with evidence that is not particularly relevant to the situation

(C) Presenting a distorted view of the motives of certain individuals in order to provide grounds for a negative evaluation of their actions

(D) Describing the conditions prevailing before a given event in such a way that the contrast with those prevailing after the event appears more striking than it actually is（D）

(E) Asserting that a given event is caused by another event merely because the other event occurred before the given event occurred

8.Which of the following actions can best be described as indulging in “generational chauvinism” ([url=http://forum.chasedream.com/GMAT_Preparation/#p40q8]lines 40-41) as that practice is defined in the passage?

(A) Condemning a present-day monarch merely because many monarchs have been tyrannical in the past.

(B) Clinging to the formal standards of politeness common in one’s youth to such a degree that any relaxation of those standards is intolerable.

(C) Questioning the accuracy of a report written by an employee merely because of the employee’s gender.

(D) Deriding the superstitions accepted as “science” in past eras without acknowledging the prevalence of irrational beliefs today.（E）

(E) Labeling a nineteenth-century politician as “corrupt” for engaging in once-acceptable practices considered intolerable today.

女王的肥皂

It was once assumed that all living things could be divided into two fundamental and exhaustive categories. Multicellular plants and animals, as well as many unicellular organisms, are eukaryotic—their large, complex cells have a well-formed nucleus and many organelles. On the other hand, the true bacteria are prokaryotic cell, which are simple and lack a nucleus. The distinction between eukaryotes and bacteria, initially defined in terms of subcellular structures visible with a microscope, was ultimately carried to the molecular level. Here prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have many features in common. For instance, they translate genetic information into proteins according to the same type of genetic coding. But even where the molecular processes are the same, the details in the two forms are different and characteristic of the respective forms(这里有省略). For example, the amino acid sequences of various enzymes tend to be typically prokaryotic or eukaryotic. The differences between the groups and the similarities within each group made it seem certain to most biologists that the tree of life had only two stems（这种地方，要给author 补充好的，是P和E这样分呢。）. Moreover, arguments pointing out the extent of both structural and functional differences between eukaryotes and true bacteria convinced many biologists that the precursors of the eukaryotes must have diverged from the common ancestor before the bacteria arose.
Although much of this picture has been sustained by more recent research, it seems fundamentally wrong in one respect. Among the bacteria, there are organisms that are significantly different both from the cells of eukaryotes and from the true bacteria, and it now appears that there are three stems in the tree of life. New techniques for determining the molecular sequence of the RNA of organisms have produced evolutionary information about the degree to which organisms are related, the time since they diverged from a common ancestor, and the reconstruction of ancestral versions of genes. These techniques have strongly suggested that although the true bacteria indeed form a large coherent group, certain other bacteria, the archaebacteria(古细菌), which are also prokaryotes and which resemble true bacteria, represent a distinct evolutionary branch that far antedates the common ancestor of all true bacteria.

Enzyme 也有amino acid 呀

第一段，all living 可以分成P和E，即便到了molecular level这个层次。 而且，生物学家认为E一个祖先，P一个祖先，而且E祖先出现的比P祖先早。
第二段， the tree of life has its third stem: archaebacteria

错误 5 6

1. The passage is primarily concerned with
(A) detailing the evidence that has led most biologists to replace the trichotomous picture of living organisms with a dichotomous one
(B) outlining the factors that have contributed to the current hypothesis concerning the number of basic categories of living organisms
(C) evaluating experiments that have resulted in proof that the prokaryotes are more ancient than had been expected
(D) summarizing the differences in structure and function found among true bacteria, archaebacteria, and eukaryotes
(E) formulating a hypothesis about the mechanisms of evolution that resulted in the ancestors of the prokaryotes

2. According to the passage, investigations of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells at the molecular level supported the conclusion that
(A) most eukaryotic organisms are unicellular
(B) complex cells have well-formed nuclei
(C) prokaryotes and eukaryotes form two fundamental categories
(D) subcellular structures are visible with a microscope
(E) prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have similar enzymes


3. According to the passage, which of the following statements about the two-category hypothesis is likely to be true?
(A) It is promising because it explains the presence of true bacteria-like organisms such as organelles in eukaryotic cells.
(B) It is promising because it explains why eukaryotic cells, unlike prokaryotic cells, tend to form multicellular organisms.
(C) It is flawed because it fails to account for the great variety among eukaryotic organisms.
(D) It is flawed because it fails to account for the similarity between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
(E) It is flawed because it fails to recognize an important distinction among prokaryotes.


4. It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following have recently been compared in order to clarify the fundamental classifications of living things?
(A) The genetic coding in true bacteria and that in other prokaryotes
(B) The organelle structures of archaebacteria, true bacteria, and eukaryotes
(C) The cellular structures of multicellular organisms and unicellular organisms
(D) The molecular sequences in eukaryotic RNA, true bacterial RNA, and archaebacterial RNA
(E) The amino acid sequences in enzymes of various eukaryotic species and those of enzymes in archaebacterial species


5. If the “new techniques” mentioned in line 31 were applied in studies of biological classifications other than bacteria, which of the following is most likely?
(A) Some of those classifications will have to be reevaluated.
(B) Many species of bacteria will be reclassified.
(C) It will be determined that there are four main categories of living things rather than three.
(D) It will be found that true bacteria are much older than eukaryotes.
(E) It will be found that there is a common ancestor of the eukaryotes, archaebacteria, and true bacteria.
evolutionary information
难道是这样想，如果new techniques 不是用在bacteria上，bilogists 就不会说 three stems in the tree of life. 这是个必要条件。
those classifications 我再次表示我不会找代词，这样的地方，我不确定。我就不愿意选。

6. According to the passage, researchers working under the two-category hypothesis were correct in thinking that
(A) prokaryotes form a coherent group
(B) the common ancestor of all living things had complex properties
(C) eukaryotes are fundamentally different from true bacteria
(D) true bacteria are just as complex as eukaryotes
(E) ancestral versions of eukaryotic genes functioned differently from their modern counterparts
AC 像是说了，P和E是在什么地方是相同的。
回去看文章，主要强调的是不同。说相同只是让步。

7. All of the following statements are supported by the passage EXCEPT:
(A) True bacteria form a distinct evolutionary group.
(B) Archaebacteria are prokaryotes that resemble true bacteria.
(C) True bacteria and eukaryotes employ similar types of genetic coding.
(D) True bacteria and eukaryotes are distinguishable at the subcellular level.
(E) Amino acid sequences of enzymes are uniform for eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms.


8. The author’s attitude toward the view that living things are divided into three categories is best described as one of
(A) tentative acceptance
(B) mild skepticism
(C) limited denial
(D) studious criticism
(E) whole hearted endorsement
seems fundermentally wrong.

It was once assumed that all living things could be divided into two fundamental and exhaustive categories. Multicellular plants and animals, as well as many unicellular organisms, are eukaryotic—their large, complex cells have a well-formed nucleus and many organelles. On the other hand, the true bacteria are prokaryotic cell (prokaryotic cell: 原核细胞), which are simple and lack a nucleus. The distinction between eukaryotes and bacteria, initially defined in terms of subcellular structures visible with a microscope, was ultimately carried to the molecular level. Here prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have many features in common. For instance, they translate genetic information into proteins according to the same type of genetic coding. But even where the molecular processes are the same, the details in the two forms are different and characteristic of the respective forms. For example, the amino acid sequences of various enzymes tend to be typically prokaryotic or eukaryotic. The differences between the groups and the similarities within each group made it seem certain to most biologists that the tree of life had only two stems. Moreover, arguments pointing out the extent of both structural and functional differences between eukaryotes and true bacteria convinced many biologists that the precursors of the eukaryotes must have diverged from the common ancestor before the bacteria arose.

Although much of this picture has been sustained by more recent research, it seems fundamentally wrong in one respect. Among the bacteria, there are organisms that are significantly different both from the cells of eukaryotes and from the true bacteria, and it now appears that there are three stems in the tree of life. New techniques for determining the molecular sequence of the RNA of organisms have produced evolutionary information about the degree to which organisms are related, the time since they diverged from a common ancestor, and the reconstruction of ancestral versions of genes. These techniques have strongly suggested that although the true bacteria indeed form a large coherent group, certain other bacteria, the archaebacteria (archaebacteria: [复] n.[微]原始细菌( 一种不同于细菌和动植物细胞且要求完全厌氧条件并能产生甲烷的微生物)), which are also prokaryotes and which resemble true bacteria, represent a distinct evolutionary branch that far antedates the common ancestor of all true bacteria.

1.The passage is primarily concerned with

(A) detailing the evidence that has led most biologists to replace the trichotomous picture of living organisms with a dichotomous one

(B) outlining the factors that have contributed to the current hypothesis concerning the number of basic categories of living organisms

(C) evaluating experiments that have resulted in proof that the prokaryotes are more ancient than had been expected

(D) summarizing the differences in structure and function found among true bacteria, archaebacteria, and eukaryotes（B）

(E) formulating a hypothesis about the mechanisms of evolution that resulted in the ancestors of the prokaryotes

2.According to the passage, investigations of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells at the molecular level supported the conclusion that

(A) most eukaryotic organisms are unicellular

(B) complex cells have well-formed nuclei

(C) prokaryotes and eukaryotes form two fundamental categories

(D) subcellular structures are visible with a microscope（C）

(E) prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have similar enzymes

3.According to the passage, which of the following statements about the two-category hypothesis is likely to be true?

(A) It is promising because it explains the presence of true bacteria-like organisms such as organelles in eukaryotic cells.

(B) It is promising because it explains why eukaryotic cells, unlike prokaryotic cells, tend to form multicellular organisms.

(C) It is flawed because it fails to account for the great variety among eukaryotic organisms.

(D) It is flawed because it fails to account for the similarity between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.（E）

(E) It is flawed because it fails to recognize an important distinction among prokaryotes.

4.It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following have recently been compared in order to clarify the fundamental classifications of living things?

(A) The genetic coding in true bacteria and that in other prokaryotes

(B) The organelle structures of archaebacteria, true bacteria, and eukaryotes

(C) The cellular structures of multicellular organisms and unicellular organisms

(D) The molecular sequences in eukaryotic RNA, true bacterial RNA, and archaebacterial RNA（D）

(E) The amino acid sequences in enzymes of various eukaryotic species and those of enzymes in archaebacterial species

5.If the “new techniques” mentioned in line 31 were applied in studies of biological classifications other than bacteria, which of the following is most likely?

(A) Some of those classifications will have to be reevaluated.

(B) Many species of bacteria will be reclassified.

(C) It will be determined that there are four main categories of living things rather than three.

(D) It will be found that true bacteria are much older than eukaryotes.（A）

(E) It will be found that there is a common ancestor of the eukaryotes, archaebacteria, and true bacteria.

6.According to the passage, researchers working under the two-category hypothesis were correct in thinking that

(A) prokaryotes form a coherent group

(B) the common ancestor of all living things had complex properties

(C) eukaryotes are fundamentally different from true bacteria

(D) true bacteria are just as complex as eukaryotes（C）

(E) ancestral versions of eukaryotic genes functioned differently from their modern counterparts

7.All of the following statements are supported by the passage EXCEPT:

(A) True bacteria form a distinct evolutionary group.

(B) Archaebacteria are prokaryotes that resemble true bacteria.

(C) True bacteria and eukaryotes employ similar types of genetic coding.

(D) True bacteria and eukaryotes are distinguishable at the subcellular level.（E）

(E) Amino acid sequences of enzymes are uniform for eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms.

8.The author’s attitude toward the view that living things are divided into three categories is best described as one of

(A) tentative acceptance

(B) mild skepticism

(C) limited denial

(D) studious criticism（A）

(E) whole hearted endorsement

女王的肥皂

Excess inventory, a massive problem for many businesses, has several causes, some of which are unavoidable. Overstocks may accumulate through production overruns or errors. Certain styles and colors prove unpopular. With some products—computers and software, toys, and books—last year’s models are difficult to move even at huge discounts. Occasionally the competition introduces a better product. But in many cases the public’s buying tastes simply change, leaving a manufacturer or distributor with thousands (or millions) of items that the fickle public no longer wants.
One common way to dispose of this merchandise is to sell it to a liquidator, who buys as cheaply as possible and then resells the merchandise through catalogs, discount stores, and other outlets. However, liquidators may pay less for the merchandise than it cost to make it. Another way to dispose of excess inventory is to dump it. The corporation takes a straight cost write-off on its taxes and hauls the merchandise to a landfill. Although it is hard to believe, there is a sort of convoluted logic to this approach. It is perfectly legal, requires little time or preparation on the company’s part, and solves the problem quickly. The drawback is the remote possibility of getting caught by the news media. Dumping perfectly useful products can turn into a public relations nightmare. Children living in poverty are freezing and XYZ Company has just sent 500 new snowsuits to the local dump. Parents of young children are barely getting by and QRS Company dumps 1,000 cases of disposable diapers because they have slight imperfections.
The managers of these companies are not deliberately wasteful; they are simply unaware of all their alternatives. In 1976 the Internal Revenue Service provided a tangible(切实的，真有实际好处的) incentive for businesses to contribute their products to charity. The new tax law allowed corporations to deduct the cost of the product donated plus half the difference between cost and fair market selling price, with the proviso that deductions cannot exceed twice cost. Thus, the federal government sanctions—indeed, encourages—an above-cost federal tax deduction for companies that donate inventory to charity.

昨天，我看那个功利主义学说。原来我的理解就是，这种东西很疯，没有什么价值。后来，发现成本收益分析本身就是对功利主义的应用。那个19世纪，孩子死了不赔钱，也是功利主义。同样，即便到了现在说孩子感情上是无价的，也无非是在该个赋值，还是在功利主义的框架里玩，没有发生什么本质区别。
那么这篇文章，怎么看，overstock是不是要倒掉，不给人用。同样，还是在功利主义的框架，成本收益，或是benefit and drawback。

第一段，there are many reasons causing overstock, the most important one was change of public;s buying tastes.
第二段，dumping the overstock's benefits: quickly resolve the problem and this resolution is legal; drawback, a PR nighmare.
第三段，政府鼓励这样的东西捐献，鼓励的办法是，公司可以抵扣不超过成本两倍为税基的税。（相对dumping, 还是有好处的。）

错误 2

1. The author mentions each of the following as a cause of excess inventory EXCEPT
(A) production of too much merchandise
(B) inaccurate forecasting of buyers’ preferences
(C) unrealistic pricing policies
(D) products’ rapid obsolescence
(E) availability of a better product
price

2. The passage suggests that which of the following is a kind of product that a liquidator who sells to discount stores would be unlikely to wish to acquire?
(A) Furniture
(B) Computers
(C) Kitchen equipment
(D) Baby-care products
(E) Children’s clothing
开始做题的时候，我不知道在哪里。 这个判断是 这是东西是不是很快就popular了。

3. The passage provides information that supports which of the following statements?
(A) Excess inventory results most often from insufficient market analysis by the manufacturer.
(B) Products with slight manufacturing defects may contribute to excess inventory.
(C) Few manufacturers have taken advantage of the changes in the federal tax laws.
(D) Manufacturers who dump their excess inventory are often caught and exposed by the news media.
(E) Most products available in discount stores have come from manufacturers’ excess-inventory stock.

4. The author cites the examples in lines 25-29 most probably in order to illustrate
(A) the fiscal irresponsibility of dumping as a policy for dealing with excess inventory
(B) the waste-management problems that dumping new products creates
(C) the advantages to the manufacturer of dumping as a policy
(D) alternatives to dumping explored by different companies
(E) how the news media could portray dumping to the detriment of the manufacturer’s reputation


5. By asserting that manufacturers “are simply unaware” (line 31), the author suggests which of the following?
(A) Manufacturers might donate excess inventory to charity rather than dump it if they knew about the provision in the federal tax code.
(B) The federal government has failed to provide sufficient encouragement to manufacturers to make use of advantageous tax policies.
(C) Manufacturers who choose to dump excess inventory are not aware of the possible effects on their reputation of media coverage of such dumping.
(D) The manufacturers of products disposed of by dumping are unaware of the needs of those people who would find the products useful.
(E) The manufacturers who dump their excess inventory are not familiar with the employment of liquidators to dispose of overstock.


6. The information in the passage suggests that which of the following, if true, would make donating excess inventory to charity less attractive to manufacturers than dumping?
(A) The costs of getting the inventory to the charitable destination are greater than the above-cost tax deduction.
(B) The news media give manufacturers’ charitable contributions the same amount of coverage that they give dumping.
(C) No straight-cost tax benefit can be claimed for items that are dumped.
(D) The fair-market value of an item in excess inventory is 5 times its cost.
(E) Items end up as excess inventory because of a change in the public’s preferences.


7. Information in the passage suggests that one reason manufacturers might take advantage of the tax provision mentioned in the last paragraph is that
(A) there are many kinds of products that cannot be legally dumped in a landfill
(B) liquidators often refuse to handle products with slight imperfections
(C) the law allows a deduction in excess of the cost of manufacturing the product
(D) media coverage of contributions of excess-inventory products to charity is widespread and favorable
(E) no tax deduction is available for products dumped or sold to a liquidator

Excess inventory, a massive (large in scope or degree “the feeling of frustration, of being ineffectual, is massive David Halberstam”)problem for many businesses, has several causes, some of which are unavoidable. Overstocks may accumulate through production overruns (a run in excess of the quantity ordered by a customer)or errors. Certain styles and colors prove unpopular. With some products—computers and software, toys, and books—last year’s models are difficult to move even at huge discounts. Occasionally the competition introduces a better product. But in many cases the public’s buying tastes simply change, leaving a manufacturer or distributor with thousands (or millions) of items that the fickle public no longer wants.

One common way to dispose of (dispose of: v.处理) this merchandise is to sell it to a liquidator, who buys as cheaply as possible and then resells the merchandise through catalogs, discount stores, and other outlets (an agency (as a store or dealer) through which a product is marketed “retail outlets”). However, liquidators may pay less for the merchandise than it cost to make it. Another way to dispose of excess inventory is to dump it. The corporation takes a straight cost write-off on its taxes and hauls the merchandise to a landfill. Although it is hard to believe, there is a sort of convoluted logic to this approach. It is perfectly legal, requires little time or preparation on the company’s part, and solves the problem quickly. The drawback is the remote possibility of getting caught by the news media. Dumping perfectly useful products can turn into a public relations nightmare. Children living in poverty are freezing and XYZ Company has just sent 500 new snowsuits (snowsuit: n.孩童用防雪装) to the local dump. Parents of young children are barely getting by and QRS Company dumps 1,000 cases of disposable diapers because they have slight imperfections.

The managers of these companies are not deliberately wasteful; they are simply unaware of all their alternatives. In 1976 the Internal Revenue Service provided a tangible incentive for businesses to contribute their products to charity. The new tax law allowed corporations to deduct the cost of the product donated plus half the difference between cost and fair market selling price, with the proviso that deductions cannot exceed twice cost. Thus, the federal government sanctions—indeed, encourages—an above-cost federal tax deduction for companies that donate inventory to charity.

1.The author mentions each of the following as a cause of excess inventory EXCEPT

(A) production of too much merchandise

(B) inaccurate forecasting of buyers’ preferences

(C) unrealistic pricing policies

(D) products’ rapid obsolescence（C）

(E) availability of a better product

2.The passage suggests that which of the following is a kind of product that a liquidator who sells to discount stores would be unlikely to wish to acquire?

(A) Furniture

(B) Computers

(C) Kitchen equipment

(D) Baby-care products（B）

(E) Children’s clothing

3.The passage provides information that supports which of the following statements?

(A) Excess inventory results most often from insufficient market analysis by the manufacturer.

(B) Products with slight manufacturing defects may contribute to excess inventory.

(C) Few manufacturers have taken advantage of the changes in the federal tax laws.

(D) Manufacturers who dump their excess inventory are often caught and exposed by the news media.（B）

(E) Most products available in discount stores have come from manufacturers’ excess-inventory stock.

4.The author cites the examples in lines 25-29 most probably in order to illustrate

(A) the fiscal irresponsibility of dumping as a policy for dealing with excess inventory

(B) the waste-management problems that dumping new products creates

(C) the advantages to the manufacturer of dumping as a policy

(D) alternatives to dumping explored by different companies（E）

(E) how the news media could portray dumping to the detriment of the manufacturer’s reputation

5.By asserting that manufacturers “are simply unaware” (line 31), the author suggests which of the following?

(A) Manufacturers might donate excess inventory to charity rather than dump it if they knew about the provision in the federal tax code.

(B) The federal government has failed to provide sufficient encouragement to manufacturers to make use of advantageous tax policies.

(C) Manufacturers who choose to dump excess inventory are not aware of the possible effects on their reputation of media coverage of such dumping.

(D) The manufacturers of products disposed of by dumping are unaware of the needs of those people who would find the products useful.（A）

(E) The manufacturers who dump their excess inventory are not familiar with the employment of liquidators to dispose of overstock.

6.The information in the passage suggests that which of the following, if true, would make donating excess inventory to charity less attractive to manufacturers than dumping?

(A) The costs of getting the inventory to the charitable destination are greater than the above-cost tax deduction.

(B) The news media give manufacturers’ charitable contributions the same amount of coverage that they give dumping.

(C) No straight-cost tax benefit can be claimed for items that are dumped.

(D) The fair-market value of an item in excess inventory is 5 times its cost.（A）

(E) Items end up as excess inventory because of a change in the public’s preferences.

7.Information in the passage suggests that one reason manufacturers might take advantage of the tax provision mentioned in the last paragraph is that

(A) there are many kinds of products that cannot be legally dumped in a landfill

(B) liquidators often refuse to handle products with slight imperfections

(C) the law allows a deduction in excess of the cost of manufacturing the product

(D) media coverage of contributions of excess-inventory products to charity is widespread and favorable（C）

(E) no tax deduction is available for products dumped or sold to a liquidator





Excess inventory, a massive (large in scope or degree “the feeling of frustration, of being ineffectual, is massive David Halberstam”)problem for many businesses, has several causes, some of which are unavoidable. Overstocks may accumulate through production overruns (a run in excess of the quantity ordered by a customer)or errors. Certain styles and colors prove unpopular. With some products—computers and software, toys, and books—last year’s models are difficult to move even at huge discounts. Occasionally the competition introduces a better product. But in many cases the public’s buying tastes simply change, leaving a manufacturer or distributor with thousands (or millions) of items that the fickle public no longer wants.

One common way to dispose of (dispose of: v.处理) this merchandise is to sell it to a liquidator, who buys as cheaply as possible and then resells the merchandise through catalogs, discount stores, and other outlets (an agency (as a store or dealer) through which a product is marketed “retail outlets”). However, liquidators may pay less for the merchandise than it cost to make it. Another way to dispose of excess inventory is to dump it. The corporation takes a straight cost write-off on its taxes and hauls the merchandise to a landfill. Although it is hard to believe, there is a sort of convoluted logic to this approach. It is perfectly legal, requires little time or preparation on the company’s part, and solves the problem quickly. The drawback is the remote possibility of getting caught by the news media. Dumping perfectly useful products can turn into a public relations nightmare. Children living in poverty are freezing and XYZ Company has just sent 500 new snowsuits (snowsuit: n.孩童用防雪装) to the local dump. Parents of young children are barely getting by and QRS Company dumps 1,000 cases of disposable diapers because they have slight imperfections.

The managers of these companies are not deliberately wasteful; they are simply unaware of all their alternatives. In 1976 the Internal Revenue Service provided a tangible incentive for businesses to contribute their products to charity. The new tax law allowed corporations to deduct the cost of the product donated plus half the difference between cost and fair market selling price, with the proviso that deductions cannot exceed twice cost. Thus, the federal government sanctions—indeed, encourages—an above-cost federal tax deduction for companies that donate inventory to charity.

1.The author mentions each of the following as a cause of excess inventory EXCEPT

(A) production of too much merchandise

(B) inaccurate forecasting of buyers’ preferences

(C) unrealistic pricing policies

(D) products’ rapid obsolescence（C）

(E) availability of a better product

2.The passage suggests that which of the following is a kind of product that a liquidator who sells to discount stores would be unlikely to wish to acquire?

(A) Furniture

(B) Computers

(C) Kitchen equipment

(D) Baby-care products（B）

(E) Children’s clothing

3.The passage provides information that supports which of the following statements?

(A) Excess inventory results most often from insufficient market analysis by the manufacturer.

(B) Products with slight manufacturing defects may contribute to excess inventory.

(C) Few manufacturers have taken advantage of the changes in the federal tax laws.

(D) Manufacturers who dump their excess inventory are often caught and exposed by the news media.（B）

(E) Most products available in discount stores have come from manufacturers’ excess-inventory stock.

4.The author cites the examples in lines 25-29 most probably in order to illustrate

(A) the fiscal irresponsibility of dumping as a policy for dealing with excess inventory

(B) the waste-management problems that dumping new products creates

(C) the advantages to the manufacturer of dumping as a policy

(D) alternatives to dumping explored by different companies（E）

(E) how the news media could portray dumping to the detriment of the manufacturer’s reputation

5.By asserting that manufacturers “are simply unaware” (line 31), the author suggests which of the following?

(A) Manufacturers might donate excess inventory to charity rather than dump it if they knew about the provision in the federal tax code.

(B) The federal government has failed to provide sufficient encouragement to manufacturers to make use of advantageous tax policies.

(C) Manufacturers who choose to dump excess inventory are not aware of the possible effects on their reputation of media coverage of such dumping.

(D) The manufacturers of products disposed of by dumping are unaware of the needs of those people who would find the products useful.（A）

(E) The manufacturers who dump their excess inventory are not familiar with the employment of liquidators to dispose of overstock.

6.The information in the passage suggests that which of the following, if true, would make donating excess inventory to charity less attractive to manufacturers than dumping?

(A) The costs of getting the inventory to the charitable destination are greater than the above-cost tax deduction.

(B) The news media give manufacturers’ charitable contributions the same amount of coverage that they give dumping.

(C) No straight-cost tax benefit can be claimed for items that are dumped.

(D) The fair-market value of an item in excess inventory is 5 times its cost.（A）

(E) Items end up as excess inventory because of a change in the public’s preferences.

7.Information in the passage suggests that one reason manufacturers might take advantage of the tax provision mentioned in the last paragraph is that

(A) there are many kinds of products that cannot be legally dumped in a landfill

(B) liquidators often refuse to handle products with slight imperfections

(C) the law allows a deduction in excess of the cost of manufacturing the product

(D) media coverage of contributions of excess-inventory products to charity is widespread and favorable（C）

(E) no tax deduction is available for products dumped or sold to a liquidator