俺的GMAT家

女王的肥皂

NOTE ON USAGE 用法: There are a number of verbs which describe abnormal ways of walking. 有几个动词可用以表示不正常的行走方式.
1.Shuffle and shamble indicate moving without lifting the feet completely off the ground. *shuffle和shamble均指行走时脚不完全离开地面.
Shuffle suggests a slow, tired movement; shamble may be faster and more careless
The queue of prisoners shuffled towards the door. 那队囚犯拖着沉重的步子向门口蹭去.
The beggar shambled past us. 那个乞丐脚蹭着地从我们身旁走过.
2.Stagger and stumble suggest unsteady or uncontrolledmovement.
   A person staggers when carrying a heavy load or when drunk.  We stumble when we hit our feet against unseen objects.
stumble and tumble have similar meanings for the patterns of walking. But in some context, stumble may suggest some mistakes of reading or speaking.  
I hope I do not stumble over any of the long words.
3.Waddle is used humorously to describe someone swaying from side to side like a duck because of fatness or while carrying heavy bags.
4.Hobble and limp describe the uneven movement of someone whose legs are injured.Limp is used especially when only one leg is damaged or stiff. *limp专用以指单腿受伤或强直.

女王的肥皂

再和自己说一遍，多看科技文章，多看科技文章。

女王的肥皂

1. Your diligence examplifies the characterics of a good employee.
2. He was usually exonerated from any blame.
3. Lack the expertise to question medical decisions.
4. Bill expired in his sleep after a long illness.
5. Members are united by explicit bonds of love.
6. Explusion of the military adviser
7. The installment will extend over a period of 3 years.
8. Extinguish the empire altogether.
9. Elections are necessary for the sustenance of democracy.
10.American Indian poetry is always fully woven into the fabirc of ordinary life.
11.The function of capital market is to facilitate an exchange of funds among all participants.
12. use faculty of observation
13. Even during the war, I kept faith in government.
14. fetch for unprecedented prices.
15. file complaint/divorce.
16. legislative assembly
17. a flat rate per $1000
18. smell and taste sensation
19. people are friendly, environment is safe, and the arts are flourish.
20. Extinct volcano

女王的肥皂

1.A specail news report preempted the scheduled program.
2. She lay there inert.
3. Expedient: helping you to do sth qickly and effectively although sometimes in a way that is not morally right.
  This solution is plitically expedient but may cause long-term problems.
  Secientific archeological expendition
3. Most lands suitable for farming have been already exploited.
4. exlore the way of reducing costs. unexplored(未调查过的)
5. Animals have a natural instinct for survival.
6. A glass of orange squash.
  There is any sustenance in a glass of orange squash.
7. extract ink from recycle newspaper. extracted(萃取的)
8. This information is extraneous to the matter in hand.
  Irrelevant= extraneuous, extrinsic.
  relevant= pertiment
  extraneous sound(外来的，杂音) extrinsic fact(非本质的 instrinsic, 非本质问题)
9. a fervent appeal for world peace (believing or feeling something very strongly and sincerely)
  a ardent supporter of free trade. (showing strong positive feelings about an activity and determination to succeed at it)
  strenuous and arduous 费力气的。 strenuous/ardent physical fitness program
10. exhuastive= through=complete

factorization fatality fracture faction filament unferrous metal(竟然是有色金属的意思)

女王的肥皂

demonstrate a clear relationship between the motivation to prove that co-workers are saying bad things about you and an increase in paranoia, suspicious behavior of your own and peer rejection.
The best strategy for dealing with such types is often to avoid prolonged or in-depth interactions with them whenever possible.
But if your first thought when reading about the study’s finding was more cynical — i.e., But what if someone really is trying to undermine me? — you just might be the sucker at the table. 条件从句的地方一定要按照语法来，不要自己语感下发挥。
Just because you’re paranoid doesn’t mean someone’s not out to get you. It means they may be out to get you because you’re paranoid!
so the best strategy for dealing with potential workplace “frenemies” is to give them the benefit of the doubt, even if it feels like you’re exposing yourself to harm.
And there is also a stream of research that shows that when people do something bad to others, they are highly motivated to rationalize it. One way to do this is to assign more negative attributes to people whom they harm as a way of making the harm-doer feel like the person deserved it.”神呀，这句子
spotlight effect
there’s a good chance that the harm you may incur by failing to be as “vigilant” (a.k.a. paranoid) as you might otherwise be will pale in comparison with the benefits you’ll garner when your colleagues slowly start to realize you’re not such a sneaky gossip after all. 有些时候不关注细节了，我更能知道这个句话是什么意思了。

女王的肥皂

我忽然想起这个场景：

图书馆里一个学姐冷哈哈的拿着杯子看英文杂志。 管理员过来说了什么，打击到她。结果人家一走，她自己对自己说，我一定会出去（出国）的。

不知道怎么回事，读文章的时候，回想到这个场景。

再次发挥我天马行空的思维，就是要多读英文文章。文章读多了，一定会会考过的。

女王的肥皂

Woodrow Wilson was referring to the liberal idea of the economic market when he said that the free enterprise system is the most efficient economic system. Maximum freedom means maximum productiveness; our “openness” is to be the measure of our stability.（这句话我觉得这个文章的核心）Fascination with this ideal has made Americans defy the “Old World” categories of settled possessiveness versus unsettling deprivation, the cupidity of retention versus the cupidity of seizure, a “status quo” defended or attacked. （2）（前面是旧世界，或英国世界，后者是新世界，或美国世界。）The United States, it was believed, had no status quo ante. Our only “station” was the turning of a stationary wheel, spinning faster and faster. We did not base our system on property but opportunity—which meant we based it not on stability but on mobility. The more things changed, that is, the more rapidly the wheel turned, the steadier we would be. The conventional picture of class politics is composed of the Haves, who want a stability to keep what they have, and the Have-Nots, who want a touch of instability and change in which to scramble for the things they have not. But Americans imagined a condition in which speculators, self-makers, runners are always using the new opportunities given by our land. These economic leaders (front-runners) would thus be mainly agents of change. The nonstarters were considered the ones who wanted stability, a strong refereeto give them some position in the race, a regulative hand to calm manic speculation; an authority that can call things to a halt, begin things again from compensatory staggered “starting lines.”
“Reform” in America has been sterilebecause it can imagine no change except through the extension of this metaphor of a race, wider inclusion of competitors, “a piece of the action,” as it were, for the disenfranchised.（4）（5） There is no attempt to call off the race. Since our only stability is change, America seems not to honor the quiet work that achieves social interdependence and stability. There is, in our legends（7）, no heroism of the office clerk, no stable industrial work force of the people who actually make the system work. There is no pride in being an employee (Wilson asked for a return to the time when everyone was an employer). There has been no boasting about our social workers—they are merely signs of the system’s failure, of opportunity denied or not taken, of things to be eliminated. We have no pride in our growing interdependence, in the fact that our system can serve others, that we are able to help those in need; empty boasts from the past make us ashamed of our present achievements, make us try to forget or deny them, move away from them. There is no honor but in the Wonderland race we must all run, all trying to win, none winning in the end (for there is no end)（6）.

这个文章典型的开始解释一个观点，之后反对这个观点。
从实际意义上，这个观点对不对，我没有办法评价。就像一个人的成功，人都会说是自己努力的结果。我也很疑惑。
自由=生产力。原来没有注意的这种说法。

错： 1， 4， 6， 9
我觉得1和9 应该放在一起解决，
错了这么多，错吧。
像是作者不是在指责美国的经济体系的竞争性太强，而是指责美国经济只强调竞争，没有变化。


1. The primary purpose of the passage is to
(A) criticize the inflexibility of American economic mythology
(B) contrast “Old World” and “New World” economic ideologies
(C) challenge the integrity of traditional political leaders
(D) champion those Americans whom the author deems to be neglected
(E) suggest a substitute for the traditional metaphor of a race
主旨题 我忽然觉得 第二段第一句能很好揭示这个问题。 “Reform” was sterilize.

2. According to the passage, “Old World” values were based on
(A) ability
(B) property
(C) family connections
(D) guild hierarchies
(E) education

3. In the context of the author’s discussion of regulating change, which of the following could be most probably regarded as a “strong referee” (line 30) in the United States?
(A) A school principal
(B) A political theorist
(C) A federal court judge
(D) A social worker
(E) A government inspector
这题，我在文中没有找到答案。答案是我猜的。没想到我猜对了。理论家的用处就是你和人家吵架的时候，能给你一个论据。

4. The author sets off the word “Reform” (line 35) with quotation marks in order to
(A) emphasize its departure from the concept of settled possessiveness
(B) show his support for a systematic program of change
(C) underscore the flexibility and even amorphousness of United States society
(D) indicate that the term was one of Wilson’s favorites
(E) assert that reform in the United States has not been fundamental
第二遍：我真不知道BE的区别，难道是因为sterile 这个词的含义我还是不明白？
Refrom
Reform has been sterile.
看来是我读错了。

5. It can be inferred from the passage that the author most probably thinks that giving the disenfranchised “a piece of the action” (line 38) is
(A) a compassionate, if misdirected, legislative measure
(B) an example of Americans’ resistance to profound social change
(C) an innovative program for genuine social reform
(D) a monument to the efforts of industrial reformers
(E) a surprisingly “Old World” remedy for social ills

6. Which of the following metaphors could the author most appropriately use to summarize his own assessment of the American economic system (lines 35-60)?
(A) A windmill
(B) A waterfall
(C) A treadmill
(D) A gyroscope
(E) A bellows
同样，这里我也找不到位置，按照感觉，随便选的答案。我第一次选的D
全完最后一句。

7. It can be inferred from the passage that Woodrow Wilson’s ideas about the economic market
(A) encouraged those who “make the system work” (lines 45-46)
(B) perpetuated traditional legends about America
(C) revealed the prejudices of a man born wealthy
(D) foreshadowed the stock market crash of 1929
(E) began a tradition of presidential proclamations on economics

8. The passage contains information that would answer which of the following questions?
I. What techniques have industrialists used to manipulate a free market?
II. In what ways are “New World” and “Old World” economic policies similar?
III. Has economic policy in the United States tended to reward independent action?
(A) I only
(B) II only
(C) III only
(D) I and II only
(E) II and III only
推论

9. Which of the following best expresses the author’s main point?
(A) Americans’ pride in their jobs continues to give them stamina today.
(B) The absence of a status quo ante has undermined United States economic structure.
(C) The free enterprise system has been only a useless concept in the United States.
(D) The myth of the American free enterprise system is seriously flawed.
(E) Fascination with the ideal of “openness” has made Americans a progressive people.
DE 不是很好分，但是我想全文讨论的是一种价值观的东西，应该不是市场，所以就选E吧。


Woodrow Wilson was referring to the liberal idea of the economic market when he said that the free enterprise system is the most efficient economic system. Maximum freedom means maximum productiveness; our “openness” is to be the measure of our stability. Fascination with this ideal has made Americans defy the “Old World” categories of settled possessiveness versus unsettling deprivation, the cupidity of retention versus the cupidity of seizure, a “status quo” defended or attacked. The United States, it was believed, had no status quo ante. Our only “station” was the turning of a stationary wheel, spinning faster and faster. We did not base our system on property but opportunity—which meant we based it not on stability but on mobility. The more things changed, that is, the more rapidly the wheel turned, the steadier we would be. The conventional picture of class politics is composed of the Haves, who want a stability to keep what they have, and the Have-Nots, who want a touch of (a touch of: 有一点) instability and change in which to scramble for (scramble for: v.争夺, 勉强拼凑) the things they have not. But Americans imagined a condition in which speculators, self-makers, runners are always using the new opportunities given by our land. These economic leaders (front-runners) would thus be mainly agents of change. The nonstarters were considered the ones who wanted stability, a strong referee to give them some position in the race, a regulative hand to calm manic speculation; an authority that can call things to a halt, begin things again from compensatory staggered “starting lines.”

“Reform” in America has been sterile because it can imagine no change except through the extension of this metaphor of a race, wider inclusion of competitors, “a piece of the action,” as it were, for the disenfranchised. There is no attempt to call off the race. Since our only stability is change, America seems not to honor the quiet work that achieves social interdependence and stability. There is, in our legends, no heroism of the office clerk (office clerk: n.职员), no stable industrial work force of the people who actually make the system work. There is no pride in being an employee (Wilson asked for a return to the time when everyone was an employer). There has been no boasting about our social workers—they are merely signs of the system’s failure, of opportunity denied or not taken, of things to be eliminated. We have no pride in our growing interdependence, in the fact that our system can serve others, that we are able to help those in need; empty boasts from the past make us ashamed of our present achievements, make us try to forget or deny them, move away from them. There is no honor but in the Wonderland (wonderland: n.仙境, 奇境)race we must all run, all trying to win, none winning in the end (for there is no end).

1.The primary purpose of the passage is to

(A) criticize the inflexibility of American economic mythology

(B) contrast “Old World” and “New World” economic ideologies

(C) challenge the integrity of traditional political leaders

(D) champion those Americans whom the author deems to be neglected（A）

(E) suggest a substitute for the traditional metaphor of a race

2.According to the passage, “Old World” values were based on

(A) ability

(B) property

(C) family connections

(D) guild hierarchies（B）

(E) education

3.In the context of the author’s discussion of regulating change, which of the following could be most probably regarded as a “strong referee” (line 30) in the United States?

(A) A school principal

(B) A political theorist

(C) A federal court judge

(D) A social worker（C）

(E) A government inspector

4.The author sets off (set off: to set apart: make distinct or outstanding) the word “Reform” (line 35) with quotation marks in order to

(A) emphasize its departure from the concept of settled possessiveness

(B) show his support for a systematic program of change

(C) underscore the flexibility and even amorphousness of United States society

(D) indicate that the term was one of Wilson’s favorites（E）

(E) assert that reform in the United States has not been fundamental

5.It can be inferred from the passage that the author most probably thinks that giving the disenfranchised “a piece of the action” (line 38) is

(A) a compassionate, if misdirected, legislative measure

(B) an example of Americans’ resistance to profound social change

(C) an innovative program for genuine social reform

(D) a monument to the efforts of industrial reformers（B）

(E) a surprisingly “Old World” remedy for social ills

6.Which of the following metaphors could the author most appropriately use to summarize his own assessment of the American economic system (lines 35-60)?

(A) A windmill

(B) A waterfall

(C) A treadmill

(D) A gyroscope（C）

(E) A bellows

7.It can be inferred from the passage that Woodrow Wilson’s ideas about the economic market

(A) encouraged those who “make the system work” (lines 45-46)

(B) perpetuated traditional legends about America

(C) revealed the prejudices of a man born wealthy

(D) foreshadowed the stock market crash of 1929（B）

(E) began a tradition of presidential proclamations on economics

8.The passage contains information that would answer which of the following questions?

I.What techniques have industrialists used to manipulate a free market?

II.In what ways are “New World” and “Old World” economic policies similar?

III.Has economic policy in the United States tended to reward independent action?

(A) I only

(B) II only

(C) III only

(D) I and II only（C）

(E) II and III only

9.Which of the following best expresses the author’s main point?

(A) Americans’ pride in their jobs continues to give them stamina today.

(B) The absence of a status quo ante has undermined United States economic structure.

(C) The free enterprise system has been only a useless concept in the United States.

(D) The myth of the American free enterprise system is seriously flawed.（D）

(E) Fascination with the ideal of “openness” has made Americans a progressive people.

女王的肥皂

No very satisfactory account of the mechanism that caused the formation of the ocean basins has yet been given. The traditional view supposes that the upper mantle of the earth behaves as a liquid when it is subjected to small forces for long periods and that differences in temperature under oceans and continents are sufficient to produce convection in the mantle of the earth with rising convection currents under the mid-ocean ridges and sinking currents under the continents. Theoretically, this convection would carry the continental plates along as though they were on a conveyor belt and would provide the forces needed to produce the split that occurs along the ridge. This view may be correct: it has the advantage that the currents are driven by temperature differences that themselves depend on the position of the continents. Such a back-coupling, in which the position of the moving plate has an impact on the forces that move it, could produce complicated and varying motions.
On the other hand, the theory is implausible because convection does not normally occur along lines, and it certainly does not occur along lines broken by frequent offsets or changes in direction, as the ridge is. Also it is difficult to see how the theory applies to the plate between the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the ridge in the Indian Ocean. This plate is growing on both sides, and since there is no intermediate trench, the two ridges must be moving apart. It would be odd if the rising convection currents kept exact pace with them. （这个地方的反驳没看懂。这个板块因为两边是山脊，板块可以两边高的呀。没有海沟，这两个山脊向两边跑？）An alternative theory is that the sinking part of the plate, which is denser than the hotter surrounding mantle, pulls the rest of the plate after it. Again it is difficult to see how this applies to the ridge in the South Atlantic, where neither the African nor the American plate has a sinking part.
Another possibility is that the sinking plate cools the neighboring mantle and produces convection currents that move the plates. This last theory is attractive because it gives some hope of explaining the enclosed seas, such as the Sea of Japan. These seas have a typical oceanic floor, except that the floor is overlaid by several kilometers of sediment. Their floors have probably been sinking for long periods. It seems possible that a sinking current of cooled mantle material on the upper side of the plate might be the cause of such deep basins. The enclosed seas are an important feature of the earth’s surface, and seriously require explanation because, in addition to the enclosed seas that are developing at present behind island arcs, there are a number of older ones of possibly similar origin, such as the Gulf of Mexico, the Black Sea, and perhaps the North Sea.

没想到。我以为科技文好懂呢？这个比上篇看得头疼多了。
这篇总结真不会写。真没有看懂

传统观点：地幔呈液体状。因为温度的不同，海中山脊地幔上升，陆地地幔下降。（我觉得这样理论只能解释大陆坡接海洋的地方）
第二种观点：就是形成洋盆的地方比别的地方重，所以形成洋盆。但是，有两个板块却没有凹陷的地方。
第三种观点：下沉部分的地幔温度低，形成对流。

Ocean trench: 海沟，不再是什么沟渠了。
Island arcs:  专业名词

错： 2

1. According to the traditional view of the origin of the ocean basins, which of the following is sufficient to move the continental plates?
(A) Increases in sedimentation on ocean floors
(B) Spreading of ocean trenches
(C) Movement of mid-ocean ridges
(D) Sinking of ocean basins
(E) Differences in temperature under oceans and continents
细节题，表黑那句和后面的句子，主语宾语缓缓就出来了。

2. It can be inferred from the passage that, of the following, the deepest sediments would be found in the
(A) Indian Ocean
(B) Black Sea
(C) Mid-Atlantic
(D) South Atlantic
(E) Pacific
哪来的东西，难道是日本海？
我只能对着答案倒退，日本海不属于太平洋？日本海和黑海类似。

3. The author refers to a “conveyor belt” in line 13 in order to
(A) illustrate the effects of convection in the mantle
(B) show how temperature differences depend on the positions of the continents
(C) demonstrate the linear nature of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge
(D) describe the complicated motions made possible by back-coupling
(E) account for the rising currents under certain mid-ocean ridges
细节题

3. The author regards the traditional view of the origin of the oceans with
(A) slight apprehension
(B) absolute indifference
(C) indignant anger
(D) complete disbelief
(E) guarded skepticism
给出的肯定的部分，也给出了否定的部分，guarded。
注意这个题干的说法： origin of the oceans.

4. According to the passage, which of the following are separated by a plate that is growing on both sides?
(A) The Pacific Ocean and the Sea of Japan
(B) The South Atlantic Ridge and the North Sea Ridge
(C) The Gulf of Mexico and the South Atlantic Ridge
(D) The Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the Indian Ocean Ridge
(E) The Black Sea and the Sea of Japan
就按照字面瞎理解吧

5. Which of the following, if it could be demonstrated, would most support the traditional view of ocean formation?
(A) Convection usually occurs along lines.
(B) The upper mantle behaves as a dense solid.
(C) Sedimentation occurs at a constant rate.
(D) Sinking plates cool the mantle.
(E) Island arcs surround enclosed seas.
推论题：反驳不成立，就是支持traditional view

6. According to the passage, the floor of the Black Sea can best be compared to a
(A) rapidly moving conveyor belt
(B) slowly settling foundation
(C) rapidly expanding balloon
(D) violently erupting volcano
(E) slowly eroding mountain
细节题，跑前面去了

7. Which of the following titles would best describe the content of the passage?
(A) A Description of the Oceans of the World
(B) Several Theories of Ocean Basin Formation
(C) The Traditional View of the Oceans
(D) Convection and Ocean Currents
(E) Temperature Differences among the Oceans of the World
主旨题

在现在完成时的句子中，already常用于肯定句，yet常用于否定句和疑问句，但yet还有其他用法。
1.yet用在否定或疑问句中，表示“尚，还是，仍然，依然”的意思。一般常出现在完成时态中，位于句尾。 例如： Have you got the ticket yet?你买到票了吗？She hasn’t read the book yet.他还没有读过那本书。
若句子的谓语表现为强调性，还可以用在一般现在时或一般过去时中。例如：Are the apples ripe yet？苹果成熟了吗?They had not finished their homeword yet.那时作业还没做完呢。Her mother isn’t back yet .她妈妈还没回来。
already也可以用在疑问句中，但只表示期待一个肯定的回答或惊异。例如：Have you seen the film already?你已经看过这部电影了？Is it four o’clock already?就到四点钟了？
2.在主句中wonder(从句是whether或if引导)，not think(suppose, believe)等引导的宾语从句复合句中，一般否定意义实际上是在从句中，这时仍然用yet。
例如：I don’t think they have agreed with us yet.我认为我们尚未取得一致的看法。I wonder whether /if he has yet talked about it with you.我不知道他已同你谈过那件事没有。
3.yet还可用在肯定句中，有以下几种情况：
（1）表示惊叹或感慨。
例如：Be thankful you are yet alive.你该为了你仍然活着而感恩。
This problem is yet more difficult than you imagined .这个问题比你原来想象的还难得多呢。
（2）表示判断或推测。
例如：The enemy may win yet if we relax our efforts.如果我们不努力，敌人迟早会获胜的。
（3）表示“还要，再，更”的递进语义。（这时用still更为常见。）
例如：We must practise yet more often.我们还得更加经常练习。
（4）yet可作连词，意为“可是，然而，却……”。
例如：My room is small ,yet very comfortable.我的房间虽小，但很舒适。You can draw a good horse in five minutes ,yet you kept me waiting for a year?你能在五分钟内画一匹好马，然而你让我等了一年。
y et和and连用也可产生转折语气，更口语化些。例如：She’s vain and foolish ,and yet people like her .她自负愚蠢，然而人们喜欢她。
　 yet与not连用起一种重迭否定的作用，意为“也不，仍不”。例如：We are not yet.我们还没准备好。He did not come ,not yet telephone.他人不来，电话也不打。

No very satisfactory account of the mechanism that caused the formation of the ocean basins has yet been given. The traditional view supposes that the upper mantle of the earth behaves as a liquid when it is subjected to small forces for long periods and that differences in temperature under oceans and continents are sufficient to produce convection in the mantle of the earth with rising convection currents under the mid-ocean ridges and sinking currents under the continents. Theoretically, this convection would carry the continental plates along as though they were on a conveyor belt (conveyor belt: n. 传送带) and would provide the forces needed to produce the split that occurs along the ridge. This view may be correct: it has the advantage that the currents are driven by temperature differences that themselves depend on the position of the continents. Such a back-coupling, in which the position of the moving plate has an impact on the forces that move it, could produce complicated and varying motions.

On the other hand, the theory is implausible because convection does not normally occur along lines, and it certainly does not occur along lines broken by frequent offsets (an abrupt bend in an object by which one part is turned aside out of line)or changes in direction, as the ridge is. Also it is difficult to see how the theory applies to the plate between the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the ridge in the Indian Ocean. This plate is growing on both sides, and since there is no intermediate trench, the two ridges must be moving apart. It would be odd if the rising convection currents kept exact pace with them. An alternative theory is that the sinking part of the plate, which is denser than the hotter surrounding mantle, pulls the rest of the plate after it. Again it is difficult to see how this applies to the ridge in the South Atlantic, where neither the African nor the American plate has a sinking part.

Another possibility is that the sinking plate cools the neighboring mantle and produces convection currents that move the plates. This last theory is attractive because it gives some hope of explaining the enclosed seas, such as the Sea of Japan. These seas have a typical oceanic floor, except that the floor is overlaid by several kilometers of sediment. Their floors have probably been sinking for long periods. It seems possible that a sinking current of cooled mantle material on the upper side of the plate might be the cause of such deep basins. The enclosed seas are an important feature of the earth’s surface, and seriously require explanation because, in addition to the enclosed seas that are developing at present behind island arcs, there are a number of older ones of possibly similar origin, such as the Gulf of Mexico, the Black Sea, and perhaps the North Sea.

1.According to the traditional view of the origin of the ocean basins, which of the following is sufficient to move the continental plates?

(A) Increases in sedimentation on ocean floors

(B) Spreading of ocean trenches

(C) Movement of mid-ocean ridges

(D) Sinking of ocean basins（E）

(E) Differences in temperature under oceans and continents

2.It can be inferred from the passage that, of the following, the deepest sediments would be found in the

(A) Indian Ocean

(B) Black Sea

(C) Mid-Atlantic

(D) South Atlantic（B）

(E) Pacific

3.The author refers to a “conveyor belt” in line 13 in order to

(A) illustrate the effects of convection in the mantle

(B) show how temperature differences depend on the positions of the continents

(C) demonstrate the linear nature of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge

(D) describe the complicated motions made possible by back-coupling（A）

(E) account for the rising currents under certain mid-ocean ridges

3.The author regards the traditional view of the origin of the oceans with

(A) slight apprehension

(B) absolute indifference

(C) indignant anger

(D) complete disbelief（E）

(E) guarded skepticism

4.According to the passage, which of the following are separated by a plate that is growing on both sides?

(A) The Pacific Ocean and the Sea of Japan

(B) The South Atlantic Ridge and the North Sea Ridge

(C) The Gulf of Mexico and the South Atlantic Ridge

(D) The Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the Indian Ocean Ridge（D）

(E) The Black Sea and the Sea of Japan

5.Which of the following, if it could be demonstrated, would most support the traditional view of ocean formation?

(A) Convection usually occurs along lines.

(B) The upper mantle behaves as a dense solid.

(C) Sedimentation occurs at a constant rate.

(D) Sinking plates cool the mantle.（A）

(E) Island arcs surround enclosed seas.

6.According to the passage, the floor of the Black Sea can best be compared to a

(A) rapidly moving conveyor belt

(B) slowly settling foundation

(C) rapidly expanding balloon

(D) violently erupting volcano（B）

(E) slowly eroding mountain

7.Which of the following titles would best describe the content of the passage?

(A) A Description of the Oceans of the World

(B) Several Theories of Ocean Basin Formation

(C) The Traditional View of the Oceans

(D) Convection and Ocean Currents（B）

(E) Temperature Differences among the Oceans of the World

女王的肥皂

How many really suffer as a result of labor market problems? This is one of the most critical yet contentious social policy questions. In many ways, our social statistics exaggerate the degree of hardship. Unemployment does not have the same dire consequences today as it did in the 1930’s when most of the unemployed were primary breadwinners, when income and earnings were usually much closer to the margin of subsistence, and when there were no countervailing social programs for those failing in the labor market. Increasing affluence, the rise of families with more than one wage earner, the growing predominance of secondary earners among the unemployed, and improved social welfare protection have unquestionably mitigated the consequences of joblessness. Earnings and income data also overstate the dimensions of hardship. Among the millions with hourly earnings at or below the minimum wage level, the overwhelming majority are from multiple-earner, relatively affluent families. Most of those counted by the poverty statistics are elderly or handicapped or have family responsibilities which keep them out of the labor force, so the poverty statistics are by no means an accurate indicator of labor market pathologies.（本段主旨，上面那两个是分论点）
Yet there are also many ways our social statistics underestimate the degree of labor-market-related hardship. The unemployment counts exclude the millions of fully employed workers whose wages are so low that their families remain in poverty.Low wages and repeated or prolonged unemployment frequently interact to undermine the capacity for self-support. Since the number experiencing joblessness at some time during the year is several times the number unemployed in any month, those who suffer as a result of forced idleness can equal or exceed average annual unemployment, even though only a minority of the jobless in any month really suffer. For every person counted in the monthly unemployment tallies, there is another working part-time because of the inability to find full-time work, or else outside the labor force but wanting a job.（这句话是对上句结论的解释） Finally, income transfers in our country have always focused on the elderly, disabled, and dependent, neglecting the needs of the working poor, so that the dramatic expansion of cash and in-kind transfers does not necessarily mean that those failing in the labor market are adequately protected.
As a result of such contradictory evidence, it is uncertain whether those suffering seriously as a result of labor market problems number in the hundreds of thousands or the tens of millions, and, hence, whether high levels of joblessness can be tolerated or must be countered by job creation and economic stimulus. There is only one area of agreement in this debate—that the existing poverty, employment, and earnings statistics are inadequate for one their primary applications, measuring the consequences of labor market problems.（文章最后结论）

这个文章结构很好看，开始说统计数字夸张了经济问题，之后说统计数字又溜掉那些经济问题。最后结论是，统计数字不能准确反映经济问题。
错误 2 8 9
对8 不是很理解。

1. Which of the following is the principal topic of the passage?
(A) What causes labor market pathologies that result in suffering
(B) Why income measures are imprecise in measuring degrees of poverty
(C) Which of the currently used statistical procedures are the best for estimating the incidence of hardship that is due to unemployment
(D) Where the areas of agreement are among poverty, employment, and earnings figures
(E) How social statistics give an unclear picture of the degree of hardship caused by low wages and insufficient employment opportunities
主旨题

2. The author uses “labor market problems” in lines 1-2 to refer to which of the following?
(A) The overall causes of poverty
(B) Deficiencies in the training of the work force
(C) Trade relationships among producers of goods
(D) Shortages of jobs providing adequate income
(E) Strikes and inadequate supplies of labor
细节题。不能确定位置，但是跟poverty 相关的，选A
我只看到了poverty， 没有看到causes. the overall cause of the poverty 这个是很大的社会问题，不能仅限于经济领域了。
shortage of jobs, poverty.

3. The author contrasts the 1930’s with the present in order to show that
(A) more people were unemployed in the 1930’s
(B) unemployment now has less severe effects
(C) social programs are more needed now
(D) there now is a greater proportion of elderly and handicapped people among those in poverty
(E) poverty has increased since the 1930’s
第二句表黑转换一下就出来了。

4. Which of the following proposals best responds to the issues raised by the author?
(A) Innovative programs using multiple approaches should be set up to reduce the level of unemployment.
(B) A compromise should be found between the positions of those who view joblessness as an evil greater than economic control and those who hold the opposite view.
(C) New statistical indices should be developed to measure the degree to which unemployment and inadequately paid employment cause suffering.
(D) Consideration should be given to the ways in which statistics can act as partial causes of the phenomena that they purport to measure.
(E) The labor force should be restructured so that it corresponds to the range of job vacancies.
作者最后说的是统计数字不能反映经济问题。

5. The author’s purpose in citing those who are repeatedly unemployed during a twelve-month period is most probably to show that
(A) there are several factors that cause the payment of low wages to some members of the labor force
(B) unemployment statistics can underestimate the hardship resulting from joblessness
(C) recurrent inadequacies in the labor market can exist and can cause hardships for individual workers
(D) a majority of those who are jobless at any one time to not suffer severe hardship
(E) there are fewer individuals who are without jobs at some time during a year than would be expected on the basis of monthly unemployment figures
repeated unemployed 出现在第二段第一论据里面，支持第二段论据。

6. The author states that the mitigating effect of social programs involving income transfers on the income level of low-income people is often not felt by
(A) the employed poor
(B) dependent children in single-earner families
(C) workers who become disabled
(D) retired workers
(E) full-time workers who become unemployed
这里有迷惑性。AE，但是句子明确有天the working poor.

7. According to the passage, one factor that causes unemployment and earnings figures to overpredict the amount of economic hardship is the
(A) recurrence of periods of unemployment for a group of low-wage workers
(B) possibility that earnings may be received from more than one job per worker
(C) fact that unemployment counts do not include those who work for low wages and remain poor
(D) establishment of a system of record-keeping that makes it possible to compile poverty statistics
(E) prevalence, among low-wage workers and the unemployed, of members of families in which others are employed
细节题

8. The conclusion stated in lines 33-39 about the number of people who suffer as a result of forced idleness depends primarily on the point that
(A) in times of high unemployment, there are some people who do not remain unemployed for long
(B) the capacity for self-support depends on receiving moderate-to-high wages
(C) those in forced idleness include, besides the unemployed, both underemployed part-time workers and those not actively seeking work
(D) at different times during the year, different people are unemployed
(E) many of those who are affected by unemployment are dependents of unemployed workers
这个结论是：forced idleness 是平均数字的几倍。表蓝部分就是答案。
我错哪里了。

9. Which of the following, if true, is the best criticism of the author’s argument concerning why poverty statistics cannot properly be used to show the effects of problems in the labor market?
(A) A short-term increase in the number of those in poverty can indicate a shortage of jobs because the basic number of those unable to accept employment remains approximately constant.
(B) For those who are in poverty as a result of joblessness, there are social programs available that provide a minimum standard of living.
(C) Poverty statistics do not consistently agree with earnings statistics, when each is taken as a measure of hardship resulting from unemployment.
(D) The elderly and handicapped categories include many who previously were employed in the labor market.
(E) Since the labor market is global in nature, poor workers in one country are competing with poor workers in another with respect to the level of wages and the existence of jobs.
推论题。
我第一次做的时候真不知道，什么poverty statsitics这个论据和文章什么关系，想着也许有着我有没看懂的地方，就选了一个很学术的答案。
现在看看，基于作者说统计数字不能反映经济问题这个结论。A还是有利证明了统计数字在其他情况不变的情况下还是有用处的。

How many really suffer as a result of labor market problems? This is one of the most critical yet contentious social policy questions. In many ways, our social statistics exaggerate the degree of hardship. Unemployment does not have the same dire consequences today as it did in the 1930’s when most of the unemployed were primary breadwinners, when income and earnings were usually much closer to the margin of subsistence, and when there were no countervailing social programs for those failing in the labor market. Increasing affluence, the rise of families with more than one wage earner, the growing predominance of secondary earners among the unemployed, and improved social welfare protection have unquestionably mitigated the consequences of joblessness. Earnings and income data also overstate the dimensions of hardship. Among the millions with hourly earnings at or below the minimum wage level, the overwhelming majority are from multiple-earner, relatively affluent families. Most of those counted by the poverty statistics are elderly or handicapped or have family responsibilities which keep them out of the labor force, so the poverty statistics are by no means an accurate indicator of labor market pathologies.

Yet there are also many ways our social statistics underestimate the degree of labor-market-related hardship. The unemployment counts exclude the millions of fully employed workers whose wages are so low that their families remain in poverty. Low wages and repeated or prolonged unemployment frequently interact to undermine the capacity for self-support. Since the number experiencing joblessness at some time during the year is several times the number unemployed in any month, those who suffer as a result of forced idleness can equal or exceed average annual unemployment, even though only a minority of the jobless in any month really suffer. For every person counted in the monthly unemployment tallies, there is another working part-time because of the inability to find full-time work, or else outside the labor force but wanting a job. Finally, income transfers in our country have always focused on the elderly, disabled, and dependent, neglecting the needs of the working poor, so that the dramatic expansion of cash and in-kind transfers does not necessarily mean that those failing in the labor market are adequately protected.

As a result of such contradictory evidence, it is uncertain whether those suffering seriously as a result of labor market problems number in the hundreds of thousands or the tens of millions, and, hence, whether high levels of joblessness can be tolerated or must be countered by job creation and economic stimulus. There is only one area of agreement in this debate—that the existing poverty, employment, and earnings statistics are inadequate for one their primary applications, measuring the consequences of labor market problems.

1.Which of the following is the principal topic of the passage?

(A) What causes labor market pathologies that result in suffering

(B) Why income measures are imprecise in measuring degrees of poverty

(C) Which of the currently used statistical procedures are the best for estimating the incidence of hardship that is due to unemployment

(D) Where the areas of agreement are among poverty, employment, and earnings figures（E）

(E) How social statistics give an unclear picture of the degree of hardship caused by low wages and insufficient employment opportunities

2.The author uses “labor market problems” in lines 1-2 to refer to which of the following?

(A) The overall causes of poverty

(B) Deficiencies in the training of the work force

(C) Trade relationships among producers of goods

(D) Shortages of jobs providing adequate income（D）

(E) Strikes and inadequate supplies of labor

3.The author contrasts the 1930’s with the present in order to show that

(A) more people were unemployed in the 1930’s

(B) unemployment now has less severe effects

(C) social programs are more needed now

(D) there now is a greater proportion of elderly and handicapped people among those in poverty（B）

(E) poverty has increased since the 1930’s

4.Which of the following proposals best responds to the issues raised by the author?

(A) Innovative programs using multiple approaches should be set up to reduce the level of unemployment.

(B) A compromise should be found between the positions of those who view joblessness as an evil greater than economic control and those who hold the opposite view.

(C) New statistical indices should be developed to measure the degree to which unemployment and inadequately paid employment cause suffering.

(D) Consideration should be given to the ways in which statistics can act as partial causes of the phenomena that they purport to measure.（C）

(E) The labor force should be restructured so that it corresponds to the range of job vacancies.

5.The author’s purpose in citing those who are repeatedly unemployed during a twelve-month period is most probably to show that

(A) there are several factors that cause the payment of low wages to some members of the labor force

(B) unemployment statistics can underestimate the hardship resulting from joblessness

(C) recurrent inadequacies in the labor market can exist and can cause hardships for individual workers

(D) a majority of those who are jobless at any one time to not suffer severe hardship（B）

(E) there are fewer individuals who are without jobs at some time during a year than would be expected on the basis of monthly unemployment figures

6.The author states that the mitigating effect of social programs involving income transfers on the income level of low-income people is often not felt by

(A) the employed poor

(B) dependent children in single-earner families

(C) workers who become disabled

(D) retired workers（A）

(E) full-time workers who become unemployed

7.According to the passage, one factor that causes unemployment and earnings figures to overpredict the amount of economic hardship is the

(A) recurrence of periods of unemployment for a group of low-wage workers

(B) possibility that earnings may be received from more than one job per worker

(C) fact that unemployment counts do not include those who work for low wages and remain poor

(D) establishment of a system of record-keeping that makes it possible to compile poverty statistics（E）

(E) prevalence, among low-wage workers and the unemployed, of members of families in which others are employed

8.The conclusion stated in lines 33-39 about the number of people who suffer as a result of forced idleness depends primarily on the point that

(A) in times of high unemployment, there are some people who do not remain unemployed for long

(B) the capacity for self-support depends on receiving moderate-to-high wages

(C) those in forced idleness include, besides the unemployed, both underemployed part-time workers and those not actively seeking work

(D) at different times during the year, different people are unemployed（D）

(E) many of those who are affected by unemployment are dependents of unemployed workers

9.Which of the following, if true, is the best criticism of the author’s argument concerning why poverty statistics cannot properly be used to show the effects of problems in the labor market?

(A) A short-term increase in the number of those in poverty can indicate a shortage of jobs because the basic number of those unable to accept employment remains approximately constant.

(B) For those who are in poverty as a result of joblessness, there are social programs available that provide a minimum standard of living.

(C) Poverty statistics do not consistently agree with earnings statistics, when each is taken as a measure of hardship resulting from unemployment.

(D) The elderly and handicapped categories include many who previously were employed in the labor market.（A）

(E) Since the labor market is global in nature, poor workers in one country are competing with poor workers in another with respect to the level of wages and the existence of jobs.

女王的肥皂

1. obscure 2adj. 2v.
  an obscure village/poet 名不见经传的
  an obscure theory
 The clouds obscured the moon. 遮住，不容易看见
2. The main theme of the book is obscured by frequent digression
3. The role of U.S. Navy is threatened by permanent eclipse.
effective 有效果的，efficient 有效率的
4. The general thesis was eleborated on in details elsewhere in the passage.
5. to eliminate the ranks and salary grades that classify employees.
6. They hatred political privilege and wanted freedom from an elite-dominated state.
7. Egyptians are credited for having pioneered embalming methords.
8. to embellish the story by no means.
9. The new democratis value system was not immediately embraced by the society as a whole.
10. emulate the success of someone
11. Most business were transacted over the phone.
12. The themes in her poetry is universal, encompassing much of the human conditions.
13. 12 identical sets of encyclopedia
14. She picked up her second gold medal with ridiculous ease.
15. A drizzle from the faucet
16. The children were dazzled by his charm.
17. The descending rock is more liable to fracture.
18. 18 junior ministors are inducted into the government.
electric blanket, 电的属相的，electrical work/engineering, 不是电的属性的

20. enlist the help of someone.