【每日逻辑练习第二季】【1-8】

fox0923

你们太强劲了~~继续补作业~~
谁能帮我解释一下昨天的精炼部分？我的逻辑框架还没太搞懂~~

fox0923

精练-----------------32s--------------------weaken
P：People with technical knowledge are excluded from the juries for trials.
C: Thus, the trial is not fair if involved such issues.
Prephrase: The trial is not fair if the juries don't judge the trials fairly.
analysis:
(A) The more complicated the issue being litigated,
the less likely it is that a juror without
specialized knowledge of the field involved
will be able to comprehend the testimony
being given.---------------------------------more complex case, less likely the juror can handle the case. but this is not what the conclusion mainly talk about.更正思维:没想到这其实也是support。
如果要使juror的knowledge越来越多了，那么他就可以自己处理了，不需要那些people with speical technical knowledge了。
(B) The more a juror knows about a particular
scientific or technical issue involved in a
trial, the more likely it is that the juror will be
prejudiced in favor of one of the litigating
parties before the trial begins.-----------------yeah。If a juror knows about technical knowledge, then he or she might be prejudiced in favor of one party. 是不是潜意识里证明了juror会导致unfair，而并非people who know technical knowledge are excluded from the trial会导致unfairness。
阴险选项: 还是bible解释得好。
The answer is a tricky one because most people initially think the answer agrees with the argument. （这就是我刚开始想的，后来才转过弯来）It agrees with the principle of the premise, but not with the conclusion drawn from that premise.（遇到类似的选项看到和原文提到的info相反的对象，有可能就是被argue的对象，即weaken）
(C) Appointing an impartial arbitrator is not a fair
means of settling disputes involving
scientific or technical issues, because
arbitrators tend to favor settlements in which
both parties compromise on the issues.---------arbitrator is not the point in the argument.
(D) Experts who give testimony on scientific or
technical issues tend to hedge their
conclusions by discussing the possibility of
error.--------------------------------------tend to hedge is to support the conclusion instead of weaken it.
(E) Expert witnesses in specialized fields often
command fees that are so high that many
people involved in litigation cannot afford
their services.-------------------------------this is to support the conclusion/

风无衣

【精炼1-8】
weaken_55s
premise:people(good at scientific or technical issues) excluded from juries for trials systematically when the issue is relevant.
conclusion: trial by jury is not a fair means of settling disputes involving such issues.
prephrase:find a choice to states that trial by jury is a fair way of settling disputes about these issues although experts excluded from juries. There are some disadvantages when these experts participate in the trials by juries.

(A) The more complicated the issue being litigated,
the less likely it is that a juror without
specialized knowledge of the field involved
will be able to comprehend the testimony
being given.——support
(B) The more a juror knows about a particular
scientific or technical issue involved in a
trial, the more likely it is that the juror will be
prejudiced in favor of one of the litigating
parties before the trial begins.——correct
(C) Appointing an impartial arbitrator is not a fair
means of settling disputes involving
scientific or technical issues, because
arbitrators tend to favor settlements in which
both parties compromise on the issues.——irrelevant about arbitrator.
(D) Experts who give testimony on scientific or
technical issues tend to hedge their
conclusions by discussing the possibility of
error.——irrelevant about experts who give testimony.
(E) Expert witnesses in specialized fields often
command fees that are so high that many
people involved in litigation cannot afford.——irrelevant

jury 陪审团
testimony 证言，声明，证据

balapupu

[24s]
P: people know the scientific and technical issue is excluded from the jury if the jury is about this issue.
C: the trail is not fair.
Weaken: the people have the knowledge about the scientific and technical will can not judge the issue fair.
A:
(A) The more complicated the issue being litigated,
the less likely it is that a juror without
specialized knowledge of the field involved
will be able to comprehend the testimony
being given.-->support
(B) The more a juror knows about a particular
scientific or technical issue involved in a
trial, the more likely it is that the juror will be
prejudiced in favor of one of the litigating
parties before the trial begins.-->R
(C) Appointing an impartial arbitrator is not a fair
means of settling disputes involving
scientific or technical issues, because
arbitrators tend to favor settlements in which
both parties compromise on the issues.-->irrelevant with the arbitrators.
(D) Experts who give testimony on scientific or
technical issues tend to hedge their
conclusions by discussing the possibility of
error.-->not refute the fairness
(E) Expert witnesses in specialized fields often
command fees that are so high that many
people involved in litigation cannot afford
their services.-->irrelevant with the money

逻辑链：
1.【19s】
P：Catfish swimming erratically before the earthquake?scientists think it’s a good way to predicted the earthquake and decrease the property and life loss
weaken: the Cat fish only behave erratically just a few minutes before the earthquake, the time is too short for people get out of danger.
A:
(A) In Japan, which is subject to frequent earthquakes, the behavior of catfish has long been associated with earthquakes.-->support
(B) Mechanical methods for detecting earthquakes have not proved effective.-->support
(C) Tremors lead to the release of hydrogen sulfide gas into water, thereby causing various fish and shellfish to behave erratically.-->supprt
(D) Careful construction can reduce the dangers posed by earthquakes.-->irrelevant with the construction
(E) Even very slight, fleeting tremors cause catfish to swim erratically.-->R

2.[20s]
P: the city plan to sell buildings with entertainment facilities to attract citizens? one component of this plan the additional facilities will have no cost to the city.
Flaw: when people come to use the facility, it will bring the environment cost of the city.
A:
(A) Developers would pass along their costs to the buyer, thereby raising the cost of housing units beyond the ability of likely purchasers to afford them.-->R
(B) Light, nonpolluting industries have located in the area, offering more jobs and better-paying jobs than do the more-established industries in the area.—support
(C) Other towns and cities nearby have yet to embark on any comparable plans to attract new citizens.-->irrelevant with other cities
(D) Most developers see the extra expense of providing municipal facilities as simply one of the many costs of doing business.-->support
(E) Studies show that purchasers of new houses, especially first-time buyers, rank recreational resources as an important factor in deciding to buy a particular house.-->irrelevant with the purchase style.

3.[18s]

P: Industry implements cents off coupon to attract the loyalconsumer. -à So H Companyshould issue cents off coupon.
Weaken: this measure can not attract loyal consumer.
A:

(A) Many consumers are unlikely to try new brandsof products unless offered an inducement to do so.—>support

(B) The consumers whose purchases are stronglyinfluenced by cents-off coupons tend not to become loyal customers of anyparticular brand.-->R

(C) Many grocery stores attract customers bydoubling the face value of manufacturer's coupons.-->irrelevant with theother solution.

(D) Typically less than one-third of the couponsissued by a manufacturer are redeemed by consumers.-->irrelevant with the reorganization.

(E) A marketing campaign that uses cents-offcoupons is most effective when combined with a television advertising campaign.-->irrelevantwith the ads way.

4.做过了。

ugly5552000

1、Background: people who specialize in a certain issue are often excluded from juries for trials of the issue.
Premise: the trial by jury is not faire.
Prephrase: without the professionals, the jury’s horizon won’t be limited.

B
A: the argument is about whether the trial is faire, not whether the jurors are able to comprehend the testimony.
B: with a specialized juror in the jury will make the trial prejudiced, it attacks the argument.
C: no arbitrator, irrelevant
D: irrelevant
E: irrelevant
2、Background: catfish swim erratically before earthquakes.
Premise: the dangerous earthquakes can be predicted by monitoring catfish.
Prephrase: if there is a situation in addition to earthquakes that makes catfish swim erratically, the argument will be weakened.
E
A: associated with earthquakes does not mean it is effective.
B: irrelevant
C: why catfishes behave erratically is irrelevant
D: irrelevant
E: this is another circumstance which makes catfishes swim erratically, it attacks the argument.
3、Background: a city plans to attract new citizens by constructing new facilities. The new housing provide the new facilities must be free.
Prephrase: the developers could rent out the housing to get the capital for building.

A
A: it is an effective way to carry out the plan.
B: irrelevant
C: irrelevant
D: irrelevant
E: irrelevant
4、Background: manufactures issue cents-off coupons to attract consumers to switch their brand loyalty.
Premise: Hartman Industries issues cents-off coupons to attract consumers as loyal cosumers.
Prephase: if the strategy works, other manufacturers will adopt that too, then the loyal consumers will be lost soon.

B
A: the aim of manufacturers is make consumers loyal, not only to try their new brands
B: it attacks the argument
C: the strategy is irrelevant
D: irrelevant
E: irrelevant
5、Background: it is a perception that the country’s road system is inadequate.
Premise: in each of the past six years, the state has spent more money per mile on road improvements than any other state.
Prephrase: the more money was spent on improvement of the roads’ quality, not the total  mileage of the roads.
E
A: comparison with other countries is irrelevant
B: irrelevant
C: irrelevant
D: irrelevant
E: it points out the state’s problem and attacks the argument.

baseboss

1.Excluded the people which has special acknowledge or technical relevant from X is not a good way.peo
presume:
1.people has the revelant information about the trial will not fare to judge in lie of the whole social.

A) The more complicated the issue being litigated,
the less likely it is that a juror without
specialized knowledge of the field involved
will be able to comprehend the testimony
being given.
-->support
(B) The more a juror knows about a particular
scientific or technical issue involved in a
trial, the more likely it is that the juror will be
prejudiced in favor of one of the litigating
parties before the trial begins.
-->weaken   right
(C) Appointing an impartial arbitrator is not a fair
means of settling disputes involving
scientific or technical issues, because
arbitrators tend to favor settlements in which
both parties compromise on the issues.
-->irrelevant
(D) Experts who give testimony on scientific or
technical issues tend to hedge their
conclusions by discussing the possibility of
error.
-->irrelevant
(E) Expert witnesses in specialized fields often
command fees that are so high that many
people involved in litigation cannot afford
their services.
-->irrelevant


2.Use catfish to advanced warning earthquake.
presume:
1.how was the relationship between cstfish behavior and earthquake.
C

3.A city want to attack civic people by new housing and ralated facilities.They want the housing developers take the cost of related facilities by free.
presume:
1.No developers will do.
A

4.Manufacturies will use coupons to let customer try their brand and hope them to swith to their brand loyalty.So x need to do so at the initial.
Presume:
1.If customer swith to the brand loyalty,it is ussless to use coupons to attack customer.
B

5.State spend more money than other states to improve the road.
presume:
more money do not means good road situation.
Road situation can not be judged by the money spend.
E

卖红薯a

精练
1.
1)计时：25s
2)逻辑链Situation
Background information: people who have specialized knowledge about scientific/technical issues are out of the jury for trials if the issue is relevant.
Conclusion: trial by jury isn’t a fair means of settling arguments involving such issues.
3)推测: trial by jury is a fair means < ------ people in jury who deal with the issue is not scientific/technical professional (this is fair)
4)选项分析：选A
A. Right.
B. Irrelevant.
C. Opposite.
D. Irrelevant.
E. Irrelevant. about fee

【逻辑链】
29.
1)计时：30s
2)逻辑链Situation
Background information: purpose: reduce the danger of life/property caused by earthquakes, scientists investigate techniques for giving advance warning
Premise: C swim erratically before earthquake
Conclusion: they proposed monitoring C to predict dangerous earthquake
3)推测: it’s not sure how long before the earthquake C swim erratically, 1 hour? 1 month? 1 year?
we don’t know if C usually swim regularly
4)选项分析：选E
A. Support.
B. Support.
C. Irrelevant. other fishes
D. Irrelevant. main point is prediction not reduce the dangers posed by earthquake
E. Right.

30.
1)计时：25s
2)逻辑链Situation
Background information: A city plans to attract new citizens with new housing/facilities.
Premise: it requires that developers seek permission that to build the facilities cost nothing to the city
3)选项分析：选A
A. Right.
B. Irrelevant.
C. Support.
D. Support.
E. Support.

31.
1)计时：60s
2)逻辑链Situation
Background information: producers issue cents-off coupons to get consumers to try their brand of products, hoping the consumers will switch their brand loyalty
Premise: HI should issue cents-off coupons in the initial marketing of their new brand X
Conclusion: so that they can attract many potential consumers as loyal customers
3)推测: X is a new brand, issue cents-off coupons may not attract many loyalty.
it can attract consumers but may not switch to their brand loyalty
4)选项分析：选B
A. Support the conclusion. Cents-off coupon is an inducement
B. Right.
C. Irrelevant. no new brand involved
D. Irrelevant.
E. Support the conclusion.

32.
1)计时：28s
2)逻辑链Situation
Background information: many people who haven’t been to our state think that we have an inadequate road system.
Premise: those people are wrong
Conclusion: we has spent more money on road improvements than any other state in past 6 years
3)推测: our road system may be extremely bad than other states before, even we improved it, and it’s still worse than other states.
4)选项分析：选E
A. Irrelevant. increasing speed
B. Irrelevant. which is important for a businessman
C. Irrelevant.
D. Irrelevant. the length of the road
E. Right.

Threesu

P: people in juries of a trial do not have special relevant knowledge
C:the trial is unfair
(A) support
(B) weaken
(C) weaken对象错误，所以应该是无关
(D) irrelevant对象错误
(E) irrelevan

B:scientists are doing something to reduce the danger of life and prosper by earthquake
Pne kind of fish swims erratically before earthquake
C:by monitoring the fish
(A)support
(B) irrelevant
C) weaken
(D) irrelevant
(E) support

错了，C是解释地震引发鱼群动的原因

B: a city wanna attract citizens by offering new faculties
P: the building are going to be proposed by people
C:no cost to the city
(A) weaken
(B) irrelevant
(C) irrelevant
(D) Most developers see the extra expense of providing municipal facilities as simply one of the many costs of doing business.
(E) irrelevant

B:companies issue coupons to attract customers and wanna make them loyal ones
P:C is offering a new brand to the market
C:issue
(A) support
(B) weaken
(C) irrelevant
(D) little weaken
(E) irrelevant

P:A spends more money on road building per mile than any other countries
C:it is wrong that A in need of more roads
(A) /
(B) /
(C) /
(D) /
(E) Only states with seriously inadequate road systems need to spend large amounts of money on road improvements.

二楼往下掉

周末，终于有时间白天吧题做了。。。不用大半夜的再来发上来了。。。
第一道题完全没看懂，那个jury 和trail不理解啊。。。
废话完了。。。贴作业
1.
Trial 试验，审判
Jury 陪审团
Specialized 专业的
（1）45s weaken
（2）逻辑链
Primes：
People who have specialized knowledge about a scientific or technical issue are systematically excluded from juries for trials where the issue is relevant.
Conclusion：
Trial by jury is not a fair means of settling disputes involving such issues.
（3）example
4）A：support，说明了专家的重要性，loser
B：有专业知识的专家会在试验前有偏见，contender
C：arbitrator跟文中啥有关系？
D：专家会通过提出其中可能存在的错误来阻碍证词做出结论，这应该是什么态度的？专家=/=陪审团
E：无关选项，argument在讨论这种选择方式是不是合理

2.
（1）45s weaken
（2）逻辑链
Background：
To reduce the danger to life and property posed by major earthquakes, scientists have been investigating several techniques for giving advance warning of dangerous earthquakes.
Primes：
Catfish swim erratically before earthquakes
conclusion：
Some investigators have proposed monitoring catfish to predict dangerous earthquakes
（3）<1>方法不可行：监测不到
<2>方法不能达到目的：不在earthquake之前catfish也会swim erratically
（4）A：support，证明这个方法可行，loser
B：没提到plan-goal，loser
C：support，证明方法有效，loser
D：与plan-goal无关，loser
E：方法不可行，同<2>，weaken，contender

3.
（1）45s flaw
（2）逻辑链
Background：
A city plans to attract new citizens with new housing and new facilities such as parks, recreation centers, and libraries.
Plan：
Require that developers seeking permission to build this new housing provide these additional facilities at no cost to the city.
（4）A：开发商会把成本转嫁到消费者头上，这样无形当中增加了city的成本，contender
B：无关，loser
C：无关比较，跟别的cities没啥关系，loser
D：说明plan很好，loser
E：无关选项，与消费者对于设施周边的要求无关，loser
所以，选A

4.
（1）45s weaken
（2）逻辑链
Background：
Manufacturers issue cents-off coupons to get consumers to try their brand of product with the hope that the consumers who try their brand will switch their brand loyalty.
Plan：
new brand X——issue cents-off coupons to attract a large segment of potential consumers as loyal customers
（3）<1>不是所有人try后都会变成loyalty，是有一定的条件的，例如之前使用过相同品牌的产品，等等
（4）A：证明plan很可行，很多消费者回冲着coupons去的，loser
B：plan不可行，消费者是冲着cents-off去的，try以后也不会变成loyalty，contender
C：无关选项，loser
D：不到1/3的coupons被回收了，与推出新品牌无关，loser
E：部分同<1>，但是并没说明只有cents-off就没效果，loser
所以，选B

5.
（1）45s weaken
（2）逻辑链
Background：
Many businesspeople who have not been to our state believe that we have an inadequate road system
Primes：
In each of the past six years, our state has spent more money per mile on road improvements than any other state.
Conclusion：
Those people are mistaken
（3）花的钱多不能证明就比别的state好，也可能是原来基础差所以现在要花更多的钱弥补
（4）A：增加的慢也是在增加，对argument没有影响，loser
B：无关比较，loser
C：无关信息，loser
D：无关信息，与修路花的钱和道路质量无关，loser
E：同预测，contender
所以，选E

emmasy

1.
事实:people have special knowledge are excluded from trials where the issue is revelant
结论：trial by jury is not a fair means of settling disputes involving such issues
a.support
b.weaken
c.irrevelant
d.irrevelant
e.irrevelant