【每日逻辑练习第二季】【1-5】

Feelalive

留爪印～～～～～～～～～

Elisha728

fox0923 发表于 2011-11-24 00:29
精练Analysis：This problem is a complete conditional argument containing conditionalpremises and a c ...

8'55
EDEED
the 5th question, why C not D?

Elisha728

fox0923 发表于 2011-11-24 00:29
精练Analysis：This problem is a complete conditional argument containing conditionalpremises and a c ...

(28411-!-item-!-188;#058&003617)

For years the beautiful Renaissance buildings in Palitito have been damaged by exhaust from the many tour buses that come to the city.  There has been little parking space, so most buses have idled at the curb during each stop on their tour, and idling produces as much exhaust as driving.  The city has now provided parking that accommodates a third of the tour buses, so damage to Palitito's buildings from the buses' exhaust will diminish significantly.

Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the argument?

(A) The exhaust from Palitito's few automobiles is not a significant threat to Palitito's buildings. irrelevant
(B) Palitito's Renaissance buildings are not threatened by pollution other than engine exhaust. irrelevant
(C) Tour buses typically spend less than one-quarter of the time they are in Palitito transporting passengers from one site to another. Most relevant
(D) More tourists come to Palitito by tour bus than by any other single means of transportation. Less direct.
(E) Some of the tour buses that are unable to find parking drive around Palitito while their passengers are visiting a site. irrelevant

m1nt

1.        40’
Pre: place high tax-negative technology innovation-fall behind international races
Con: nation wants to maintain, needs to have highest tax
Weaken

2. 25’
Pre: urban grow slower than rural because of sd
Con: greenhouse no sd, urban grow slower than rural
Evaluation: other reasons lead to the result
ABCE 无关
D 正确

3.30’
Pre: paint markings will make drivers to see curves and judge position easier
Con: after painted, more accident
Explanation:
ABCD无关
E right

4. 20’
Pre: meat consumption increase, it takes grains to make meat
Con: income increase, grain production wont, import either grain or meat
Assumption: consumption of grain wont decrease
E right

5. 30’
Pre: no parking- idle- exhaust as much as driving
Con: provide parking, damage will diminish
Support: drive to parking place wont take long time to exhaust
A.B 不在讨论范围
C right
D 无关

meckyona

逻辑链 DEEC

我居然也有做全对的时候！！但是最后两个是记得答案啦

lyrsilvia

B DEEC
1.56'（第一遍没读懂又读了一遍...）
P: high tax on income has negative incentive for technological innovation and leads nations fall behind in the international arms race
C: to maintain value system and way of life, one nation must not allow highest tax to exceed 30% of income
Support: 30% is effective; lose voice in world affairs will cause value system and way of life change
答案：B
(A) The top level of taxation must reach 45 percent before taxation begins to deter inventors and industrialists from introducing new technologies and industries.-----------means even have 30% tax, the innovation will not be hurt. weaken
(B) Making a great deal of money is an insignificant factor in driving technological innovation.---------means high tax will not drive the technological innovation. support the low tax policy
(C) Falling behind in the international arms race does not necessarily lead to a strategically less advantageous position.------------high tax will not affect the advantageous position, means the value and the life style will not definitely change
(D) Those nations that lose influence in the world community do not necessarily suffer from a threat to their value system or way of life.-----------means no need to worry about tax will change the value and the life style. weaken
(E) Allowing one’s country to lose its technological edge, especially as concerns weaponry, would be foolish rather than merely a historical accident.CORRECT
===============================================================
错选了B，错将B中的Making a great deal of money的主体理解成了government，这里如果主体是individuals的话，那么就说明low tax 也不能generate high innovation，of course weaken(如何判断主体呢？？难道是直觉......)
E的意思是the actual reason the nation ends up in a disadvantageous position is not critical. It could be either foolishness or historical accident.相当于是irrelevant的选项，自然not weaken
===============================================================
2. 28'
P: sulfur dioxide: urban> rural
C: urban trees grow slowly than rural trees in greenhouse.(means caused by the different in the sulfur dioxide)
Evaluate: sulfur dioxide is the only reason for the different grow rate?
答案：D
(A) The urban school was located in a part of the city in which levels of sulfur dioxide in the air were usually far lower than is typical for urban areas.-------where is the school does not affect the greenhouse and the result
(B) At both schools, the plants in the greenhouses grew much more quickly than did plants planted outdoors in plots near the greenhouses.-----------the comparison between trees inside and outside the greenhouse is irrelevant
(C) The urban class conducting the experiment was larger than the rural class conducting the experiment.----------what the class size is irrelevant
(D) Heavy vehicular traffic such as is found in cities constantly deposits grime on greenhouse windows, reducing the amount of light that reaches the plants inside.-----------maybe it is not the different in sulfur dioxide but the amount of light. CORRECT
(E) Because of the higher levels of sulfur dioxide in the air at the urban school, the air filters for the urban school's greenhouse were changed more frequently than were those at the rural school.-------it is not saying about whether sulfur dioxide is the only causes. it just illustrate the different air filters. and this statement cannot guarantee whether sulfur dioxide is the only causes.

3. 25'
P: clear edge marking seem to be a useful contribution to road safety
C: after painted marking, the accident rate increased
Explain: more cars drive in the road
答案：E
(A) Greatwater County has an unusually high proportion of narrow, winding roads.-------what GC has does not matter the accident after painted
(B) In bad weather it can be nearly as difficult for drivers to see the road as it is at night.---------bad weather will affect every road. the higher accident rates are not explained
(C) Prior to the painting of the edge markings, Greatwater County's narrow, winding roads already had a somewhat higher accident rate than other Greatwater County roads.-----------history high accident rate does not explain the higher rates after the painted
(D) Many of the accidents on narrow, winding roads involve a single vehicle veering off the road, rather than the collision of two vehicles.--------------what detail about the accident can not explain the higher rates. veering off 难道rates一定大于collision?
(E) After the markings were painted on the roads, many drivers who had gone out of their way to avoid driving on those roads at night no longer did so.----------CORRECT. means painted makes safer, but because more driving, accident rates will rise

4. 32'
P: income↑ meat consumption↑several pounds of grain to produce one pound of meat
C: G will have to import either grain or meat or both
Assumption: grain consumption will not reduce
答案：E
(A) The total acreage devoted to grain production in Gortland will soon decrease.--------取非, acreage not decrease. this does not strengthened the conclusion about the import
(B) Importing either grain or meat will not result in a significantly higher percentage of Gortlanders' incomes being spent on food than is currently the case.---------the percentage of incomes spent on food is not discussed
(C) The per capita consumption of meat in Gortland is increasing at roughly the same rate across all income levels.--------this is just the premise. 取非不support the conclusion
(D) The per capita income of meat producers in Gortland is rising faster than the per capita income of grain producers.----------the comparison between meat producers and the grain producers is not the case
(E) People in Gortland who increase their consumption of meat will not radically decrease their consumption of grain.-----------if not decrease grain consumption, the import of grain or meat or both will be necessary to meet the demand of all people; if decrease grain consumption, maybe there are enough grains for G to produce the growing meat consumption.CORRECT

5. 36'
P: idling produces as much exhaust as driving
C: parking accommodates a third of the tour buses, damage from exhaust will diminish significantly
Support: parking did less the exhaust
答案：C
(A) The exhaust from Palitito's few automobiles is not a significant threat to Palitito's buildings.--------few automobiles are not discussed and are irrelevant to the buses
(B) Palitito's Renaissance buildings are not threatened by pollution other than engine exhaust.----------other threat is irrelevant to the reduction of buses' exhaust
(C) Tour buses typically spend less than one-quarter of the time they are in Palitito transporting passengers from one site to another.-------means three-quarter of time is idling-->if park, will reduce three-quarter of exhaust-->significantly diminish the exhaust threats.CORRECT
(D) More tourists come to Palitito by tour bus than by any other single means of transportation.----------how tourists come to P is irrelevant. "more" is too vague to be justified
(E) Some of the tour buses that are unable to find parking drive around Palitito while their passengers are visiting a site.----------"some" is too vague to be justified. even they park, it will significantly diminish the threat?

xyinghe

1-5:
1. 42s
B: high tax → negative tech innovation → fall behind
P: historical accident/foolishness of political leadership → disadvantageous position
C: not all highest tax > 30% → maintain value system

Weaken: 30%不算高

Key (weaken except): B (E)

2. 32s
B: SO2: urban> rural
     Plants grow: urban < rural
P: grow plants in greenhouses and filter the air to eliminate SO2
C: plants grow: urban < rural

Evaluate: 要看SO2对植物生长快慢的影响

Key: B (D)

3. 25s
B: edge markings helps driving
C: implanted edge marking in G → annual accident rate increased

Explain: 车多了

Key: E

4. 23s
B: Gort: delf-sufficient in G & M
P1: per capita income increase → per capita consumption of M increase
P2: nG=1M
C: per capita income keep rising + G production keep the same → import G or M or both

Assumption: 吃肉多了，吃粮食没减

Key: E

5. 27s
B: building was damaged by exhaust from tour bus
P: little parking space → buses idle at the curb → produce exhaust
C: provide parking spots → exhaust will diminish

Support: 停车时间短，大部分车都能停

Key: C

manqianchen

{精练}
5. Politician: All nations that place a high tax on
income produce thereby a negative incentive
for technological innovation, and all nations in
which technological innovation is hampered
inevitably fall behind in the international arms
race. Those nations that, through historical
accident or the foolishness of their political
leadership, wind up in a strategically
disadvantageous position are destined to lose
their voice in world affairs. So if a nation wants
to maintain its value system and way of life, it
must not allow its highest tax bracket to exceed
30 percent of income.
P1: high tax on cime produce a negative incentive for tech innovation, which would let the nation fall behind. Those nations that, hrough historical
accident or the foolishness of their political
leadership, wind up in a strategically
disadvantageous position are destined to lose
their voice in world affairs.
C: if a nation wants to maintain its value system and way of life, it must not allow its highest tax braket to exceed 30%
high tax - deter tech inno - fall behind - strategically disadvantageous position - lose their voice
correct: E
all the others attached one of the premise


Each of the following, if true, weakens the
politician’s argument EXCEPT:
(A) The top level of taxation must reach 45 percent
before taxation begins to deter inventors and
industrialists from introducing new
technologies and industries.
(B) Making a great deal of money is an
insignificant factor in driving technological
innovation.
(C) Falling behind in the international arms race
does not necessarily lead to a strategically
less advantageous position.
(D) Those nations that lose influence in the world
community do not necessarily suffer from a
threat to their value system or way of life.
(E) Allowing one’s country to lose its
technological edge, especially as concerns
weaponry, would be foolish rather than
merely a historical accident.

{PREP逻辑链练习}






17.    (27669-!-item-!-188;#058&003302)


Urban air contains more sulfur dioxide than does rural air, and plants in cities typically grow more slowly than do plants in rural areas.  In an experiment to see how much of the difference in growth is due to sulfur dioxide, classes in an urban and a rural school grew plants in greenhouses at their schools and filtered the greenhouse air to eliminate sulfur dioxide.  lants in the urban greenhouse grew more slowly than those in the rural greenhouse.
p1:Urban air contains more sulfur dioxide than does rural air, and plants in cities typically grow more slowly than do plants in rural areas.
p2: classes in an urban and a rural school grew plants in greenhouses at their schools and filtered the greenhouse air to eliminate sulfur dioxide,lants in the urban greenhouse grew more slowly than those in the rural greenhouse.

Which of the following, if true, would it be most important to take into account in evaluating the result?
correct: A
C: irrelevant
D: explain the diff not caused by sulfer

(A) The urban school was located in a part of the city in which levels of sulfur dioxide in the air were usually far lower than is typical for urban areas.
(B) At both schools, the plants in the greenhouses grew much more quickly than did plants planted outdoors in plots near the greenhouses.
we dont compare plants in greenhouse and out of it in the same location
(C) The urban class conducting the experiment was larger than the rural class conducting the experiment.
(D) Heavy vehicular traffic such as is found in cities constantly deposits grime on greenhouse windows, reducing the amount of light that reaches the plants inside.
(E) Because of the higher levels of sulfur dioxide in the air at the urban school, the air filters for the urban school's greenhouse were changed more frequently than were those at the rural school.


18.    (27717-!-item-!-188;#058&003330)


Many small roads do not have painted markings along their edges.  Clear edge markings would make it easier for drivers to see upcoming curves and to judge the car's position on the road, particularly when visibility is poor, and would therefore seem to be a useful contribution to road safety.  However, after Greatwater County painted edge markings on all its narrow, winding roads, the annual accident rate along those roads actually increased slightly.


Which of the following, if true, most helps to explain the increase in accident rate?
correct: E

(A) Greatwater County has an unusually high proportion of narrow, winding roads.
(B) In bad weather it can be nearly as difficult for drivers to see the road as it is at night.
(C) Prior to the painting of the edge markings, Greatwater County's narrow, winding roads already had a somewhat higher accident rate than other Greatwater County roads.
(D) Many of the accidents on narrow, winding roads involve a single vehicle veering off the road, rather than the collision of two vehicles.
(E) After the markings were painted on the roads, many drivers who had gone out of their way to avoid driving on those roads at night no longer did so.


19.    (27995-!-item-!-188;#058&003473)


Gortland has long been narrowly self-sufficient in both grain and meat. However, as per capita income in Gortland has risen toward the world average, per capita consumption of meat has also risen toward the world average, and it takes several pounds of grain to produce one pound of meat.  Therefore, since per capita income continues to rise, whereas domestic grain production will not increase, Gortland will soon have to import either grain or meat or both.
P1:  G has been narrowly self sufficient in grain and meat. as per capita consumption of meat rise towards the world average, it takes serveral pounds of grain to produce one pound of meant
C: since per capita income continues to rise, whereas domestic grain production will not increase, Gortland will soon have to import either grain or meat or both.


Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
correct: E
BD: irrelevant
C: if not rising at the same rate, conclusion could still be true


(A) The total acreage devoted to grain production in Gortland will soon decrease.
(B) Importing either grain or meat will not result in a significantly higher percentage of Gortlanders' incomes being spent on food than is currently the case.
(C) The per capita consumption of meat in Gortland is increasing at roughly the same rate across all income levels.
(D) The per capita income of meat producers in Gortland is rising faster than the per capita income of grain producers.
(E) People in Gortland who increase their consumption of meat will not radically decrease their consumption of grain.


20.    (28411-!-item-!-188;#058&003617)


For years the beautiful Renaissance buildings in Palitito have been damaged by exhaust from the many tour buses that come to the city.  There has been little parking space, so most buses have idled at the curb during each stop on their tour, and idling produces as much exhaust as driving.  The city has now provided parking that accommodates a third of the tour buses, so damage to Palitito's buildings from the buses' exhaust will diminish significantly.
P1: RB has been damaged by exhaust from the many tour buses that are idled at the curb during each stop on their tour, and idling produces as much exhaust as driving (because there is little parking space)
C amage to RB wil diminish since the city has now provided parking that accommodates a third of the tour buses

Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the argument?

correct: B
(A) The exhaust from Palitito's few automobiles is not a significant threat to Palitito's buildings.
(B) Palitito's Renaissance buildings are not threatened by pollution other than engine exhaust.
(C) Tour buses typically spend less than one-quarter of the time they are in Palitito transporting passengers from one site to another.
weaken
(D) More tourists come to Palitito by tour bus than by any other single means of transportation.
irrelevant
(E) Some of the tour buses that are unable to find parking drive around Palitito while their passengers are visiting a site.
weaken

览物之情

10月6号
1 题干39s
premise. Politician: All nations that place a high tax on
income produce thereby a negative incentive
for technological innovation, and are destined to lose
their voice in world affairs.

Conclusion: if a nation wants
to maintain its value system and way of life, it
must not allow its highest tax bracket to exceed
30 percent of income.
因果推理：结论是必要条件，weaken只要证明不必要就好。
Each of the following, if true, weakens the
politician’s argument EXCEPT:

(A) The top level of taxation must reach 45 percent before taxation begins to deter inventors and industrialists from introducing new technologies and industries. 成立
(B) Making a great deal of money is an insignificant factor in driving technological
innovation.  说明因果无联系 weaken

(C) Falling behind in the international arms race does not necessarily lead to a strategically less advantageous position. 说明因果无联系 weaken
(D) Those nations that lose influence in the world community do not necessarily suffer from a threat to their value system or way of life. 说明因果无联系 weaken
(E) Allowing one’s country to lose its technological edge, especially as concerns
weaponry, would be foolish rather than merely a historical accident. Correct 与结论无关

2 30S
Background : Urban air contains more sulfur dioxide than does rural air, and plants in cities typically grow more slowly than do plants in rural areas.
Purpose of the plan:  to see how much of the difference in growth is due to sulfur dioxide
Plan: classes in an urban and a rural school grew plants in greenhouses at their schools and filtered the greenhouse air to eliminate sulfur dioxide.   lants in the urban greenhouse grew more slowly than those in the rural greenhouse.

Which of the following, if true, would it be most important to take into account in evaluating the result。
相关因果Cq1 相关性 CQ2它因导致CQ3中间因素。
P what factors will influence the result most about sulfer dioxide.任何改变变量的因素

(A) The urban school was located in a part of the city in which levels of sulfur dioxide in the air were usually far lower than is typical for urban areas.
(B) At both schools, the plants in the greenhouses grew much more quickly than did plants planted outdoors in plots near the greenhouses.
(C) The urban class conducting the experiment was larger than the rural class conducting the experiment.无关
(D) Heavy vehicular traffic such as is found in cities constantly deposits grime on greenhouse windows, reducing the amount of light that reaches the plants inside.无关
(E) Because of the higher levels of sulfur dioxide in the air at the urban school, the air filters for the urban school's greenhouse were changed more frequently than were those at the rural school. 这个也影响了变量并且直接和试验有关 correct.

3 32s
Background: Many small roads do not have painted markings along their edges.
Premise: Clear edge markings would make it easier for drivers to see upcoming curves and to judge the car's position on the road, particularly when visibility is poor.
Conclusion: to be a useful contribution to road safety.  

Outcome: However, after Greatwater County painted edge markings on all its narrow, winding roads, the annual accident rate along those roads actually increased slightly.

现象解释
P maybe more cars on the road
Which of the following, if true, most helps to explain the increase in accident rate? E


(A) Greatwater County has an unusually high proportion of narrow, winding roads. 不能解释矛盾。
(B) In bad weather it can be nearly as difficult for drivers to see the road as it is at night. 不能解释矛盾。
(C) Prior to the painting of the edge markings, Greatwater County's narrow, winding roads already had a somewhat higher accident rate than other Greatwater County roads. 不能解释矛盾。
(D) Many of the accidents on narrow, winding roads involve a single vehicle veering off the road, rather than the collision of two vehicles. 不能解释矛盾。
(E) After the markings were painted on the roads, many drivers who had gone out of their way to avoid driving on those roads at night no longer did so
correct.

4 30s
Background:Gortland has long been narrowly self-sufficient in both grain and meat.
Premise: However, as per capita income in Gortland has risen toward the world average, per capita consumption of meat has also risen toward the world average, and it takes several pounds of grain to produce one pound of meat.  

Conclusion: since per capita income continues to rise, whereas domestic grain production will not increase, Gortland will soon have to import either grain or meat or both.
因果推理CQ1因果联系CQ2一因多果。P the rise in meat consumption does not reduce the consumption of grain.
Which of the following is an assumption取非会weaken结论 on which the argument depends?


(A) The total acreage devoted to grain production in Gortland will soon decrease. 就算不减少也可能要进口
(B) Importing either grain or meat will not result in a significantly higher percentage of Gortlanders' incomes being spent on food than is currently the case. 无关
(C) The per capita consumption of meat in Gortland is increasing at roughly the same rate across all income levels. 就算不是也不影响结论
(D) The per capita income of meat producers in Gortland is rising faster than the per capita income of grain producers. 无关
(E) People in Gortland who increase their consumption of meat will not radically decrease their consumption of grain. 如果取非会影响结论 correct.

5 29s
Background: buildings have been damaged by exhaust from the many tour buses
Premise:There has been little parking space, so most buses have idled at the curb during each stop on their tour, and idling produces as much exhaust as driving.  The city has now provided parking that accommodates a third of the tour buses
Conclusion:so damage to Palitito's buildings from the buses' exhaust will diminish significantly.
因果推理 因果联系
P the damage is largely because of the exhaust
Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the argument?


(A) The exhaust from Palitito's few automobiles is not a significant threat to Palitito's buildings.        weaken
(B) Palitito's Renaissance buildings are not threatened by pollution other than engine exhaust.          Correct 加强因果联系
(C) Tour buses typically spend less than one-quarter of the time they are in Palitito transporting passengers from one site to another. 无挂
(D) More tourists come to Palitito by tour bus than by any other single means of transportation. 无关
(E) Some of the tour buses that are unable to find parking drive around Palitito while their passengers are visiting a site. 无关。

w.melhere

1. 40'
2. 50' 花了这么久读题，结果还是选错了。虽然看了NN们的讲解多少明白点，但还是觉得这题本身有点不按套路出题。 伤脑筋~
3.  34'
4. 36'
5.46'  这个也错啦，都怪自己怕看有数字的题，根本没有仔细分析1/4，就快快选了无关的C.  面壁去！！！