【每日逻辑练习第二季】【1-5】

fox0923

大家能够走到一起不容易，看到越来越多的朋友都加入进来了真的挺开心的，我们一起努力攻破G/T~~

{精练}
5. Politician: All nations that place a high tax on
income produce thereby a negative incentive
for technological innovation, and all nations in
which technological innovation is hampered
inevitably fall behind in the international arms
race. Those nations that, through historical
accident or the foolishness of their political
leadership, wind up in a strategically
disadvantageous position are destined to lose
their voice in world affairs. So if a nation wants
to maintain its value system and way of life, it
must not allow its highest tax bracket to exceed
30 percent of income.


Each of the following, if true, weakens the
politician’s argument EXCEPT:


(A) The top level of taxation must reach 45 percent
before taxation begins to deter inventors and
industrialists from introducing new
technologies and industries.
(B) Making a great deal of money is an
insignificant factor in driving technological
innovation.
(C) Falling behind in the international arms race
does not necessarily lead to a strategically
less advantageous position.
(D) Those nations that lose influence in the world
community do not necessarily suffer from a
threat to their value system or way of life.
(E) Allowing one’s country to lose its
technological edge, especially as concerns
weaponry, would be foolish rather than
merely a historical accident.

{PREP逻辑链练习}

17.    (27669-!-item-!-188;#058&003302)


Urban air contains more sulfur dioxide than does rural air, and plants in cities typically grow more slowly than do plants in rural areas.  In an experiment to see how much of the difference in growth is due to sulfur dioxide, classes in an urban and a rural school grew plants in greenhouses at their schools and filtered the greenhouse air to eliminate sulfur dioxide.  lants in the urban greenhouse grew more slowly than those in the rural greenhouse.


Which of the following, if true, would it be most important to take into account in evaluating the result?


(A) The urban school was located in a part of the city in which levels of sulfur dioxide in the air were usually far lower than is typical for urban areas.
(B) At both schools, the plants in the greenhouses grew much more quickly than did plants planted outdoors in plots near the greenhouses.
(C) The urban class conducting the experiment was larger than the rural class conducting the experiment.
(D) Heavy vehicular traffic such as is found in cities constantly deposits grime on greenhouse windows, reducing the amount of light that reaches the plants inside.
(E) Because of the higher levels of sulfur dioxide in the air at the urban school, the air filters for the urban school's greenhouse were changed more frequently than were those at the rural school.


18.    (27717-!-item-!-188;#058&003330)


Many small roads do not have painted markings along their edges.  Clear edge markings would make it easier for drivers to see upcoming curves and to judge the car's position on the road, particularly when visibility is poor, and would therefore seem to be a useful contribution to road safety.  However, after Greatwater County painted edge markings on all its narrow, winding roads, the annual accident rate along those roads actually increased slightly.


Which of the following, if true, most helps to explain the increase in accident rate?


(A) Greatwater County has an unusually high proportion of narrow, winding roads.
(B) In bad weather it can be nearly as difficult for drivers to see the road as it is at night.
(C) Prior to the painting of the edge markings, Greatwater County's narrow, winding roads already had a somewhat higher accident rate than other Greatwater County roads.
(D) Many of the accidents on narrow, winding roads involve a single vehicle veering off the road, rather than the collision of two vehicles.
(E) After the markings were painted on the roads, many drivers who had gone out of their way to avoid driving on those roads at night no longer did so.


19.    (27995-!-item-!-188;#058&003473)


Gortland has long been narrowly self-sufficient in both grain and meat. However, as per capita income in Gortland has risen toward the world average, per capita consumption of meat has also risen toward the world average, and it takes several pounds of grain to produce one pound of meat.  Therefore, since per capita income continues to rise, whereas domestic grain production will not increase, Gortland will soon have to import either grain or meat or both.


Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?


(A) The total acreage devoted to grain production in Gortland will soon decrease.
(B) Importing either grain or meat will not result in a significantly higher percentage of Gortlanders' incomes being spent on food than is currently the case.
(C) The per capita consumption of meat in Gortland is increasing at roughly the same rate across all income levels.
(D) The per capita income of meat producers in Gortland is rising faster than the per capita income of grain producers.
(E) People in Gortland who increase their consumption of meat will not radically decrease their consumption of grain.


20.    (28411-!-item-!-188;#058&003617)


For years the beautiful Renaissance buildings in Palitito have been damaged by exhaust from the many tour buses that come to the city.  There has been little parking space, so most buses have idled at the curb during each stop on their tour, and idling produces as much exhaust as driving.  The city has now provided parking that accommodates a third of the tour buses, so damage to Palitito's buildings from the buses' exhaust will diminish significantly.


Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the argument?


(A) The exhaust from Palitito's few automobiles is not a significant threat to Palitito's buildings.
(B) Palitito's Renaissance buildings are not threatened by pollution other than engine exhaust.
(C) Tour buses typically spend less than one-quarter of the time they are in Palitito transporting passengers from one site to another.
(D) More tourists come to Palitito by tour bus than by any other single means of transportation.
(E) Some of the tour buses that are unable to find parking drive around Palitito while their passengers are visiting a site.

fox0923

精练Analysis：


This problem is a complete conditional argument containing conditional
premises and a conditional conclusion. Here is a breakdown of the argument:
HT = nations that place a high tax on income
NI = negative incentive for technological innovation
FB = fall behind in the international arms race; also, wind up in
a strategically disadvantageous position
LV = lose voice in world affairs
The first sentence contains two sufficient condition indicators (the word “all”)
and can be diagrammed as a chain:
HT NI FB
The next sentence paraphrases “fall behind in the international arms race” as
“wind up in a strategically disadvantageous position” and can be diagrammed
as:
FB LV
Because the two statements have FB in common, a single long chain can be
created:
HT NI FB LV
From our discussion of conditional reasoning we know that a chain of this
length contains many inferences. The conclusion, when paraphrased, tries to
make a contrapositive:
The phrase “nation wants maintain its value system and way of life” is a
very rough equivalent of “wind up in a strategically disadvantageous
position” and “lose a voice in world affairs.” The paraphrase is not a
perfect equivalent because the conclusion discuses values, and the
premises do not. For our purposes, we will symbolize this condition as:
FB
and
LV
The phrase “must not allow its highest tax bracket to exceed 30 percent
of income” is the equivalent of HT. Thus, the diagram for the
conclusion is:
FB
and HT 30
LV


Thus, based on the chain of reasoning provided, we have a reasonable
conclusion, but not a perfect one because the paraphrase was not exact. The
question stem is a WeakenX, which means that four of the answers will weaken
the argument and the one correct answer will either have no effect on the
argument or will strengthen the argument.
Answer choice (A): This answer attacks the necessary condition of the
conclusion by showing that taxes could exceed 30% before problems occurred.
Answer choice (B): This answer attacks the first half of the first sentence, which
states that high taxes necessarily produce a negative incentive for technological
innovation. Because taxes lower an individual’s income, the higher the tax, the
greater the relative restriction on making money. Answer choice (B) shows that
higher taxes would not necessarily produce low innovation because innovators
do not care about the amount they earn.
Answer choice (C): This answer attacks the part of the argument that equates
“fall behind in the international arms race” as “wind up in a strategically
disadvantageous position.” If the two are not equated, then the chain of
premises breaks down.
Answer choice (D): Like (C), this attacks a portion of the argument where the
author equates terms. In this case, the paraphrase in the conclusion was not
exact, and this answer exploits that gap.
Answer choice (E): This is the correct answer. The answer does not hurt the
argument because the stimulus specifically states that “Those nations that,
through historical accident or the foolishness of their political leadership, wind
up in a strategically disadvantageous position...” So, the actual reason the nation
ends up in a disadvantageous position is not critical. It could be either
foolishness or historical accident. So, an answer that asserts that it is foolishness
and not historical accident has no effect on the argument.





PREP逻辑链KEY：DEEC

fox0923

精练----------45"--------------Except
B: The high tax of income produce causes the failure of technology.
P: These nations with the fall behind technology don't have voices in the world.
C: Therefore, the nation needs to control its tax no higher than 30% of its income produce if it wants to retain its position in the world.
Prephrase: All nations have the similar tax of income produce.
                30% of tax of income is the only method to maintain the position, namely, eliminating other possible factors.


Analysis:
(A) The top level of taxation must reach 45 percent
before taxation begins to deter inventors and
industrialists from introducing new
technologies and industries.--------------------------------------weaken
(B) Making a great deal of money is an
insignificant factor in driving technological
innovation.
--------------------------------------if making money is insignificant, then the conclusion is weakened.
(C) Falling behind in the international arms race
does not necessarily lead to a strategically
less advantageous position.
--------------------------------------this is to weaken. Loss voice推倒不出来postion降级。
(D) Those nations that lose influence in the world
community do not necessarily suffer from a
threat to their value system or way of life.
--------------------------------------这个怎么感觉和之前的Q3，Q5一样呢，mistaken relationship.而且原文说得是maintain life and value---必要条件（no higher tax）。这里lose influence不一定推出value of life treat.不算weaken把？？？
(E) Allowing one’s country to lose its
technological edge, especially as concerns
weaponry, would be foolish rather than
merely a historical accident.

---------------------------------------------------------------irrelevant




KEy：E，然后就是蒙的。为啥？因为E的irrelevance最明显，可问题是我有点和Q3，Q5的weaken题目选项混淆了。头疼阿~~

Jane412

精练:[ weaken X]time：46''
premise:high tax--->technological innovation↓
premise：technological innovation↓--->international arms race↓
premise:nation must not allow its highest tax bracket to exceed 30 percent of income
conclusion: a nation can maintain its value system and way of life


prephrase：如果weaken，可以说最后的conditional conclusion中的condition不一定是必须的，有别的因素。或者百分比不一定是30%


(A) The top level of taxation must reach 45 percent
before taxation begins to deter inventors and
industrialists from introducing new
technologies and industries.
-------------weaken。题目是不能超过30%，这里说必须到45%
(B) Making a great deal of money is an
insignificant factor in driving technological
innovation.
-------------weaken。提出了别的方法促进tech innovation
(C) Falling behind in the international arms race
does not necessarily lead to a strategically
less advantageous position.
------------weaken。否定了题目中的推理过程。
(D) Those nations that lose influence in the world
community do not necessarily suffer from a
threat to their value system or way of life.
------------weaken。否定了题目中的推理过程。
(E) Allowing one’s country to lose its
technological edge, especially as concerns
weaponry, would be foolish rather than
merely a historical accident.
-------------------correct。题目没有关于lost tech edge的评价问题，跑题了。irrelevant


这题好绕。。。。回头好好研究下答案讲解。。。。

Jane412

17.time：36''
premise: more sulfur dioxide in city where plants grow more slowly than do plants in rural area.
premise:classes in the two places grew plants and filtered the greenhouse air to eliminate sulfur dioxide.
conclusion: plants in the urban greenhouse grew more slowly than those in the rural greenhouse.


prephrase: 被filter以后的空气中还有木有的so2。控制变量，确保别的factors都是一致的。


A) The urban school was located in a part of the city in which levels of sulfur dioxide in the air were usually far lower than is typical for urban areas.
--------------这个城市so2的水平和典型城市so2水平的比较，对于题目实验无关。irrelevant。
(B) At both schools, the plants in the greenhouses grew much more quickly than did plants planted outdoors in plots near the greenhouses.
--------------两所学校各自情况的比较。应该是二者相互比较。irrelevant。
(C) The urban class conducting the experiment was larger than the rural class conducting the experiment.
--------------实验规模的大小和实验结果无关。irrelevant
(D) Heavy vehicular traffic such as is found in cities constantly deposits grime on greenhouse windows, reducing the amount of light that reaches the plants inside.
--------------不知道rural area的相关情况。没法比较。irrelevant。
(E) Because of the higher levels of sulfur dioxide in the air at the urban school, the air filters for the urban school's greenhouse were changed more frequently than were those at the rural school.
-----------------------correct。城市学校so2提取不稳定，所以so2依旧影响这个实验中的plant。所以这个对于实验的评价很重要++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
自己想多了，拧巴了。
既然题目说了eliminate，那就是木有so2.但是生长速度仍然不同，所以有别的因素导致
做这题的时候看到最后一个然后就为了排除d而排除，木有好好分析
A.试验中已经把so2去掉，所以无所谓学校所在地空气中so2的含量
D。既然已经木有so2，那么生长速度应该一样，但城市的生长还是慢，因此有别的因素。这里阳光照射量的多少就是影响因素。

18
time：36''
premise：clear edge marking is helpful for drivers while driving cars.
premise:a country painted edge marking on all its roads
conclusion: the annul accident rate along those roads actually increased slightly.


(A) Greatwater County has an unusually high proportion of narrow, winding roads.
------------irrelevant。这种路段很多不能解释rate上升的问题。
(B) In bad weather it can be nearly as difficult for drivers to see the road as it is at night.
------------irrelevant。只说了天气不好和夜晚对司机来说开车都困难，但没和marking road联系起来。
(C) Prior to the painting of the edge markings, Greatwater County's narrow, winding roads already had a somewhat higher accident rate than other Greatwater County roads.
------------irrelevant。marking road之前的情况不能解释现在的情况。本来rate就高，现在又上升了一点，有点weaken的感觉。
(D) Many of the accidents on narrow, winding roads involve a single vehicle veering off the road, rather than the collision of two vehicles.
-----------irrelevant。只是描述车祸情况，和数量无关
(E) After the markings were painted on the roads, many drivers who had gone out of their way to avoid driving on those roads at night no longer did so.
------------------correct。drivers增多了，所以事故可能性增大。




19
time：31''
per capita income increase---->per capita consumption of meat increase
several pound of grain produce on pound of meat                                          ---------->G has to import either grain or meat or both
domestic grain production will not increase


prephrase：粮食和肉的消费关系。。。想的有点不着调。。。。@#￥%…&*


(A) The total acreage devoted to grain production in Gortland will soon decrease.
--------------------irrelevant。题目是consumption，这里是production，没关系。
(B) Importing either grain or meat will not result in a significantly higher percentage of Gortlanders' incomes being spent on food than is currently the case.
-------------------irrelevant。
(C) The per capita consumption of meat in Gortland is increasing at roughly the same rate across all income levels.
-------------------irrelevant。all income levels题目没涉及。
(D) The per capita income of meat producers in Gortland is rising faster than the per capita income of grain producers.
------------------irrelevant。meat producer无关
(E) People in Gortland who increase their consumption of meat will not radically decrease their consumption of grain.

----------------------------correct。肉增长，粮食也不减少，那么以后就不够用的了。


这题做的很纠结。。。。。。。。%>_<%
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
E用取非削弱很好解答。肉消费增加，粮食消费减少，那么粮食足够换取肉类，因而不用进口，削弱结论。  
这个技巧还是想不起来用。。。。

20
time：32''
idling produces much exhaust as driving
more parking space for tour buses               ---------->the damage to P building from the buses' exhaust will diminish




(A) The exhaust from Palitito's few automobiles is not a significant threat to Palitito's buildings.
-----------------irrelevant。题目是增加parking space可以有效降低对building的危害。
(B) Palitito's Renaissance buildings are not threatened by pollution other than engine exhaust.
----------------irrelevant. 题目没有涉及这方面。
(C) Tour buses typically spend less than one-quarter of the time they are in Palitito transporting passengers from one site to another.
-----------------irrelevant。题目没有涉及。
(D) More tourists come to Palitito by tour bus than by any other single means of transportation.
-----------------irrelevant。游客做公车还是别的交通方式和题目无关。
(E) Some of the tour buses that are unable to find parking drive around Palitito while their passengers are visiting a site.
---------------------------correct。题目说没处停车的公车会闲逛，产生的尾气和正经开车时候的一样。选项说没法停车的公车会开车打发时间。对应的都很好。所以support
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++
这题我晕菜了。。
C，司机四分之三的时间都在idle，因此建设parking places以后原本要排放废气的3/4时间现在都可以不排放废气了，对原文加强

E无法找到停车场说明排放依然不变，没有加强作用


=========================================
今天表现不好。。。回去面壁。。。。。。orz

南瓜0729

37s
P：high tax hamper the technological innovation.
p:lack of technological innovation will fall behind others.
C: if a nation wants to maintain its competitiveness, it should not allow tax rate that exceed 30% of income.
E


17.
45s
P:urban air contains more so2.
P:urban plants grow more slowly.
how much difference in growth is due to so2.
they do experiment by filtering so2.
C:plants grow more slowly.
B
应该考虑其他的变量是否会影响结果
18
38s
P:markings can help drivers see upcoming cars and judge the cars' position.
p:However, after G painted markings,the accident rate increased.
E


19.
45s
B:G has long been self-sufficient.
P:income per person increase. meat consumption increase.grain production doesn't increase.
C:G will import meat or grain.


P(assumption):people will use extra money to buy grain and meat.
E


20.
43s
P:buildings have been damaged by exhaust by tour buses.
P: buses ofen idled and this produces as much exhaust as driving.
P:the city provides parking place.
C:damage will diminish.
buses will park and spend less time idling.
C


错了一道题 去研究一下

fox0923

这楼给逻辑链~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

foxxxxxxxxxxxxy~~~~~~~~~~~

-- by 会员 Jane412 (2011/11/24 7:31:28)

我到！Jane这是大早晨的习惯性咆哮吗？？都快把我骨头喊酥了~~

qiuhua01234567

占~~又见fox

zz42050524

连续2天的精炼思路都错了~~foxxy的这个要好好做了~~先占位

xeyyxzty

1.background information: all nations: place a high tax on income-->a negative incentive for technological innovation-->fall behind in the international arms race
Those nations that, through historical accident or the foolishness of their political leadership, wind up in a strategically disadvantageous position are destined to lose their voice in world affairs.
premise:a nation must allow its highest tax bracket to exceed 30% of income
conclusion:a nation maintains its value system and way of life.
where does the number 30% come from?
we don't know that when the tax of income is low, whether there will be a positive incentive for technological innovation
a strategically disadvantageous position & the fall behind in the international arms race~have something to do with each other?
好别扭的逻辑~看着不对却说不明白flaw在哪
(A) The top level of taxation must reach 45 percent before taxation begins to deter inventors and industrialists from introducing new technologies and industries.
--it's about taxes on income--irrelevant--weaken
(B) Making a great deal of money is an insignificant factor in driving technological innovation.
--more money-->more taxes--support--right
(C) Falling behind in the international arms race does not necessarily lead to a strategically less advantageous position.
--weaken
(D) Those nations that lose influence in the world community do not necessarily suffer from a threat to their value system or way of life.
--weaken
(E) Allowing one’s country to lose its technological edge, especially as concerns weaponry, would be foolish rather than merely a historical accident.

--the difference between the historical accidents and foolishness of their political leadership--irrelevant--right
完全错了~每天的精练都错呀
weaken the argument EXCEPT-->support the argument or irrelevant
这道题还是需要以后再做几遍！！！
2.  Which of the following, if true, would it be most important to take into account in evaluating the result?

background information:Urban air contains more sulfur dioxide than does rural air, and plants in cities typically grow more slowly than do plants in rural areas.

premise:In an experiment to see how much of the difference in growth is due to sulfur dioxide, classes in an urban and a rural school grew plants in greenhouses at their schools and filtered the greenhouse air to eliminate sulfur dioxide.  

conclusion:Plants in the urban greenhouse grew more slowly than those in the rural greenhouse.

whether there is other differences between the two kinds of air that influence the growth of plants?

(A) The urban school was located in a part of the city in which levels of sulfur dioxide in the air were usually far lower than is typical for urban areas.

--students have eliminate sulfur dioxide. the level of it is irrelevant
(B) At both schools, the plants in the greenhouses grew much more quickly than did plants planted outdoors in plots near the greenhouses.

--the result of the experiment--the question is about evaluating the result--irrelevant
(C) The urban class conducting the experiment was larger than the rural class conducting the experiment.

--the size of the class is irrelevant
(D) Heavy vehicular traffic such as is found in cities constantly deposits grime on greenhouse windows, reducing the amount of light that reaches the plants inside.

--the amount of light is important to the growth of plants--right
(E) Because of the higher levels of sulfur dioxide in the air at the urban school, the air filters for the urban school's greenhouse were changed more frequently than were those at the rural school.

--the frequency to change the filters is irrelevant

思路有一点点偏离~light本身就是一个variable

3.background information:.Many small roads do not have painted markings along their edges.  Clear edge markings would make it easier for drivers to see upcoming curves and to judge the car's position on the road, particularly when visibility is poor, and would therefore seem to be a useful contribution to road safety.

premise: Greatwater County painted edge markings on all its narrow, winding roads,
conclusion:the annual accident rate along those roads actually increased slightly
narrow, windy & foggy~different
the markings are useful when the road has curves and is foggy~but G country painted them on narrow, windy roads
(A) Greatwater County has an unusually high proportion of narrow, winding roads.
--the question is to ask why there is an increase--irrelevant
(B) In bad weather it can be nearly as difficult for drivers to see the road as it is at night.
--irrelevant
(C) Prior to the painting of the edge markings, Greatwater County's narrow, winding roads already had a somewhat higher accident rate than other Greatwater County roads.
--the rates in the past are irrelevant
(D) Many of the accidents on narrow, winding roads involve a single vehicle veering off the road, rather than the collision of two vehicles.
--how do accident happen is irrelevant
(E) After the markings were painted on the roads, many drivers who had gone out of their way to avoid driving on those roads at night no longer did so.

--more drivers drive at night--the rates increase--right
话说思路又错了！！！好无奈呀

4. background information:Gortland has long been narrowly self-sufficient in both grain and meat.However, as per capita income in Gortland has risen toward the world average, per capita consumption of meat has also risen toward the world average, and it takes several pounds of grain to produce one pound of meat.  

premise:per capita income continues to rise, whereas domestic grain production will not increase

conclusion:Gortland will soon have to import either grain or meat or both

the consumption of grain doesn't decrease~and the production of meat doesn't increase, or increases not as fast as the demand increases

(A) The total acreage devoted to grain production in Gortland will soon decrease.

--the production of grain will decrease--not necessary
(B) Importing either grain or meat will not result in a significantly higher percentage of Gortlanders' incomes being spent on food than is currently the case.

--irrelevant
(C) The per capita consumption of meat in Gortland is increasing at roughly the same rate across all income levels.

--per capita consumption of meat is mentioned in the stem of the question--irrelevant
(D) The per capita income of meat producers in Gortland is rising faster than the per capita income of grain producers.

--the income allocation is irrelevant
(E) People in Gortland who increase their consumption of meat will not radically decrease their consumption of grain.

--the meat and grain will both be in shortage--right

终于有一道题对了

5. background information:For years the beautiful Renaissance buildings in Palitito have been damaged by exhaust from the many tour buses that come to the city. There has been little parking space, so most buses have idled at the curb during each stop on their tour, and idling produces as much exhaust as driving.

premise:The city has now provided parking that accommodates a third of the tour buses

conclusion:damage to Palitito's buildings from the buses' exhaust will diminish significantly.

平均总有三分之一的buses需要停车，三分之二在路上~

(A) The exhaust from Palitito's few automobiles is not a significant threat to Palitito's buildings.

--irrelevant
(B) Palitito's Renaissance buildings are not threatened by pollution other than engine exhaust.

--the conclusion is about the damage from the buses' exhaust--irrelevant

(C) Tour buses typically spend less than one-quarter of the time they are in Palitito transporting passengers from one site to another.

--3/4>1/3--weaken--right???
(D) More tourists come to Palitito by tour bus than by any other single means of transportation.

--irrelevant
(E) Some of the tour buses that are unable to find parking drive around Palitito while their passengers are visiting a site.

--how does the drivers react is irrelevant--idling or driving ,they are the same--irrelevant

感觉C是相反的~不过别的都不对，只有C和预测的相关~可是究竟哪里想错了？？？

求指教——