【每日逻辑练习第二季】【1-5】

ugly5552000

1/51’’  E
Background: a high income tax have a negative influence on technological innovation, the hampered innovation will lead to the decline of a county’s international status.
Premise: if a nation wants to maintain its international position, it must control its highest tax bracket no more than 30% of income.
Prephrase: high tax will help to increase a nation’s tax revenue, the the nation has more money to fund in technological innovation.
A: only when tax rate reach 45% will it hamper the innovation, the politician overestimated the effect of tax, this weaken the argument.
B: the answer weakens the foundation the argument, that is although the income of technicians is lessened, their innovation will not be necessarily deterred.
C: weaken.
D: weaken.
E: the answer emphasizes the importance of technological edge, especially weaponry, but it does not refer to the income tax, so the answer is irrelevant to the argument.

2/D

background: because the urban air contains more sulfur dioxide than does rural air, plants in cities grow more slowly than do plants in rural areas. In an experiment to see the difference in growth due to sulfur dioxide, by comparing the plants growing in environment without sulfur dioxide in rural and urban areas respectively, the rural plants still grow faster than those in urban area.
Premise: sulfur dioxide does not make significant incentive on plants growth.
Prephrase: the condition of the soil should be taken into account.

A: the plants are in greenhouse, which has nothing to do with the condition of air outside.
B: the comparison is between the plants in greenhouse.
C: the size of class which conducts the experiments does not matter.
D: the photosynthesis of plants in urban greenhouse is crippled by the grime on the windows, the plants will grow slower.
E: sulfur dioxide has been eliminated before the start of experiments.

3/E
Background: generally speaking, the less painted markings the roads have, the safer the roads will be, especially for the small roads.
Premise: all Greatwater Country’s narrow, winding roads have edge marking, but this only leads to a slight increase of annual accident on these roads.
Prephrase: after the roads were painted, less drivers chose the roads, or the government enlarged the roads, or it built more other roads for drivers.

A: painting the roads dose not change the number of the roads, the answer is irrelevant.
B: if it is the bad weather which makes the accidents increase, then whether to paint roads will not make any change.
C: irrelevant
D: whether the accident is about veering cars or collision, the amount will be changed
E: after roads are painted, more drivers drive on the roads, then the accidents increase.

4/E
Background: to maintain self-sufficient in both grain and meat is difficult for Gortland. Per capita income and consumption of meat has risen simultaneously, and to produce meat need the grain
Premise: with the ongoing rise of income and meat, whereas domestic grain production will not increase, Gortland will soon have to import either grain or meat or both.
Prephrase: the consumption of grain will significantly decrease.

A: if the consumption of grain decrease, even the acreage decrease, the requirement might sill be met.
B: irrelevant
C: irrelevant
D: irrelevant
E: this answer means that the domestic grain will be insufficient, the import is necessary.

5/C
Background: the ancient buildings have been damaged by exhaust from many tour buses. Because of little parking space, most buses have to idle at the stop, which makes as much exhaust as driving.
Premise: the city has now built parking that accommodates a third of the tour buses, then the damage to the ancient buildings by the exhaust will diminish significantly.
Prephrase: in the parking, the tour buses need not to keep idling.

A: irrelevant to the “few automobiles”
B: irrelevant to the argument
C: less driving time in the city, the less exhaust will be produced.
D: more buses might produce more exhaust, weaken
E: weaken

UlysessHope

{PREP逻辑链练习}

17. evaluation
(A) irrelevant
(B) 刚开始错选这个了，后面分析了以下。这是个无关比较，应该比较urban和rural各自greenhouse里的情况，而不是与outdoor plants比较
(C) irelevant
(D) 推出可能是光照度影响了植物生长速度
(E) urban换filter勤 应该生长快才对，与事实相悖


18. explanation
(A) Girrelevant
(B) irrelevant
(C) Prior to ---irrelevant
(D) irrelevant
(E) After...---right


19.assumption
(A) acreage--irrelevant
(B) 没有起到加强结论作用
(C) irrelevant
(D) irrelevant
(E) People in Gortland who increase their consumption of meat will not radically decrease their consumption of grain. because the grain production will not increase, the country has to import both meat and grain


20.strengthen
(A) contrary to the background
(B) other than engine exhaust--- irrelevant
(C) Tour buses typically spend less than one-quarter of the time they are in Palitito transporting passengers from one site to another.-----three quarters of their time they are in idled state
(D) irrelevant
(E) Some of the tour buses that are unable to find parking drive around Palitito while their passengers are visiting a site.----we should focus on idled buses instead of driving buses

hexiaomu77

Premise1:high tax->negative incentive for technological innovation
Prmise2: negative incentive for technological innovation ->fall behind in the international arms race（a）
Premise3: wind up in a strategically disadvantageous position(b)-> lose their voice in world affairs.（d）
Conclusion: maintain its value system and way of life（e）-> not allow its highest tax bracket to exceed 30 percent of income
Weaken:
A ：weaken premise1-》conclusion
B：weaken premise1
C：break （a）and（b）
D：break（d）and（e）
E：“losing technological edge is foolish rather than historical accident ”is just an evaluation of importance technological edge
answer:E

lan0604

精炼：
00：58
weaken
high tax--->hamper tech innovation--->lose
结论: keep tax rate below 30%to win
...
D错误了~~~E

17
00:34
evaluate
grew plants in urban and rural area to see sulfur dioxide makes plant grow slower ot not
other factors constant
D

18
00:31
paradox
clear edge markings make it easier for drivers to see, however when GC painted edge markings, its annual accident rate increased slightly
...
E

19
01:06
assumption
comsuption to meat increase, while it takes more grain to produce meat, G would soon import buth grain or meat or both
...
E

20
00:51
support
tour buses idled at each stop, idling produces as much exhaust as driving.
provide parking to diminish damages
...
D错误了~~~~~做过又错，没有懂就

leewonting

背景：All nations that place a high tax on income produce thereby a negative incentive for technological innovation, and all nations in which technological innovation is hampered fall behind in the international arms race
条件：A nation wants to maintain its value system and way of life
结论：The highest tax bracket has bellowed 30%
推测：问题问的是：除了下面哪一项是支持上述结论的？排除weaken choices
A,weaken，超过45才会deter inventions
B,strengthed，insignificant factor in driving technological innovations，政府过多的征收不利于技术更新
C,weaken，international arms race落后不会导致less advantaged
D,一个国家失去影响力未必会影响到其价值体系和生活方式
E,weaken
应该选E，题目隐含了国家以及公司两个角色，假如国家税收非常高，那么公司就可能比较少投入到技术更新上面。而B选项的主体是公司：公司赚钱不能激励技术更新。那么就不能证明税收的情况会影响到技术更新的关系。
E选项：是领导者的失误而不是历史事件导致的，题目说明造成这个原因可能是历史事件或者是领导者的失误。两这不矛盾

35
背景：Urban air contains more sulfur dioxide than does rural air and plants in cities grow slowly than those in rural areas.
条件：Plants in the urban greenhouse grew more slowly than those in the rural greenhouse
结论：take into account
推测：除了sulfur没有差距之外，又另一些影响因素导致了更slow
选D，没有跟光接触，那么长得更慢了

36
背景：Many small roads do not have painted markings along their edges
条件：Clear markings would make it easier for drivers to the conditions of the road
结论：Greatwater Country painted edge markings on all its narrow, winding roads, the annual accident rate along those roads actually increase
推测：因为edge markings的原因，领导汽车司机更加不小心开车
选E，有了路标，司机选择小路，那么撞车机会了能变多了


37
背景：Gortland has risen toward the world average and per capital consumption of meat has risen toward the world avergame
条件：it takes several pounds of grain to produce either meat or grain
结论：Gortland will soon have to import either grain or meat
推测：收入增加，对肉的需求量也大了。同时需要import grain 和 meat，两样都不减少。
选E，即使吃肉多了，却不会减少吃粮食的分量

38
背景：Buildings in Palitito have been damaged by exhaust from the many tour buses that come to the city
条件：idling produces as much as driving
结论：make a park
推测：park的存在减少BIGBANG的交流噢= =
选C，减少了车在建筑之间穿梭的时间，对其破坏也就降低了。



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bible的题第一次做是对的，第二次做的时候就错了- -那就证明真心没想对做的！！
感觉bible的题真的比较绕啊……想不到还有隐含的公司这个角色。

Rena张

1.
Time: 1'31''
Premise: place a high tax on income --->negative incentive for technological innovation --->  fall behind.
       Historical accident or foolishness of political leadership ---> wind up in disadvantageous position --->lose voice in world affairs.
Conclusion: so if a nation wants to maintain its value system and way of life, it must not allow its highest tax bracket to exceed 30% of income.
Type: weaken Except.
Choice: E
The top level of taxation must reach 45 percentbefore taxation begins to deter inventors andindustrialists from introducing newtechnologies and industries.------ weaken
(B) Making a great deal of money is aninsignificant factor in driving technologicalinnovation. ------weaken
(C) Falling behind in the international arms racedoes not necessarily lead to a strategicallyless advantageous position.-----it reverse the cause and effect stated in the premise.?
(D) Those nations that lose influence in the worldcommunity do not necessarily suffer from athreat to their value system or way of life.------weaken
(E) Allowing one’s country to lose itstechnological edge, especially as concernsweaponry, would be foolish rather thanmerely a historical accident.------ irrelevant to the conclusion.  
2.
Time: 49''
Premise: urban air contains more S than rural air. Plants grow slowly in urban. (S in urban>
       S in rural. Growth in urban < ~rural.)
       In an experiment, rural and urban classes grow plants in greenhouse, and eliminate S in the air, Plants grow slowly in urban greenhouse.
Type: evaluate
Prephrase: soil\ nutrition\ sunlight
Choice: D

3.
Time: 38''
Premise: clear edge marking ---> help drivers to see and judge
       Sub-Conclusion: therefore, contribute to road safety.
Counter-Premise: however, after G painted all the road markings, the rate of accident increased.
Type: explain
Prephrase: the weather.
Choice: B E

4.
Time: 38''
Premise: G was self-sufficient. Income increased, consumption of meat increased. Several pound of grain ---> one pound of meat.
       Since income continues to rise, whereas grain production stay the same.
Conclusion: therefore, G will have to import either grain or meat or both.
Type: assumption
Choice: E?

5.
Time: 1'14''
Premise: exhaust from tour buses damages the buildings.
       原因: little parking space ---> buses idling -- produces as much exhaust as driving.
       The city has now provided parking space.
Conclusion: the damage caused by exhaust will diminish.
Type: support the argument.
Prephrase:
Choice: B C

zly2011

1、1'39 回视了 晕 weaken
premise high tax  low intention to inovation technology  thus fall behind
conclusion  if a nation wants to maintain its value system and way of life, it must not allow its highest tax bracket to exceed 30 percent of income.
推测 答案与 high tax  maintain value system and way of life 有关
选项分析 E无关

2、39’  evaluate
premise  Urban air contains more sulfur dioxide than does rural air  lants in the urban greenhouse grew more slowly than those in the rural greenhouse.
conclusion  the difference in growth is due to sulfur dioxide
推测 other diffrence affect the growth
选项分析 A无关比较 B无关比较 C无关 E无关 D正确答案

3、36s 解释题
premise Clear edge markings help driver
conclusion  after Greatwater County painted edge markings on all its narrow, winding roads, the annual accident rate along those roads actually increased slightly.
推测 more driver
选项分析A无关 B无关 C无关D无关E正确

4、33s 假设题
premise the income rise consuption of meat rise
conclusion import meat or gain or both
推测  meat produce not rise
选项分析A 可以 不如E好 B无关C无关D无关比较 E正确答案

5、42s support
premise the bilding was damaged by buss  most buses have idled at the curb during each stop on their tour, and idling produces as much exhaust as driving.  
conclusion  damage to Palitito's buildings from the buses' exhaust will diminish significantly
推测 more parking do not cause more buss
选项分析A无关比较 B other than 扩大范围 C正确答案 D 无关 E无关

FB小贝

5.【精练】
Premise: high tax on income – negative incentive for tec innovation – fall behind – lose voice
Conclusion: a nation wants to maintain its value system and way of life must allow its highest tax bracket to exceed 30 percent of income
stengthen: the only way
a. weaken , it can exceed 30 percent
b. weaken
c. weaken
d. weaken
e. irrelevant , correct
【逻辑链】the influence of sulfur dioxide to the growth of plants.
Plants in cities typically grow more slowly without sulfur dioxide
Evaluate: same fertilizer?
a. irrelevant
b. irrelevant
c. irrelevant
d. correct
e. irrelevant
2. edge markings make accident rate increase
Explain: the markings make the narrow road seems more narrow/
a. irrelevant
b. irrelevant
c. irrelevant
d. irrelevant
e. correct
3. income rise, grain production not increase – import grain or meat or both
Assumption: the consumption of meat will not reduce that of grain.
a. irrelevant
b. irrelevant
c. irrelevant
d. irrelevant
e. correct
4. Premise: provide parking lot accommodates a third of the tour buses
Conclusion: damage from the buses’ exhaust will diminish
Strengthen: the number of buses will not increase,
a. irrelevant
b. irrelevant
c. irrelevant  correct 强调结果型 车子有很长时间都是在等待
d. irrelevant
e. correct

dwindwin1106

(1)
P:high tax produce negative impact on tech innovation. All nations that tech innovation is hampered are left behind in the international arm race and lose their position in the international society
C:if nations want to remain its position, their tax <=30% of income
Weaken EXCEPT(strengthen or irrelevant)
Answer: E
A.Weaken ------- if tax is too low in the early period, it will deter the development of tech innovation
B.Weaken ------ the income doesn’t impact on the tech innovation significantly, thus weaken the conclusion directly，即高税收不一定产生低innovation，因为inventors不care
C.Weaken ------ 既然fall behind不一定导致disadvantageous position，weaken了前提的逻辑链，那结果自然不存在
D.Weaken ------ 同C
E.Correct ------Irrelevant :the topic is tax of income not the other reasons why a country lose its technological edge.

(2)    
P: SO2: Urban>rural
P:plants growth: urban < rural
P:to see how much difference in growth is due to SO2, plants are grown in green houses in these 2 areas and the greenhouse air is filtered to remove SO2.
C:plants growth: urban< rural
Evaluation: whether there exists any other factors on the growth of plants in these 2 areas.
Answer: D
A.Irrelevant
B.Irrelevant
C.Irrelevant
D.Correct
E.Irrelevant

(3)    
BG: many small road do not have painted markings along the edges
F:painted markings --> easy to see upcoming curves and judge the car’s position -->useful to make the road safety
F:after G county had painted markings on all narrow, winding roads, the annual accident rate increased slightly.
Resolve: the number of cars that pass these roads increases
Answer: D    E
A.Irrelevant
B.Irrelevant
C.Irrelevant
D.Correct       irrelevant
E.irrelevant     correct（answer开始没读明白）：driver↑? accident ↑

(4)    
P: G has been narrowly self sufficient in g & m.
P: income↑ --> consumption of m↑
P: several pounds of g --> one pound of m
C: since income↑, g production --, G will soon have to import either g or m or both
Assumption: 用来产生m的g >= 原本被人们消耗的g
修正思路：g一部分产生m（↑），一部分被人们消耗，要使现在消耗的g比原来多，现在被人们消耗的g相对于以前不能减少，或减少的量要小于用来产生m的g的量
Answer: E
A.Irrelevant
B.Irrelevant
C.Irrelevant
D.Irrelevant
E.Correct

(5)    
P: buildings in P have been damaged by exhaust from tour buses.
P:little parking space --> buses idle at the curb during each stop on their tour and exhaust production: idling = driving
P: the city has now provided parking space for 1/3 tour buses
C: the damage from the buses’ exhaust will diminish significantly.
Strengthen: the buses do spend most of the time on idling.(证明大量排气确实和没有停车位有关，若停车位只是小部分原因，那结论就不成立了,注意表示限定的修饰成分)
Answer: C
A.Irrelevant
B.Irrelevant
C.correct
D.Irrelevant
E.irrelevant

sherryli

Question 1:
Premise: high tax on income—a negative incentive for technological innovation---fall behind in the international arms race---lose invoice in world affairs
Conclusion: if want to main its value system and way of life--- not allow its highest tax bracket to exceed 30% of income
Which one cannot weaken the argument?
A.    weaken—because reach 45% begins to deter inventors and industrialists from introducing new technologies and  industries
B.    weaken
C.    weaken—break the relationship in the premise
D.    weaken—break the relationship in the premise
E.    Correct—this information is irrelevant to the conclusion
Question 2:
Fact 1: Urban air contains more sulfur dioxide than does rural air, and plants in cities typically grow more slowly than do plants in rural areas
Fact 2: classes in an urban and a rural school grew plants in greenhouses at their schools and filtered the greenhouse air to eliminate sulfur dioxide. Plants in the urban greenhouse grew more slowly than those in the rural greenhouse.
如何证明城市温室内的植物比农村温室的植物长的慢的原因是不是二氧化硫？是不是有其他原因可以导致整个现象的产生
Fact 1: clear edge markings advantage
Fact 2: GC the annual accident rate increased after painting edge markings on its narrow
Why the annual accident rate increase after painting? There must have other reasons.
E is correct—because more drivers drove on those roads compared with before
Question 4:
Premise: G self-sufficient in both grain of meat; more grain to produce one pound of meat
Conclusion: more meat needed, no more grain production---G will import grain or meat or both
Ask for assumption; in premise, it did not say the status of the consumption of grain; If the consumption of grain reduced, even the meat consumption increase, maybe there is no need to import grain or meat or both.
E is correct
Question 5:
Premise: R damaged by the exhaust from tour buses; no paring space, so buses idled at the curb
Conclusion: parking spaces provided--- so damage diminish significantly
Support? If we prove the parking spaces can reduce the idle at the curb, it will support the conclusion.
C is correct. Spent less time on transporting passengers from one site to another, reducing the exhaust.