请站出来说服我prep1-74

rorarora

74.  (28503-!-item-!-188;#058&003635)

Paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould has argued that many biological traits are not the products of natural selection, favored due to their enhancement of reproduction or survival, but that they are simply random by-products of other evolutionary developments.

 

(A) due to their enhancement of reproduction or survival, but that they are

(B) due to the reproduction or survival they enhance, but they are

(C) because they enhance reproduction or survival, but

(D) because they enhance reproduction or survival, but are

(E) because of enhancing reproduction or survival, but are

答案选D

题目的not明明跟在are 后面，如果but后面再加are，不就破坏平行了么？

有限的几种解释我都觉得很不convincing.

prep笔记的解释是but还有except的含义，所以应该加are;

还有说法是but后面很容易和enhance并列....

于是我曾经总结：not...but这个词组，用在名词短语前，要小心地补上谓语；

可是

1）前两天翻看LZM, 赫然写着：not ...but....可以用来修饰名词词组！！~

2）OG Diagnostic Test 39题

39. According to scholars, the earliest writing was probable not a direct rendering of speech, but was more likely to begin as a separate and distinct symbolic system of communication, and only later merged with spoken language.

(A) was more likely to begin as

(B) more than likely began as

(C) more than likely beginning from

(D) it was more than likely begun from

(E) it was more likely that it began

The sentence is a comparison in which probably not x is balanced by but more than likely y.

前面一个not后面，跟的也是名词

有没有人能出来说说看法的？

heidiym

老帖新问，关于Ron说的歧义问题，我不是很能赞同，望拍砖

Ron的原话：

1) Paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould has argued that many biological traits are not the products of natural selection, favored because they enhance reproduction or survival, but simply random by-products of other evolutionary developments. --> this is the most obvious reading

2) Paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould has argued that many biological traits are not the products of natural selection, favored because they enhance reproduction or survival, but simply random by-products of other evolutionary developments. --> counterintuitive if you know anything about evolutionary biology, although grammatically ok -- so, a competing interpretation, but not reasonable.

加粗部分是一个unit的意思

但是我觉得虽然语法上看有第二种解读的可能性，但是我觉得because加but这个东西逻辑不对呀？因为但是这是什么逻辑？而且句子意思but后面的内容也不是转折because后面的呀。我很纠结Ron的解释。忽然一看很有道理，但是我在读句子的时候根据语义也不会那么想唉。。

我倒是比较认同说be动词否定位置的特殊性，以后要是见到了be动词的not but平行结构，特别是not but中间有插入的修饰成分要小心对Be动词的补出。

aeoluseros

我认为要不要加谓语动词完全取决于会不会引起歧义。

如果选C，那么句子是：
Paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould has argued that many biological traits are not the products of natural selection, favored because they enhance reproduction or survival, but simply random by-products of other evolutionary developments.
这样会造成一个歧义(ambiguous)：好像整个“favored because they enhance reproduction or survival, but simply random by-products of other evolutionary developments”都在修饰“natural selection”
事实上只有“favored because they enhance reproduction or survival”才是对“natural selection”的解释，这里but是介词。

而把D代入：
Paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould has argued that many biological traits are not the products of natural selection, favored because they enhance reproduction or survival, but are simply random by-products of other evolutionary developments.
but不可能作介词修饰natural selection,因为它后面有了谓语动词，but只能作为连词，不修饰natural selection，而是跟are not the products of natural selection平行。

OG Diagnostic Test 39题

According to scholars, the earliest writing was probable not a direct rendering of speech, but more than likely began as a separate and distinct symbolic system of communication, and only later merged with spoken language.

Not后面表面上是一个名词短语，实际上not前面是一个实意动词be动词（probable应该是probably吧？），而习惯用法not放在was后面了，所以其实应该是“谓语动词+名词短语”的并列。

[此贴子已经被作者于2009/9/28 17:03:15编辑过]

nemo11

这里but不是跟because 里面的内容平行，而是跟are 平行，not...but...不仅可以接名词也可以接句子。所以不加are ,容易误认为是名词的并列，所以加but打消歧义，因为becasue是插入语，而but要跟主句平行。

dingxiang

第一到里面，如果省略be动词，那么有歧义

我觉得PREP的解释没错

你举的这两个例子，大概告诉我们的是，not but 的平行不像not only,but also, both and 等等的，

发现你太会举例子了。呵呵

[此贴子已经被作者于2008-8-19 8:37:30编辑过]

rorarora

以下是引用aeoluseros在2008-8-18 22:47:00的发言：

我认为歧义在于：
                

but simply random by-products of other evolutionary developments 与the products of natural selection并列。表达否定含义的not也是被省略掉了，引起歧义。
                

prep曾经说过，如果平行部分有一个谓语动词有否定词的话，另一个是不能够省的。否则引起歧义。
                    

Sorry, aeoluseros兄，

你说的这句我没看懂，能不能再详细解释一下？

 到底在哪省略了not?

rorarora

以下是引用nemo11在2008-8-18 22:58:00的发言：

这里but不是跟because 里面的内容平行，而是跟are 平行，not...but...不仅可以接名词也可以接句子。所以不加are ,容易误认为是名词的并列，所以加but打消歧义，因为becasue是插入语，而but要跟主句平行。

这里的关键在于，

favored because是一个插入语，跟前后的关系不太紧密，

but应该是跳跃和not the products of natural selection连接的，没有什么歧义问题。

而关键恰恰在于not在are之后，很明显这里的并列结构是are not...., but.....; 如果not are...， but are....

就应该是这里的正确答案

rorarora

同志们，

我刚刚总算顿悟了....

not...but...的确是那特殊的一个，前半部分的结构只能是are not...., 只能自己判断后面要不要加谓语........

那么这里就没有破坏parallelism的问题了....

 

可是为什么OG那道不加谓语呢？

再度陷入沉思......

rorarora

以下是引用aeoluseros在2008-8-18 22:47:00的发言：

OG Diagnostic Test 39题
                

According to scholars, the earliest writing was probable not a direct rendering of speech, but more than likely began as a separate and distinct symbolic system of communication, and only later merged with spoken language.

Not后面表面上是一个名词短语，实际上not前面是一个实意动词be动词（probable应该是probably吧？），而习惯用法not放在was后面了，所以其实应该是“谓语动词+名词短语”的并列。
                

天才呀....

我这道我总算明白了，那就是这里的not...but其实带出的是probable和more than likely的并列，所以不需要谓语......

rorarora

74的歧义在哪呢？

我还是看不出来？

aeoluseros

Paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould has argued that many biological traits are not the products of natural selection, favored because they enhance reproduction or survival, but simply random by-products of other evolutionary developments.

 

两种意思：

1、补出的只有are

PSJG说很多生物特征不是自然选择产生的，（自然选择这些特征是因为他们增强了繁殖和生存的能力）（插入语不管他），而仅仅是其他进化发展过程的副产品。

 

2、补出的是are not

PSJG说很多生物特征不是自然选择产生的，（自然选择这些特征是因为他们增强了繁殖和生存的能力）（插入语不管他），而不仅仅是其他进化发展过程的副产品。

 

例子：

 

OG91.
                        Like many self-taught artists, Perle Hessing did not begin to paint until she was well into middle age.

(A)   Like

(B)   As have

(C)    Just as with

(D)   Just like

(E)    As did

OG对B,E的解释：

Choices B and E, which replace A's prepositional phrase with clauses introduced by as, use auxiliary verbs that cannot properly be completed by any part of the verb phrase in the main clause: neither have ... did not begin nor did... did not begin is logically or grammatically sound.
                (后边是否定，找不到合适的助动词，而且即便这样，也没有用like简洁)

不知道我对OG91有没有理解对，欢迎丢柿子，西红柿，砸砖...