[揽瓜阁精读] 289. 慈善事业

oliviahocc

P1: philanthropy for humanitarian purpose, apex, two major criticisms: 1. obsolete+social problem beyond the effort, need legal actions
P2: recent charge: philanthropists for nature a self-serving, flaunt power and status; profess to help the poor: encourage prudence, thrift, and temperance>- control status
P3: modern critics of philanthropy: amateurish/inadequate, as an antecedent of state-sponsored
P4: Victorians awared of the vulnerability of condescension and complacency and state-manged, but put $ on their way.

G.K.Rita

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Sydan

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Sydan

P1：引出philanthropy的2个批判
* 批判1：even in late 19c
    * industrialism -> social problems -> need legislative action

P2：批判2
* philanthropy was by nature
    * a means for power and position
    * individual -> class
* philanthropy was a means of controlling labor force and ensuring dominance

P3：新批判观点
* philanthropy - professionally administered charity - whig fallacy
* if only private -> commitment to a vested interest / state incapable of coping the needs

P4：作者对上述观点的评价
* aware the vulnerability and potential dangers
* gave money ,career, and lives to their mouths

爆裂鼓手

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爆裂鼓手

（一）        尽管慈善事业在19世纪后期在英格兰达到了顶峰，但现代评论家们对慈善事业提出了两大批评，慈善事业是英格兰维多利亚时代中产阶级的支柱。早期批评是，这种慈善事业在19世纪后期已经过时了，因为工业主义已经造成了超出小型私人自愿努力范围的社会问题。事实上，这些问题需要国家采取实质性的立法行动。比如失业，既不是工人不勤奋的结果，也不是雇主不同情的结果，也不是心怀善意的慈善家就能解决的。
（二）        最近的指控认为，维多利亚时代的慈善事业是 以牺牲那些他们表面上服务的人为代价进行的一种自私的行为。在这种观点中，慈善事业是在一个非常强调地位的 中炫耀自己权力地位的手段，甚至是培养可能导致经济回报的社会关系的一种手段。此外，如果慈善事业被视为服务于个别慈善家的利益，那么它可能被视为服务于他们阶级的利益。根据这种“社会控制“的论点，慈善家在自称帮助穷人的过程中，在他们身上鼓励了谨慎、节俭和节制等价值观，这些价值观本身也许是有价值的，但也是为了创造更有生产力的劳动力成员。简言之，慈善事业是一种控制劳动力并确保管理阶层争夺统治地位的手段。
（三）        维多利亚时代慈善事业的现代批评者用“业余”“不充分”等词来描述时代的慈善事业。好像维多利亚时代的慈善事业只能被理解为国家赞助、专业管理的慈善事业的前身。这个假设是谬误，倾向于将过去解读为开明的现在的低级前奏。如果大多数维多利亚时代的人抵制国家控制，把他们的资源花在私人自愿的慈善事业上，那只能是因为他们对既得利益的承诺，或是因为国家的行政机构无法应对当时的经济和社会动荡。
（四）        这一版本的历史是维多利亚时代人的恩赐，他们实际上很清楚自己容易受到傲慢和自满的指责，但同样也很清楚国家管理慈善事业的潜在危险。他们也许是对穷人屈尊附就，但是他们把钱花在刀刃上，同时也献出了自己的事业和生命

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er1ka

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T7willG700

289. 慈善事业
结构：Two related positions are discussed, then both are subjected to the same criticism.
主旨：Although modern commentators have perceived Victorian philanthropy as either inadequate or self-serving, the theoretical bias behind these criticisms leads to an incorrect interpretation of history.
P1
背景：在19世纪末英格兰到达顶峰，是维多利亚时期英国中流社会主流，但现代评论家对慈善事业有两种主要批评观点
观点1：当时的社会问题远超慈善事业可帮助的范畴
P2
观点2：看似利人实则利己：炫耀社会地位或者谋求经济利益，给穷人灌输 designed to create more productive members of the labor force for rich people的价值观
P3
现代评论家often use the words “amateurish” or “inadequate” to describe Victorian philanthropy，作者将这种行为称为Whig fallacy，不认同
P4
作者的观点：论迹不论心，确确实实捐了实打实的现金
×
1.两种批评的共同之处？
Both criticisms suggest that government involvement was necessary to cure social ills.25%正确率
2. It can be inferred from the passage that a social control theorist would be most likely to agree with which one of the following statements concerning the motives of Victorian philanthropists?
Victorian philanthropists see philanthropy as a means to an end rather than as an end in itself.
定位：According to this “social control” thesis, philanthropists were encouraging in them such values designed to create more productive members of the labor force. Philanthropy, in short, was a means of controlling the labor force and ensuring the continued dominance of the management class.
理解选项 mean & end

Ckwyyy

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