[揽瓜阁精读] 2. Testimony

jasminnne

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jasminnne

para1bjective press使用法庭证词(testimony),包含几位诗人wcw, lzs, go, r。这个流派短暂但是有影响力。objectivists和另一类诗人报告的不一样，区别是前者将诗歌看作客体，后者将诗歌看作感觉的报告。
para2:r一生中对于法庭证词的工作很多。也对艺术有一个修改和重述。提出法庭的观念对于诗歌的作用。
para3:作者评价，r最重要的贡献是社会演讲，主要是夸赞赞同。

Eunice12

文章结构：
1、fact(introduction)：the first installment of testimony by objectivist press
2、解释believers in objectivism
3、解释objectivist持有的观点：the poem is an object,not a report & rejected subjective experience & the feelings and emotions come through the choices of details and words
4、Fact: R continued his work & published...
5、作者观点：R revised and reshaped documentary materials into lines of poetry
6、Fact : N died and a characteristic poem begins
7、作者观点：third-party perception, the objective language of the judicial opinion
8、作者观点：Testimony undercuts the assumption that the poets work under the private sphere
9、作者观点：poet is an object and is taken from the world
10、作者观点：testimony is judicial opinion
作者评价R的贡献

ismaje

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ctvkd

逐句分析阅读
第一段
1 The first instalment of Testimony was published in 1934 by the Objectivist Press, which had been started several years earlier to promote the views of poets including William Carlos Williams, Louis Zuk of sky, George Oppen, and Reznikoff himself.
这句话中的published 很明显就能确定 The first instalment of Testimony是出版物，1934是出版时间，the Objectivist Press是家出版社，并且后面的定语从句是对于出版社的描述，原文从句的中的start to promote 中是出版社的合理行为。这句话中值得揣测的是Reznikoff后面加了个himself，思考推广的是观点，这个人自己的观点，有两种可能出版社是他的，或者出版物是他写的，能想到后者的应该是后者比较合理。

2 They were believers in Objectivism, a short-lived but still influential offshoot of poetic Modernism, the early 20th-century assault by T.S. Eliot, Ezra Pound, and others on the Enlightenment-influenced poetics of their predecessors.
首先主句就是第一句，they就是指上面指代的三个人，后面第一个插入语很明显是描述Objectivism的同位语。这里的assault by 说明后面跟着的人是反对这一主义的。

3 For the Objectivists, the poem was an object, not a report by the poet of what he or she thought of felt.
这里也是紧跟着上面的主句，来描述objectivism的信徒 objectivists 的特点，认为诗是客观的，不带有诗人的想法和感受。

4 They rejected the emphasis by 19th century Romantic poets like Wordsworth and Shelley on the poet’s subjective experience of transcendent meaning as depicted through metaphor and symbol.
第3句说的是他们同意什么，这一句开始阐述他们反对什么。反对的是主观的

5 (The title and opening line of Wordsworth’s well-known poem about daffodils, “l wandered lonely as a cloud”, is a good example of the tendencies that the Objectivists judged artificial and misleading.)
这其实是第4句中反对的具体描述，是其延伸于举例（a good example）。其中可以通过与上句相同人名的方式来发现。其中objectivists judge artificial and misleading和上句的they rejected遥相呼应。

6 The Objectivists believed that feeling and emotion should come through the choice of details and the sound and appearance of words on the page.
这段话还是在解释objectivists特征细节。通过对于从第3句到第6句的阅读，可以发现这几句都是在介绍objectivists 所认为的，所反对的，所相信的三个方面的事物来介绍这类人群。

第二段
7 Reznikoff continued to work on Testimony throughout his life.
如果带着第1句中himself的 疑问猜测去阅读这句话，便会豁然开朗，Reznikoff是Testimony的作者，并且很可能是这篇文章的主要介绍对象，因为上面是显说和他一起并列的三个人是objectivists的，然后着重介绍了objectivists 的特点，其实就是在介绍他。

8 In the 1960s, he published two new volumes (the first drawn from judicial opinions of 1885-1890, the second from opinions of 1891-1900); two additional volumes (1901-1910 and 1911-1915) were published after his death.
这是在介绍他在Testimony之后的出版物，这里的阅读障碍有judicial opinions of 这里的是司法意见的意思，说明了这些出版物都是从司法意见里诞生来的。并且意识到了司法意见就相当于法律的备忘录批注，每个时期都有每个时期的司法意见。

9 In each of the later volumes, Reznikoff revised his art, reshaping the documentary material into syncopated lines of poetry.
这里开始介绍他的出版物的细节，在出版物最后修改他的作品（重塑纪录片材料放入他的诗歌）。这里的纪录片材料其实有个隐藏的属性，就是客观的，写实的。

10 “The Negro was dead when the doctors examined him,” a characteristic poem begins: “They found upon his belly bruises: he died, the doctors said, of peritonitis.”
这句话是Reznikoff诗句里面的原句。可能是第9句中reshaping the documentary material into syncopated lines of poetry 的具体表现。

第三段
11 While the shift in form draws even more attention to the language (as in the isolation of “bruises” in the lined just quoted), the later editions employ the same third-person perspective, looking to the objective language of a judicial opinion, the words as words, rather than subjective experience or metaphor, for the emotional intensity of the poem.
这句话属于长难句且理解起来需要结合上文
the shift 应该与第9句中revised his art 是同一个事情。尽管让人们更加关注语言后括号里的东西就是相关的举例

查找了一下原句结构，就是把bruises作为单独一行的，结合这个词的词义理解，这种注重语言故意这样分行的行为是主观的，但前面加了一个while，所以前半句理解起来就变成：尽管这些改变让人们更加注意语言（一种写作主观的表现）。

后面的句子理解起来也变得水到渠成，主句的主干说用第三人称是客观的，注重司法语言的客观语言是客观的
Rather than 后面的是主观的，并且与第4句中他们反对的东西是一样的东西，反而形成了呼应。

12 With its use of judicial opinions as the raw material of poetry, Testimony radically undercuts the traditional assumption that the poet works in a private sphere that is somehow separate from the pressures and pulls of the public domain.
这句话其实在交代相关修改（用纪录片作为诗的题材）诞生的作品Testimony削弱了一个传统的假设，这个假设是说诗词作品是私人的东西，在某种程度上是与the pressures and pulls of the public domain 分开的。

13 Not only is the poem an object, but it is an object taken from the workday world that poets traditionally have viewed as unsuitable for poetry.
这句话其实是进一步交代了Testimony这个作品的作用，其实是第12句的衍生。

14 Testimony never lets us forget that it is judicial opinions the poet is expounding.
这句话是充满作者主观意见的，因为有lets us。认为诗人，也就是Reznikoff在描述的就是judicial opinions

第四段
15 Reznikoff’s most important innovation and chief legacy to subsequent poets was this use of social speech, the public language of lawyers, to further the Modernist project of drawing attention to the linguistic qualities of a poem.
这一段来重点描述这个人的成就，对于后世的影响。对于后来诗人的影响，后人对于诗中包含言语品质的关切。

16 By juxtaposing the descriptions of fact-the underlying story-of one case after another, he created an emotionally powerful collage from the apparently impersonal language of judicial opinions, a collage that chronicles America’s struggle with slavery and its emergence as a commercial and industrial power.
这句话其实还是在赞扬他对后世的影响，把一些司法意见反而变得有情绪话的力量（更加具有渲染力，从而让更多人理解法制的精神），以及后面的a collage可能涉及到相关美国奴隶制和三角贸易被推翻的相关情况。

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