[揽瓜阁精读] 2. Testimony

crystalclear234

主旨：介绍Testimony 关于诗歌的观点：objective
P1首先介绍Testimony的出版背景（细节：人都是objectivist，介绍了objectivism 和Modernism）,而后提出objectivist的观点：诗是object不是想法；反对Romantic poets:用修辞和举例的主观感受（细节：举例wandered as a cloud）最后总结：来自details 和words
P2首先主要举例Reznikoff具体的工作，先后发表四本著作，revise，reshape…(细节：相同点same third person perspective，不同点judical opinion，words are words)，而后说明Testimony消除了传统assumption：诗歌与常人分隔开，最后提出结论：诗歌是物，更是来自每一天每一个人的平常生活

AliceY123

码

Fromager

第一段：testimony第一次被客观主义媒体发布于1934年，比宣传WGW等诗人观点更早几年开始。他们是客观主义的信徒，客观主义活跃时期很短，但对现代派的后代诗人（20世纪早期）仍然有深刻的影响，被二十世纪早期启蒙运动和他们的前辈所批评。对于客观主义者，诗歌是客体，不是诗人所想所感受。他们拒绝19世纪浪漫主义诗人在诗歌上通过隐喻和象征表达主观的感受（例如daffodil的隐喻）。客观主义相信feeling和emotion必须要通过词汇的发音和细节在纸上体现。

第二段：R整个人生都在研究T，在1960年，他发布了两个全新的专栏，两个额外的专栏在他去世后发布，在每个后者专栏里，R修改了他的艺术，重塑诗歌的文献材料，修改了诗歌的中略（举例句子），后者版本用了同样第三人称视角，注重公正的观点，词语仅作词语，对于诗歌感情强度，而不是主观经验或者隐喻。用公正的观念作为诗歌的原料，T根本上切断了传统前提认为的诗歌服务于私人范围，某种程度上和公共领域的压力剥离开。诗歌不仅仅是客体，也是从日常生活中衍生出来的，以传统观点来看诗歌和日常生活不相称。

第三段：T从来没有令人遗忘他们最公正的观点就是诗歌在阐述。R最重要的革新和给后代诗人主要遗产在于运用社交性演讲，律师的公共语言，吸引现代主义去关注诗歌语言质量。通过一个又一个case客观事实的并列描述-故事的内在，他创造了情感力量强大的不受明显个人情绪语言的collage，collage是美国长期和奴隶主义的奋斗对抗，它的起源作为商业和工业的动力。

Thanatos+

好

nusnusoo

文章主要内容：
对比了客观流派的诗歌（Objectivists）和romantic流派的不同：
前者认为诗歌是一个物品，传达的是客观的事务，而不是个人情感的传达；同时他们也认为情感只能通过纸上存在的文字的形象、细节来传达——即物理上、实际存在的
而后者认为诗歌可以传达个人情感，个人情感的传达主要通过联想、比喻等。

文章结构：
第一段就给出了文章主要内容：即客观流派和主观流派的对比

第二段主要针对客观流派，对客观流派进行了更加详细补充的说明，基于第一段的“诗歌是一个物体“进行补充——过去认为诗歌是来源于那些更现实不太一样的私人部门，而事实上诗歌就是我们所理解的现实现代环境中产出的物体。（即过去认为诗歌不适合反应真实世界，第二段指出了事实上诗歌应该反映真实世界。）
同时也指出了R这个人最伟大的创新，通过对现实事实的描述，他创造了通过使用与个人无关的语言来表达情感。

Lakershow

我先回复再回来写分析~

Lakershow

　The first installment of Testimony was published in 1934 by the Objectivist Press, which had been started several years earlier to promote the views of poets including William Carlos Williams, Louis Zuk of sky, George Oppen, and Reznikoff himself .They were believers in Objectivism, a short-lived but still influential offshoot of poetic Modernism, the early 20th-century assault by T. S. Eliot,Ezra Pound, and others on the Enlightenment-influenced poetics of their predecessors. For the Objectivists, the poem was an object, not a report by the poet of what he or she thought or felt. They rejected the emphasis by19th-century Romantic poets like Wordsworth and Shelley on the poet's subjective experience of transcendent meaning as depicted through metaphor and symbol. (The title and opening line of Wordsworth's well-known poem about daffodils, "I wandered lonely as a cloud," is a good example of the tendencies that the Objectivists judged artificial and misleading.) The Objectivists believed that feeling and emotion should come through the choice of details and the sound and appearance of words on the page.

作者为什么写这段话: 历史题材科普
作者想告诉我们什么东西：Reznikoff等诗人追求客观主义风格作品，客观主义风格对后来的现代主义风格的发展起到影响作用。对比：而相比于早期的浪漫主义风格 （通过修辞和比喻来表达），客观主义更侧重于，诗歌本身即为object, 而淡化作者的感觉和情感。客观主义追崇细节、声音、文字的展现
这段话提出的细节有什么作用：举例，什么样的不属于客观主义风格
这段话和整个段落的联系是什么：待分析

　　Reznikoff continued to work on Testimony throughout his life. In the 1960s, he published two new volumes (the first drawn from judicial opinions of 1885-1890, thesecond from opinions of 1891-1900); two additional volumes (1901-1910 and1911-1915) were published after his death. In each of the later volumes ,Reznikoff revised his art, reshaping the documentary material into syncopated lines of poetry.

作者为什么写这段话: 具体介绍Reznikoff的work （可跳过）
这段话和整个段落的联系是什么：递进

　　The Negro was dead/when the doctors examined him," a characteristic poem begins: They found upon his belly bruises: he died, the doctors said, of peritonitis.

这段话提出的细节有什么作用：举例，什么样的属于客观主义风格

　　While the shift in form draws even more attention to the language (as in the isolation of "bruises" in the lines just quoted), the later editions employ the same third-person perspective, looking to the objective language of a judicial opinion, the words as words, rather than subjective experience or metaphor, for the emotional intensity of the poem. With its use of judicial opinions as the raw material of poetry, Testimony radically undercuts the traditional assumption that the poet works in a private sphere that is somehow separate from the pressures and pulls of the public domain. Not only is the poem an object, but it is an object taken from the workaday world that poets traditionally have viewed as unsuitable for poetry. Testimony never lets us forget that it is judicial opinions the poet is expounding.

作者想告诉我们什么东西：再次介绍客观主义 vs 浪漫主义风格的区别。客观主义作品采用第三人称，文字应该可观反映世界，诗歌本身即为object，描述日常生活中看似不那么适合的object。

　　Reznikoff's most important innovation and chief legacy to subsequent poets was this use of social speech, the public language of lawyers, to further the Modernist project of drawing attention to the linguistic qualities of a poem. By juxtaposing the descriptions of fact—the underlying story—of one case after another, he created an emotionally powerful collage from the apparently impersonal language of judicial opinions, a collage that chronicles America's struggle with slavery and its emergence as a commercial and industrial power.

作者为什么写这段话: Reznikoff对于后代的贡献和影响
作者想告诉我们什么东西：Reznikoff使用social speech, 司法语言，更关注于文字的本身，进行客观的事实性描述，描绘出美国社会对于奴隶的struggle和+发展成工商业大国的collage。
作者的态度是否有变化：作者观点
这段话和整个段落的联系是什么：前四段为介绍，最后一段为作者评价，态度(+)

Sora1874

看一下！

阿莓啦

mark

Lsssh

第一段：R写的Testimony 1934年 被Objective Press出版，他和一众诗人都属于Objectivism（很短但是影响很深远的现代诗歌分支）。对于objectivist,写的是object客观事实，不是诗人所想或者所感受的。与浪漫主义不同，浪漫主义是强调主观的感情，用比喻和修辞来抒发感情。Obst相信，感情和情绪应该通过细节的选择和文字的外表和声音。
第二段：R把他的一生都献给了Testimony，在他之后的一卷书里，他他修整了他的艺术，语言变得很客观，而不是主观的经验或者修辞。Testimony消除了传统假设（诗歌是产生于独立氛围）肯定诗歌来源的客观性。
第三段：讲了R的作品的作用。