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archeology
tpo-lecture3 EN I
Listen to part of a lecture in an Archeology class.Ok,we've been talking about early agriculture in the near east,so let's concentrate on one site,and see what we can learn from it.Let's look at Chartohoyoke um,I'd like write that down.Chartohuyoke,that's about as close as we get,in English.It's Turkish,really,its cite is in modern day Turkey,and who knows what the original inhabitants called it.Anyway,chartohuyoke wasn't the first agriculture settlement in the near east,but it was pretty early.settled about 9000 years ago,in the neolithic period.And um,the settlement,the town really,lasted about a thousand years,and grew to a size about eight or ten thousand people.That certainly makes it one of the largest towns in the world of that time.One of the things that makes the settlement a bit ...impressive,is the time period.It's the Neolithic,remember,the late Stone Age,So the people that lived there,had only stone tools,no medals.So everything they accomplished,like building this town,they did with just stone,plus wood,bricks,that sort of thing.But you got to remember that it wasn't just any stone they had,they had obsidian.and,um,obsidian is black,volcanic,well,it almost like glass.It flakes very nicely into really sharp point.The sharpest tools of the entire stone age was made of obsidian.And uh,the people of Chartohuyoke,got theirs from further inland,from central Turkey,traded for it,probably.Anyway,what I want to focus on is the way the town was built.The houses are all rectangular,one storey made of sun dried brick.But what's really interesting is there are no spaces between them,no streets in other words.and so,generally,no doors on the houses either.People walked around on the roofs,and enter the house through a hatchway of the roof,down on certain letter.You can still see the diagnal marks of the ladders in the plaster on the inside walls.once you were in the house,there will be one main room,and a couple of small rooms for storage.The main room has a hearth,for cooking and for heat.It would've been pretty cold during the winters.And uh,it also looks like they made their native tools near the fire.There tends to be a lot of obsidian flakes and chips in the hearth ashes,but no chimneys.The smoke just went out the same hatchway the people used for going in and out themselves.You and I would have founded a bit too smoky in there.You can see on the walls,which they plastered and decorated the painting.they ended up with a black ..on them.And so do people's lungs. The bones founded in the graves,show a layer of ..on the inside of the ribs.And that's another characteristics of Chartohuyoke,the barrier site.The graves have all been found under the houses,right under the floors.And it maybe this berrior custom that explains why the houses were packing so tightly without streets.I mean you might think it's for protection or something,But there's been no evidence found yet of any violent attack that would indicate that kind of danger.and maybe they want to live as near as possible to their ancestors'graves and be berried near them themselves.But it makes a good point.Based on excavations,we can know the layout of the houses and the location of the graves,but we are only guessing when we try to face why they did it that way.That's the way it is with archeology.you are dealing with the physical remains that people left behind.We have no sure access to what they thought and how they felt about things,I mean it's interesting to speculate.And the physical artifacts can give us clues,but there's a lot we can't really know,so for instance,the art.They painted on the plaster walls,and uh,usually they painted hunting scenes,with wild animals in them.Now they did hunt,and they also raise cerial crops and kept sheep.Bit we don't know why so many of the paintings are hunting scenes.Was it suppose to religious or magical significance?That's the kind of thing we can only guess at.They...clues.And hopefully further excavation of chrtohuyoke will yield more clues,But we'll probably never know for sure. |
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发表于 2012-11-30 00:37:49
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