------

1369179610

BL1-L8    EN  I   /EN  II

Listen to part of a lecture in a environmental science class. Hydrogen is the most recent and I'd say, one of the most promising, in a long list of alternatives to petroleum. Some of the possibilities include batteries, methanol, natural gas, and well, you name it. But, Hydrogen fuel cells have a couple of advantages over some of the other options. First of all, they're really quiet. And they don't pollute the atmosphere. Besides that, hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe. And it can be produced from a number of sources, including ammonia, or ...or even water. So it's renewable. And there's an almost unlimited supply.


Ok. Now, fuel cells represent a radical departure from a conventional internal combustion engine.And even a fairly fundamental change from electric battery power. Like batteries, fuel cells run on electric motors. However, batteries use electricity from an external source, and store it for use in the battery while the fuel cells create their own electricity through a chemical process that uses hydrogen and oxygen from the air. Are you with me? Look, by producing energy in a chemical reaction rather than through combustion, a fuel cell can convert. Say 40-60 percent of the energy, from the hydrogen into electricity. And when this ratio is compared with that of a combustion engine that runs at about half the efficiency of a fuel cell, well, it's obvious that fuel cell technology has the potential to revolutionize the energy industry.


So,feul cells have the potential to generate power. For almost any kind of machinery or equipment that fossil fuels run. But the most important, um, let's say goal, the goal of fuel cell technology, is the introduction of fuel cell power vehicles. Internationally, the competitions is fierce to commercialize fuel cell cars.I guess all of the leading automobile manufactures worldwide have concept cars that use fuel cells, and some of them can reach speeds of as high as ninety miles per hour.Even more impressive, is the per tank storage of capacity. Can you believe this, some of those cars can run for 220 miles between refills. But many of those cars were designed decades ago, what's the holdup?


The problem in introducing fuel cell technology is really twofold. In the first place, industries will have to invest in millions, maybe even billions of dollars to refine the technology.And here's the real cost--the infrastructure to,uh, support the fueling of the cars. And that infrastructure, I mean basic facilities and services like hydrogen stations to refuel cars and mechanics who know how to repair them. I think you get the picture. And then consumers will have to accept and use the new products powered by fuel cells. So, we're going to need educational programs to inform the public about the safety and ...and convenience of fuel cells.If we are going to achieve a successful transition to fuel cell products.But, unfortunately, major funding efforts get interrupted. Here's what I mean. When oil prices are high, then they seems to more funding and greater interest in basic search and development, and more public awareness of fuel cells. And then the price of oil goes down a little, and the funding dries up, and people just go back to using a fossil fuel product.And this has been going on for more than thirty years.


Some governments sponsored initiatives have created incentives for fuel cell powered vehicles.But probably one of the most successful programs, at least in my opinion, is uh, the step program, which is an acronym for the Sustainable Transportation Energy Program. STEP is a demonstration project, sponsored by the government of Western Australia, Now in this project, gasoline driven buses have been replaced with fuel cell buses on regular transportation routes. I think the British petroleum is the supplier of hydrogen fuel, which is produced at an oil refinery in Kwinana,south of Perth. So we need to watch it carefully.Another collaborative research effort is being undertaken by the European Union and the United States. Scientists and engineers are trying to develop a fuel cell,that's effectively engineered and attractive to the commercial market. Now under an agreement signed in about 2000,if memory serves, it was 2003,but any way, the joint projects include the writing of codes and standards, the design of fueling infrastructures, the refinement of fuel cell models, and the demonstration of the fuel cell vehicles. In Europe, the private sector will combine efforts with government agencies in the public sector to uh, to create a long-term plan for the introduction of fuel cells throughout the E.U. and the World Bank is providing funding to promote the development and manufacture of fuel cell buses for public transportation in China, Egypt, Mexico, and India.And we are starting to see some really interesting projects in these areas. So,uh,clearly,fuel cell technology is an international effort.

Ok, at the present time, Japan leads the way in addressing issues of modifying the infrastructure.Several fueling stations that dispense hydrogen by the cubic meter are already in place. With plans for more. But even when the nationwide system is completed. decisions about how and where to produce the hydrogen and how to transport it will still have to be figured out. Most countries share the view that fleets of vehicles has significant advantages for the introduction of a few cell powered transportation because, well obviously they can be fueled at a limited number of central locations. And, uh, and other benefits of a fleet are the opportunity to provide training for a maintenance crew and for the drivers. As for consumer education, No one country, seems to have made the advances there that would serve as a model for the rest of us. But perhaps when the demonstration projects have concluded and a few model cars are available to the public,well,more attention will be directed to public information programs.

1369179610

BL1-L8    CN  II

氢能是代替石油的最佳选择
1.安静
2.可再生，无限量


燃料电池颠覆了传统电池盒内燃机的工作原理，更有发展潜力
1.化学自动功能
2.高效


燃料电池技术的应用有两个难点
1.基础设施
2.公众接受（顾客和投资资金）


政府支持项目中最好的是STEP


西澳大利亚政府
欧美合作项目---欧洲已经开始拟定一个长期计划


现在日本引领这一领域的基础建设和维修


氢气加油站已经建立
但生产和运输问题仍未解决
因此目前还是运输车队好用，但是当展示工作完成，部分新车投放市场，可能大家会更关注这种新能源车。


今天的题挺简单的啊~~

1369179610

我今天睡到了中午12点...太能睡了...

1369179610

TPO 17-L2   CN  I

听一段科学环境课程。我们谈论了天气影响人类活动的理论。但是今天我们将谈论一下另一些理论，它们可以解释气候的变化。其中最著名的是M假说。那么M理论是关于什么的呢？它说的是地球运动的多样性。具体来说就是它绕太阳运行的轨道。这些变化导致了照射到地球上的太阳能总量的变化。这些能量总量的变化，它导致了地球上气候的变化。好的，很多人认为地球绕太阳转的轨道是一个很标准的圆。很平滑，规整。但是(事实上)不是这样的。你可能发现了，地球绕太阳运转的轨道并不是一个圆，它更像是椭圆，它是椭圆形的。并且这个形状也不是一成不变的，它在10万年之中是不断地变化的。有的时候它更加圆，有的时候它更加椭圆。当地球的轨道更加椭圆的时候，地球实际上是在某些年更接近太阳的。这让地球，特别是北半球，更加温暖了。那么这点为什么很重要呢？因为星球上大多数的冰川在北半球。但是如果它太温暖了，冰川就停止形成了。并且我们已经说过这会对整个地球的温度产生什么影响。这个假设中谈到的第二个运动和地偏角有关，即地轴与平面的角度，地轴是假想的穿过地球中心的一条轴。并且，根据地偏角这个角度，。。。这就会让冬天时冷时热，或者这样解释：夏天会更凉爽，而冬天更温暖。这点应用在我之前提到的就是，它还可以让冰川停止形成，有的时候会融化。还有第三个假设叫岁差。岁差会随着地球旋转而变化。这要让我解释会花上一百万年，因为即便是很基础的东西也是十分复杂的。并且这些细节都在我们讨论的范围之外。很重要的需要让我们理解的是这三个运动，当它们同时工作的时候，就形成了复杂的但是有规律可循的气候，并且导致了冰川的形成和消融。当M在1920年第一次提出这个理论的时候，他的很多同事对此是持怀疑态度的。因为他没有证据。事实上，也不会有证据，。。。直到1970年。但是海洋学家可以钻探深海海底以收集样品。这些样品随后会被地理学家分析。并且其中的一些样品可以被放在一起，呈现回溯至10万年前的海洋温度的历史。而这些显示，地球气候已经改变了很多，方式恰好就是像M说的那样。所以这个证据是一个非常有力的对M假说的证明。并且到了1980年代，大多数人已经接受了这个理论。大约1980年代末，在美国西部，一个洞里充满了水。。。经过了几百万年之后，地下水将沉淀留在。。。恶魔洞里。通过研究。。沉淀，我们可以知道50多万年的温度变化。然后这个恶魔洞的发现研究结果是和1970年的那个证据显示的结果相悖的，所以现在的问题是，究竟是相信哪个假说，还是都相信。或者科学家误解了其他可能性的意义。1990年代，一个新的研究出来了，包含两个假说，这个研究认为海洋的证据是对的，但是恶魔洞的也不错。现在的看法是，恶魔东反应的是美国西部的当地天气变化，而不是全球性的气候变化。

1369179610

TPO 17-L2
Listen to part of a lecture in an environmental science class.So we've been talking about theories that deal with the effects of human activity on the climate.But today I'd like to talk a little bit about other theories that can explain variations of climate.And one of the best known is the M hypothesis.Um,now what's the M about?Uh,it says the variations of the Earth's movements,specifically,its orbit around the sun.And these differences,in the amounts of the energies that..to the Earth from the sun,it's what called variations in the Earth's climate.Ok,a lot of people think of the earth's orbit around the sun being perfectedly circular.smooth and as regular as say the way the hands moved on the well-maded ...artch.But ,it just doesn't work that way.You are probably aware that the Earth's orbit around the sun,it's not shaped like a perfect circle.It's more than oval,it's elliptical.but the shape,has this order isn't consistent as ..various time.over a period about a hundred thousand years.Sometimes it's a little more circular,sometimes it's more elliptical.And when the earth's orbit is more elliptical,earth is actually closer to the sun during parts of the years,and makes the earth,and in particular,the Northern hemisphere,warmer.ANd why is that important?Well,because most of the planet's glaciers are in the Northern Hemisphere.And as it is too warm when the glaciers start form,and we already talked about how that affects earth's overall temperature.The second movement involved in the hypothesis has to do with axial tilt,tilt of the Earth's axis,that imaginary pole that went through the centre of the earth.And depending on the angle,the tilt,the season can be more relaxed,...and makes winters cooler and summers warmer,or the ...more importantly,the winters less cold.which just like can also stop from glaciers' forming or cause him to melt.There's a third...earth's access of rotation.to take a million years to the ..as the presession is quite complex.And all these details away beyond our scope.What's important to understand is these three movements.complex but ...now M is first to propose the theory in the 1920s,many of his colleagues is skeptical.M didn't have any proof...In the evidence to support this hypothesis and until 1970s,an oceanographers were able to drill deep into the sea and or collect samples.samples which were analyzed by geologists.And some of the samples were able to put together a history and ocean temperatures going back hundreds of thousands of years.And they showed the earth climate had changed pretty much the way like which is the hypothesis suggest it would.So this evidence was pretty strong support for the M's hypothesis.And by the 1980s,most people,except..And however in the late 1980s,since..was devil's hole,which is a basically an extensive water-filled cave far from the ocean in the water from western united states.Over millions of years,ground water left deposit to the mineral called ..rock within devil's hole.And by studying the ..cite deposit,we can determine the climate condition that the temperatures over the last half million years.Well,the devil's hole contradicted ones during the 1970s.So basically the question was,were the age of the one or both of the samples were wrong?or the scientists misunderstanding the significance of the others.well,um,in the 1990s,new study was done on the two samples.And the oceanfloor samples,was done to be correct,has ..whole.Now,it's generally believed that the samples from the devil's hole correspond the variations with the local climate in the western united states.rather than global climate changes.

1369179610

TPO17-L2  

Listen to part of a lecture in an environmental science class.Ok,So we've been talking about theories that deal with the effects of human activity on the climate.But today I'd like to talk a little bit about other theories that can explain variations of climate.And one of the best known is called the M hypothesis.Um,now what the M is about?Uh,it says the variations in the Earth's movements,specifically,in its orbit around the sun.And these variations lead to differences,in the amounts of solar energy that reaches the Earth and at these differences in the amount of energies that reaching Earth from the sun,it's what called variations in the Earth's climate.Ok,a lot of people think of the earth's orbit around the sun being perfectly circular.smooth and as regular as say the way the hands moved on the well-made watch.But,it just doesn't work that way.You are probably aware that the Earth's orbit around the sun,it's not shaped like a perfect circle.It's more than oval,it's elliptical.but the shape of this orbit,isn't consistent various time.over a period about a hundred thousand years.Sometimes it's a little more circular,sometimes it's more elliptical.And when earth's orbit is more elliptical,earth is actually closer to the sun during parts of the years,and makes earth,and in particular,the Northern hemisphere,warmer.ANd why is that important?Well,because most of the planet's glaciers are in the Northern Hemisphere.And as it is too warm when the glaciers will stop forming,and we already talked about how that affects earth's overall temperature.The second movement involved in the hypothesis has to do with axial tilt,tilt of the Earth's axis,that imaginary pole that went through the centre of the earth.And depending on the angle,the tilt,the season can be more or less severe.can makes winters cooler and summers warmer,or that some might says now makes summers less hot,and more importantly,the winters less cold.which just like what I mentioned before,also stop,prevent glaciers from forming or cause them to melt.There's a third movement to hypothesis that was called presession.Presession basically is the change in the direction of the earth's axis of rotation.It will take me a million years even just to explain the basics of these movement as presession is quite complex.And all these details are way beyond our scope.What's important for you to understand is these three movements.While we are ...and work together,to form,to produce complex but regular variation of the earth's climate and lead to the grow or decline of glaciers.now when M first proposed the theory in the 1920s,many of his colleagues were skeptical.M didn't have any proof.Actually it wouldn't be.In the evidence to support this hypothesis until 1970s,when oceanographers were able to drill deep into the seafloor and collect samples.samples which were then analyzed by geologists.And some of the samples were able to put together a history of ocean temperatures going back hundreds of thousands of years.And they showed the earth climate had changed pretty much the way like which is the hypothesis suggest it would.So this evidence was pretty strong support for the M's hypothesis.Um, however in the late 1980s,since scientists were exploring devil's hole,which is a basically an extensive water-filled cave far from the ocean in Nevada in the western united states.Over millions of years,ground water left deposits of the mineral called calcite on the rock within devil's hole.And by studying these calcite deposits,we can determine the climate condition that the temperatures over the last half million years.Well,the devil's hole findings contradicted one obtained during the 1970s.So basically the question was,were the age of the one or both of the samples wrong?or were scientists misunderstanding the significance of the others.well,um,in the 1990s,a new study was done on the two samples.And the ocean floor samples,was found to be correct,and the samples from devil's hole.and Now,it's generally believed that the samples from the Devil's hole correspond the variations in the local climate in the western united states.rather than global climate changes.

1369179610

TPO 17-L2   CN  II

听一段科学环境课程。我们谈论了天气影响人类活动的理论。但是今天我们将谈论一下另一些理论，它们可以解释气候的变化。其中最著名的是M假说。那么M理论是关于什么的呢？它说的是地球运动的多样性。具体来说就是它绕太阳运行的轨道。这些变化导致了照射到地球上的太阳能总量的变化。这些能量总量的变化，它导致了地球上气候的变化。好的，很多人认为地球绕太阳转的轨道是一个很标准的圆。很平滑，规整。但是(事实上)不是这样的。你可能发现了，地球绕太阳运转的轨道并不是一个圆，它更像是椭圆，它是椭圆形的。并且这个形状也不是一成不变的，它在10万年之中是不断地变化的。有的时候它更加圆，有的时候它更加椭圆。当地球的轨道更加椭圆的时候，地球实际上是在某些年更接近太阳的。这让地球，特别是北半球，更加温暖了。那么这点为什么很重要呢？因为星球上大多数的冰川在北半球。但是如果它太温暖了，冰川就停止形成了。并且我们已经说过这会对整个地球的温度产生什么影响。这个假设中谈到的第二个运动和地偏角有关，即地轴与平面的角度，地轴是假想的穿过地球中心的一条轴。并且，根据地偏角这个角度的变化，季节就会变得更加严酷或温和。这就会让冬天时冷时热，或者按目前情况解释：夏天会更凉爽，而冬天更温暖。这点应用在我之前提到的就是，它还可以让冰川停止形成，有的时候会融化。还有第三个假设叫岁差。岁差会随着地球旋转而变化。这要让我解释会花上一百万年，因为即便是很基础的东西也是十分复杂的。并且这些细节都在我们讨论的范围之外。很重要的需要让我们理解的是这三个运动，当它们同时工作的时候，就形成了复杂的但是有规律可循的气候，并且导致了冰川的形成和消融。当M在1920年第一次提出这个理论的时候，他的很多同事对此是持怀疑态度的。因为他没有证据。事实上，这个假设也不会有证据，直到1970年。海洋学家可以钻探深海海底以收集样品，这些样品随后会被地理学家分析。并且其中的一些样品可以被放在一起，呈现回溯至10万年前的海洋温度的历史。而这些显示，地球气候已经改变了很多，方式恰好就是像M说的那样。所以这个证据是一个非常有力的对M假说的证明。并且到了1980年代，大多数人已经接受了这个理论。大约1980年代末，一些科学家在探索恶魔洞，这个洞实际上是一个广阔的充满了水深坑，远离在美国西部，内华达州的海洋。经过了几百万年过去，地下水将一种叫方解石的沉淀留在了这个恶魔洞里的石头上。通过研究沉淀，我们可以确定近50万年的气候条件和温度变化。然后这个恶魔洞的发现研究结果是和1970年的那个证据显示的结果相悖的，所以现在的问题是，究竟是相信哪个假说，还是都相信。或者科学家误解了其他可能性的意义。1990年代，一个新的研究出来了，包含两个假说，这个研究认为海洋的证据是对的，但是恶魔洞的也不错。现在的看法是，恶魔东反应的是美国西部的当地天气变化，而不是全球性的气候变化。

1369179610

总结：

variations in climate
the variations in the Earth's movement
variation  变化

perfectly
the way the hands move on a well-made watch

It's more of an oval
elliptical
the season can be more or less severe.
it varies over time...

run through the center of the earth
precession
cyclical


首先，M理论：地球轨道在变化--影响气候
                   地球有个偏角---影响气候
                   岁差--影响气候
其次，此理论成立的证据--1970年的一个海底样本的分析

ps：1980年美国西部内华达州 有个恶魔洞 这里的沉淀分析与M理论相悖

总结，恶魔洞是地区气候，海底分析是全球气候（范围不一样）17

教授的意图要从他与学生互动的方面考虑。
因果关系只考虑最直接的关系，不考虑第二层。

1369179610

1. 以一句为单位去听：6-8秒左右。


3. 反复听那一句，反复是指大于7遍（7为一个小循环，听不出来至少要有印象，要让声音进入auditory memory，只需要匹配一下意思）

4. 不能边听边写。


6. 每一句中文都要有逻辑，是人话！（说汉字不代表理解要按照逻辑排列）。

7. 并不是你把英文翻译成了汉语就是人话，逻辑的体现。

8. 写的每一句都要结合上下文前后句的逻辑。

9. 别把自己的不愿意当成自己的不能-------伪装。

10． 忘记手里的文本。（听写必遵守）

11. 要写的汉语是逻辑，而并不是每个单词都要翻译出来。

有时候要承认自己对于有的词无能，但是要满足和包含逻辑。

12. 一个事物花多了时间并不是浪费时间,时间花出去没有收获才叫浪费时间。

13．人们写中文的时候经常性的不动脑子，只依赖于识别一定没戏，记住你要懂一句话不仅靠识别还要靠猜测。


16. 看着文本读这篇文章20遍，读着读着就体会自己读的是什么。

17 边听着音频边看着文本读这篇文章20遍，纠音。

18 只听音频不看着文本读10遍。

19 看着文本写出文章的outline（笔记）

20 看着outline去复述文章内容，并在复述过程中不断优化自己的笔记，直到笔记可以让自己复述通篇

21 边听文章边做出笔记

昨天晚上我纠结了一个晚上。行，我算你狠，你别让我失望。