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tpo18-L3    总结帖

spice(s)香料
what seem like little things now were back then actually rather big things.


define what a spice is
technically speaking    理论上讲，严格地说
an aromatic plant
come from
tree bark 树皮
plant roots
flower buds
cinnamon  ginger  cloves
in the Middle Ages
most important being pepper,cloves,ginger,cinnamon,maize(玉米) and nutmeg（肉豆蔻）
literally(差不多，真正地) dominate the way Europeans lived
how they traded
how they used their imaginations
for centuries
why was this medieval fascination with spices.
boil...down to 3 general ideas briefly
rarity
exotic  奇异的，异常美丽的
fragrance


mysterious origins
mythical status  神秘的重要性


be native to...在本土生长的
for cost and rarity


grow in sw
the transportation cost for astronomical
from the very beginning
Gothic General
capature Rome 征服罗马
demand payment
maybe that would give you an idea of exactly where pepper stood at the time


by the Middle Ages
spices were regarded as so important and expensive they were used in diplomacy,as gifts by heads of state and ambassadors.
be relatively +adj,compared to today's
there wasn't much variety
aristocracy
this is where spices came in
new sources(原料来源)
this is a good point to mention
it is commonly said that
want sth to do
cover up  掩盖
the taste of ...
this isn't really true.
in the first place 压根，根本就
afford spices
we also have evidence that ...
if you were caught doing it
be subject to ...
various fines
humiliating public punishments
so what actually was true was this,
in order to ...,people would do..
preserve meat in salt not a spice


aren't very effective as preservatives
preservatives(防腐剂)
throughout winter
salted meat
depressing
grow boring  变得...
after a while 不久
so the cook started looking for new ways to improve the taste and spices were the answer,which brings us to mysterious origins and mythical status.


have a thriving spice trade
send their ships to the east and back
rome collapsed in the fifth century and the Middle Ages began
direct trade stop
that kind of hands-on knowledge of travel and geography
by way of 通过...方式，经由；途经；算是
intermediary 中间商
trade route（s）贸易路径
take on an air of mystery 染上  一层神秘的气氛
be shrouded in 笼罩上


exotic travels
have the allure of the unknown,of wild places
myths
grow up of 随...一起长大
fantasy lands，magical faraway places made entirely of food and spices


add to that
be considered adj not just for ...and this was already true in..where..about ..
inspire
ward off diseases
mix into
perfumes
in religious rituals
for thousands of years
take on a life of their own  有了自己的生命


spurred on the age of discoveries  被驱使，被鼓励
have historical repercussions




intermediaries
be shrouded in
diplomacy


mythical


maize


literally ---literarily


欧洲中世纪的历史的理解要借助香料



香料在那时非常有魅力的三大理由
1.稀有而昂贵
稀有是因为欧洲本身不生产香料，昂贵的是运费
2.奇异的芳香和味道


不是掩盖食物腐烂的味道，而是为了在冬季让肉更好吃
3.神秘的原产地和神奇的地位


罗马灭亡后（提到罗马灭亡是为了支持分论点，原产地神秘），香料靠多重中介才能交易，激发想象力以至最后探险家出海去寻找香料  26


历史题材的听力需要注意例子和细节。

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谢天谢地，我又做完一篇。

1369179610

tpo 15-L2     EN  I



Listen to part of a lecture in a geology class.geologists,we examine layers of the sediment on the Earth' s surface to approximate the dates or past geologic time periods.Sediment as you know,is material like sand, gravel, fossil fragments.They are transported by natural process.like wind ,water flow, or movement glaciers. So,sediment is transported and then deposited and deformed layers on the Earth' s surfaces over time.We examine these layers to learn about different geologic time periods,including when they began and ending.For example,for about 1800 million years ago to 11000 years ago,is P Epoch.The P Epoch is an Ice Age.During this Epoch,sediment was made by a kind of erosion and weathering that happens when the climate is colder.And prat of those sediments are fossils of plants and animals that ..by time. The Hollocene Epoch ..followed the P Epoch as the Earth warmed up around 11000 years ago.The H scene Epoch is characterized by different sediments.Once they formed the climate is warmer.Because the climate changed,the types of plants and animals changed also.H sediments contain remnants more recent plants and animals so it's pretty easy to differentiate geologically between these two epochs.Now there is growing evidence that the presence of the humans has altered the Earth so much that the new epoch of geologic history has begun.The Anthroprocence Epoch,a new human influenced Epoch.This idea that we've entered a new anthroprocene epoch was first proposed in 2002.The ideas that around year 1800 CE the human population became large enough around a billion people the that is activity started altering environment.This was also the time the industrial revolution,which brought tremendous increase in the use of fossil fuels,such as coal. The exploitation of fossil fuels has brought kind of wide developments industrialization construction mass transport.And these developments deprized major changes like additional erosion of the old surface and deforestation.Also the things like the ..in rivers of course increased sediment production.not to mention the additional carbon dioxide in methane in atmosphere.Naturally,all these changes show up in recent sediments,and these sediments are quite different from pre year 1800 sediment layers.Interestingly,there are some speculation that human started having a major impact on Earth much earlier about 8000 years ago.That's when agriculture was becoming widespread.Early famers started clearing forests and why ..produced a lot of extra methane.But I want to stress that this is just a hypothesis.The idea that early humans ..has such a major effect,well just actually can compare of the industrial age.Geologists in the far future,will be able to the sediment being laid down today,Whereas right now we can say that it's yes.Human impacts on the Earth is clear.It will be future researchers who had a better perspective and will be able to really draw a line between the H and the A epoch.

1369179610

tpo  15-L2    EN   II    校对

TPO 15 Lecture 2 Geology


Narrator:
Listen to part of a lecture in a geology class .
Professor
As geologists , we examine layers of sediment on the Earth' s surface to
approximate the dates of past geologic time periods. Ah sediment as you
know is material like sand , gravel, fossil fragments that is transported by
natural processes like wind , water flow or the movement of glaciers .
So sediment is transported and then deposited and it forms layers on the
Earth ’ s surface over time. We examine these layers to learn about
different geologic time periods including when they began and ended.
For example, from about 1.8 million years ago to around 11 thousand
years ago was the Pleistocenene epoch. The Pleistocenene epoch was an ice age.
During this epoch, sediment was made by the kind of erosion and
weathering that happens when the climate is colder, and part of those
sediments are fossils of plants and animals that lived at that time.
The Holocene epoch followed the Pleistocene epoch when the Earth ’ s
climate warmed up around 11 thousand years ago. The Holocene e pic is
characterized by different sediments, ones that formed when the climate is
warmer. Because the climate changed, the types of plants and animals
changed also. Holocene sediments contain remnants of more recent
plants and animals, so it's pretty easy to differentiate geologically
between these two epochs.
Now there is growing evidence that the presence of humans has altered
the earth so much that a new epoch of geologic history has began – the
Anthropocene epoch, a new human-influenced epoch. This idea that we ’ ve
entered a new Anthropocene epoch was first proposed in 2002. The idea
is that around the year 1800 CE the human population became large
enough, around a billion people, that its activities started altering the
environment. This was also the time of the industrial revolution, which
brought a tremendous increase in the use of fossil fuels such coal. The
exploitation of fossil fuels has brought planet wide developments:
industrialization, construction, uh, mass transport. And these
developments have caused major changes like additional erosion of the
Earth ’ s surface and deforestation. Also, things like the damming of rivers ,
has caused increased sediment production, not to mention the addition(增加)
of more carbon dioxide and methane in the atmosphere .
Naturally all these changes show up in recent sediments. And these
sediments are quite different from pre year 1800 sediment layers.
Interestingly there's some speculation that humans started having a
major impact on Earth much earlier, about 8000 years ago. That's when
agriculture was becoming widespread. Early farmers started clearing
forests and livestock produced a lot of extra methane. But I want to
stress this is just a hypothesis. The idea that early humans could have
had such a major effect, well I'm just not sure we can compare it with
the industrial age. Geologists in the far future will be able t o examine the
sediment being laid down today, whereas right now we can say that yes,
human impact on the Earth is clear: It'll be future researchers who have
a better perspective and will be able to really draw a line between the
Holocene and the Anthropocene epochs

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tpo15-L2    CN  II   (校对)

1369179610

tpo15-L2     总结帖



epoch
remnant
speculation
draw a line
地质学家通过沉淀物确定年代，包括特定年代的起止（考点，15题，位置在“举个例子”之前。）
例子一：p vs h
P时代  比较冷
H时代  比较暖
根据动植物化石p和h很好区分


A时代开始
开始的时点是约1800CE,特点是：人类数量到达1亿，其活动开始影响环境（考点 16题）


沉淀物中显示，实际上人类影响地理变化比预想的要早，这一点未来的研究者会有更好的结论


地理类的听力材料要首先弄清楚主题，以为同一个地理时期有很多不同的讨论角度。然后跟着年代和典型标志物走，这篇文章的典型标志物是sediment的特点~ 15  16


geology 文章是爱丢分的类型。

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GEOGRAPHY

Geography    地理学      
Geographer    地理学家      
Hemisphere    半球      
Meridian    子午线，经线      
Parallel    平行圈，纬线      
Latitude    纬度      
Longitude    经度      
Elevation    海拔      
Altitude    高度      
Temperate latitudes    温带地区      
Horizon    地平线      
Tropics    赤道      
Arctic    北极      
Antarctic    南极      
Expedition    探险      
Time zone    时区      
Topography    地形      
Plain    平原      
Plateau (highland)    高地      
Lowland    低地      
Basin    盆地      
Cavern    洞穴      
Terrain    地域      
Subterranean (underground)    地底下      
Coastland    沿海地区      
Island    岛屿      
Continental island    大陆岛      
Volcanic island    火山岛      
Coral island    珊瑚岛      
Islet    小岛      
Peninsular    半岛      
Continent    大陆      
Continent shelf    大陆架      
Ranges    山脉      
Valley    峡谷      
Canyon    峡谷      
Channel (strait)    海峡      
Remote-sensing    遥感的      
Terrestrial    陆地的      
Terrestrial heat (geothermy)    地热      
Terrestrial magnetism    地磁      
Continental drift    大陆漂移学说      
Sea-floor spreading    海床扩展      
Evaporation    蒸发      
Salinity    含盐度      
Ocean bottom    海床      
Sediment    沉积物      
Tropical    热带的      
Temperate    温带的      
Frigid    寒带的      
Formation    形成      
Frost heaving    冻胀现象      
Fieldstone    大卵石    
GEOLOGY

Geology    地质学      
Geologist    地质学家      
Crust    地壳      
Mantle    地幔      
Core    地核      
Continental crust    大陆地壳      
Oceanic crust    海洋地壳      
Layer (stratum, strata)    地层      
Plate    板块      
Fault    断层      
Fault plane    断层面      
Fault zone    断层带      
Rift (crack, split)    断裂      
Disintegration (decomposition)    分解      
Erosion    侵蚀      
Fossil    化石      
Igneous rock    火成岩      
Sedimentary rock    沉积岩      
Metamorphic rock    变质岩      
Quartz    石英      
Limestone    石灰岩      
Marble    大理石      
Granite    花岗岩      
Lithogenous    岩成的      
Lithosphere    岩石圈      
Magma    岩浆      
Mineral    矿物      
Ore    矿石      
Deposit    矿床      
Platinum    白金      
Silver    银      
Copper    铜      
Aluminum    铝      
Tin    锡      
Lead    铅      
Zinc    锌      
Nickel    镍      
Mercury    水银      
Sodium    钠      
Gem    宝石      
Diamond    钻石      
Emerald    绿宝石      
Ruby    红宝石      
Glacier    冰川      
Glacier epoch   冰川期      
Glacial    冰川的      
Glacial drift          
Iceberg    冰山      
Volcano    火山      
Active volcano    活火山      
Extinct volcano    死火山      
Dormant volcano    休眠火山      
Eruption    火山喷发      
Crater    火山口      
Lava    火山岩浆       larva  昆虫幼体
Volcanic    火山的      
Volcanic dust    火山尘      
Volcanic ash    火山灰      
earthquake    地震      
seismic    地震的      
Seismology    地震学      
Magnitude    震级      
Seismic wave    地震波      
cataclysm    灾变  


 
ARCHEOLOGY


anthropologist    人类学家      
paleoanthropologist    古人类学家      
Ecological anthropologist    生态人类学家      
Psychological anthropologist    心理人类学家      
origin    起源      
originate    起源于      
ancestor    祖先      
hominid    原始人类      
homogeneous    同一种族的      
tribe    部落      
clan    氏族      
archeology    考古学      
archeologist    考古学家      
excavation    挖掘      
excavate (unearth)    挖掘      
ruins    遗迹，废墟      
remains    遗迹，遗骸       remnant 残留物
artifact    手工艺品      
relic    遗物，文物      
antique    古物，古董      
antiquity    古代，古老      
Stone Age    石器时代      
Bronze Age    青铜器时代      
Iron Age    铁器时代      
Paleolithic    旧石器时代      
Mesolithic    中石器时代      
Neolithic    新石器时代      
ethnology    人种学      
anthropology    人类学      
morphology    形态学      
skull    颅骨      
cranial    颅骨的

1369179610

tpo8-L4      CN  I




听一段化学课堂的讲座，教授在讨论元素周期表。那么，还有问题吗？是的，教授H，你刚才说元素周期表是可以预测的？那是什么意思？我理解它是怎么组织元素的，但是预测是在哪里（体现的）？好吧，让我们再看一下元素周期表。（这张表）将相似特性的元素分在一起对吗？嗯。并且它的根据原子量的排列，。。原子数量质子数。对。嗯，早期的元素周期表版本是有空缺的，缺元素。每个质子量代表一个元素，但是，在元素周期表中某些质子量下面并没有已知的元素与之对应。预言就是具有这个质子量的元素一定是在哪里存在，但是它还没有被发现。并且它的在元素周期表中的位置还会告诉我们它的主要特性。对于那时的科学家来说，找到未知的元素并验证它们的特性是一件非常有意思的事情。事实上，这让我想起可以代表众多元素的一个元素，43号元素。看一下在元素周期表上的42号和43号元素。在早期的元素周期表版本，没有43号质子，因为没有这样的元素被发现。所以元素周期表在42到44之间是有空缺的。然后，在1925，一个由Tack领导的化学小组，声称他们找到了43号元素。他们已经使用相对新的技术，x光片光谱技术，他们用它去检测。。。他们声称用它找到了43号质子，并起名叫M。嗯，教授H，那我的周期表上43号元素的标志是TC是怎么回事？那是。。。的意思对吗？好的，让我补充一下。事实上，这正是我即将要讲到的。几乎没人相信tack发现了那个元素。x光片光谱技术在那时是一个非常新的技术，他们从未分离出足够的M，作为样品来让他们的发现可信。所以他们被否决了。然后，12年后，1937，另一个小组，。。。有43质子。他们叫它T，这个名字的意思是这个质子是创新性的技术的部分产物。并且，人们认为。。。。那些仍然怀疑。。。的人。现在说下，那个叫M或T的43好元素是放射性的。这件事为什么重要？这个元素的一个特性是什么？它会衰变，它变成了其他元素。哦，这就解释了为甚么元素周期表上没有这个元素对吗？完全正确。因为这个元素会衰变，所以43号元素不能维持很久。因此。。。在很早就开始衰变了。所以M这个名是错的，而T 这个名字是对的。。。。现在我们已经知道，43号元素在天然状态下是不存在的。它可以用。。技术来制造。嗯，你猜怎么着？化石样品。。。。所以。。衰变的非常快。。。非常讽刺的是，tack小组是第一个发现铀是可以分解成更小的块的，但是他没想到这就是维护他所发现的元素的有利证据。所以这张表上的43号元素是错的，它本来应该被叫做M的？可能吧。但是很长时间以来都很难说清tack是否发现了43号元素。他们并没有公开发表他们发现它的工具以及发现的细节供我们去确认。但是我愿意认为43号元素被发现了两次，第一次是发现它在自然界中并不存在，第二次是在实验室中制造出43号元素。并且当然了，是元素周期表在我们发现43号元素之前就已经让我们确信这个元素是存在的。

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tpo8-L4    EN  I



Listen to part of the lecture in a chemistry class.The professor has been discussing the periodic table of elements.So are there any questions?Yes,professor Herison,you were saying that the periodic table was predictive?What exactly does that mean?I mean I know how it organized the elements,but where' s the prediction?Ok,let's look at our periodic table again.Ok,they grouped elements into categories that share certain properties,right? uh-hum.and its arrange according to increasing atomic number which is..the number of proton in each atom of elements.Right,well,early versions of periodic table had gaps,missing elements.Everytime we had one more proton,we had another element.and then oops,the atomic number that was no known elements.and the uh,prediction was,that an element without atomic number existed somewhere,but it just hadn't been found yet.And its location in a table would tell you what properties that should have.It was pretty exciting for scientists at that time to find missing elements to confirm the predictive properties.uh,actually,that reminds me the other very good examples about it,element 43.see on the table the symbols where element 42 and 44,so in the early versions of the table there was no symbols for  element 43 proton,because no element 43 proton had been discovered yet.So the periodic table had a gap,between element 42 and 44.and then,in 1925,team of chemists led by ...Tack,claimed that they had found element 43.they had been uh,using a relatively new technology,called x-rays ...and they were using it to examine an ore sample,they claimed they found the element with 43 protons and they named it M.Um,professor Harison,then how come in my periodic table here,element 43,TC,that's T,right?Ok,let me add that.Actually,that's the point I'm coming to.Hardly anyone believed that Tack had discovered the element.X-ray spectrum was a new method at that time,And they were never able to isolate enough M as a way of sample to convince one of the discoveries.So,they were discredited.And then ,12years later,1937,a different team was the first to discover the ..element using a cyclotron.and that element had 43 protons.That's right,and they named it Technesium,to emphasize that it was part of the ..creative technology.And people thought that symplisizing the element making it artificially was the only way to get it.Who still hadn't doubt the current nature.Now elements which were called M or T was radio active.Why is that matter? What's true of the radio active element?It decays,it turns into other elements?Oh,so does that explain why it was missing in the periodic table?Exactly,because it was radio active decay,element 43 doesn't last very long.and therefore...had been decayed ages ago.so the M people were wrong and the T people were right ,right?For that was done.Now we know that the element 43 doesn't occur naturally,it can be naturally generated from ..about it spontaneous ...um,guess what?Before sample the M group ...had plenty of ..not to ..slip the amount of M.So,talks to him very well and found enough M..sample,get uranium who decayed very quickly.And you know here's an incredible irony.Head ..leader Tack becomes the ..team,she was the first to suggest that Uranium could break up into smaller pieces.but she didn't know that was the defence of the whole discovery of element 43.So,is my version of the periodic table was wrong?should element 43 really be called M?Maybe,but now it's hard to tell for sure after all this time if the Tack group did discovere the element 43,They didn't um,publish enough detail on the necessary instruments for us to know for sure.But I like to think the element 43 was discovered twice.As M,it was first almost discovered that the ..in nature,only um sparking the ...and as the ...it was the first element discovered in a laboratory.And of course,that was an element of periodic table right up to expect existed.before anyone had found it or made it.