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1369179610

tpo 17-L2 听力中文校正

1369179610

tpo 6-L1    CN I

听一个经济课堂片段。当我们提到繁荣和萧条这两个名词的时候，我们脑子里想到什么？90年代的网络瘫痪。好的。在20世纪90年代末的繁荣，当所有的那些网络公司兴起并且在之后被卖了一笔好价钱。之后，约2001年的萧条，当很多相同的网络公司没有业务可做。当然了，繁荣之后并不总是衰退。。。。但是有一个快速的扩张模式。这个可能被叫做历史意义的或极其荒谬的繁荣，这个经常，差不多总是导致衰退。看，人们经常创造并加强繁荣，当他们为某个新的行业着迷的时候，似乎。。。人们一定没从90年代这个过去中学到什么，如果他们有，看看郁金香。郁金香？你是说花吗？完全正确。例如你知不知道郁金香是从哪里来的？我是说原产地。嗯，荷兰，对吧？那是大多数人的想法，但是不是，它们不是荷兰的本地植物，甚至不是欧洲的（本地植物）。郁金香事实上是来自中国的一个地区亚洲中部的喜马拉雅山脉，一个非常遥远的山区。在土耳其，。。。第一次发现郁金香，然后它迅速在市场中进行。现在，大约16世纪，欧洲人在伊斯坦布旅行，。。。。。通常将郁金香球茎作为随身带回家的礼物。所以欧洲人。。。第一批出现在荷兰的郁金香球茎，接收它的商人种植并食用它，因为他们以为是某种洋葱。结果事实证明荷兰是一个非常适合养郁金香的地区。一点是，它有恰到好处的砂土壤，但是还有一点它们也是经济上的。。。愿意花费许多钱在新颖的异国物品上。另外，荷兰人有。。花园。富裕的人相互竞争去花费巨额的钱为他们的花园买珍稀花卉。很快市面上的郁金香呈现出不同的颜色，因为种植者为了更高价值的颜色而专门培育郁金香。但是他们无法完全确定他们会得到什么。最有价值的郁金香是白色或紫色的。红色和黄色是。。。若是深紫色的郁金香就会非常值钱。接下来发生的是。。。特殊的郁金香。我们叫它。。。现在我们已经聚全了所有的不合理的繁荣的条件，一个繁荣的经济，所以更多的人认为。。。支付奢侈品的资金，但是他们会在。。。时消失。然后，一个长远的。。。商品。当然一开始的标本仅仅是郁金香球茎，但是它们可以被培育出很惊人的变种，。。。深紫色的郁金香。最终你就有了一个不同常规的市场。没有政府的管辖，价格可以随意浮动。。。。开始于17世纪30年代。郁金香的需求总是大于供给，郁金香并不像玫瑰那样长开花。它只在早春开一次，然后整年就都不开花了。最终特别培育的多种郁金香变得非常有价值，根据记载，一个郁金香球茎值24吨的小麦，或者上千磅的起司。一个郁金香球茎可以和一只小羊交换，换句话说，郁金香球茎的价值与和它等重量的球茎一样重。随着需求的上升，人们开始卖期票，以保证未来的有价值的郁金香球茎的供应。这些纸券的设计。。。这些期票不断地被转手，直到这些郁金香已经装好待运。但是这些都是纯投机买卖，就像我说的，没有人可以确定这些球茎会提供多样性，--已经承诺的颜色。这个对于期票的持有者并没有什么。期票的所有者只关心他们要有足够的纸券，这样他们就可以获利。人们甚至还会借它，例如抵押上自己的房子，因为他们非常确定这是一个更加容易的赚钱方式。所以现在，你已经聚齐了所有的衰退的条件。衰退的确来临了，在1637年一个很冷的二月的早上，一队郁金香球茎交易商聚在了一起并发现没有投标人。没有人想买。恐慌就像野火一样烧了起来，然后，郁金香球茎市场完全倒塌。

1369179610

tpo 6-L1    EN  I

Listen to part of a lecture in an economic class.Now,when I mention boom and bust,what is that going to mind?The dotcom crash the 90s.Ok.But the boom in the late 1990s when all these new internet companies sprung up and were then sold for a huge amount of money.Then the bust,around 2000...2001 when many of the same international companies went out of business.Of course,boom aren't always followed by bust.In certain ..terms when local economy expend rapidly and went back to a normal pace of growth.But here's a type of other extension,what might be called as hystyrical or irrational boom pretty much always leads to a bust.People often create and intensify a boom when they get carried away by a new industry that seem to like it will make them a lot of money fast.A few things by the 90s,people would have learned from the past.If they did,look at tulips.Tulips?you mean like the flower?Exactly.For instance,do you have any idea where tulips are from?originally,I mean.Well,the Netherlands.right?That's what most people think but no.They are not native to the Netherlands,or Even in Europe. Tulips actually hail from an area of Chinese hall,a celestrail mountain in Central Asia, a very remote mountainous region.It was turkish nomades that first discover tulips and spread them ..westwards.Now,around the 16 century,european were traveling to...in the turkey as merchants and diplomats.And the turks often gave Europeans tulip bulbs as gifts,which they carry home with them.For the Europeans,tulips were totally unheard of ,a great novelty.The first bulb to show up in the Netherland,the merchants who received them roasted and ate them,they thought they were kind of onion.It turns out that Netherland was an ideal country for growing tulips.It had a right kind of sandy soil for one thing,but also it was a wealthy nation with a growing economy,willing to spend a lot of money on new exotic things.Plus,the Dutch had a history of gardening.Wealthy people would compete spending enormous amounts of money to buy the rarest flowers for their gardens.Soon,tulips were given to show up in different colors as growers try to breed them specially for colors which should make them even more valuable.But they would never completely sure what they get.Some of the most tulips were white with purple strips,or red with yellow strips on the petals,even the dark purple tulips that were very much priced.What happened then was ...for these specialized tulips we called that tulip m...so here we got all the conditions for an irrational boom.a prosprous economy so more people have more disposable income,money to spend on luxuries,but they were disappeared at invested well.Then a long comes on ..new commodity.Sure the first specimens were playing on ..tulips,but it could be bred into some extraordinary variations.like that dark purple tulip.And finally,you have an unregulated market place.no government constraints.the price could explode.And the explode they did,starting in the 1630s.There was always much more demand for tulips than supply.Tulips didn't bloom frequently like roses.Tulips bloom once in the early spring,and that was it for the year.eventually,specially bred,multicultural become so valuable well according to record,one tulip bulb,was worth 24 tons of wheats,or thousands pounds of cheese.One particular tulip bulb was sold and exchanged for a small ship.in other words,tulips were literally,worth their weight in gold.As demand grew,people began selling promissory notes guarantee the future delivery of priced tulip bulbs.The buyers of these pieces of paper would resell the notes at marked prices.These promissory notes kept changing hands from buyer to buyer until the tulips were ready for dilivery.But it was all pure speculation,because as I said,there was no way to know if the bulbs that really going to produce the variety,the color that was promised.But that didn't matter to the owner of the notes,the owners only cared about having enough pieces of paper so it could be traded later for profits.And people were borrowing,mortgaging their homes in many cases,to obtain those pieces of paper,because they were sure they found an easy way to make money.So now you got all the ingredients for huge bust.and bust did in one cold Febrary morning in 1637,a group of bulb traders got together and discovered that suddenly there were no bidders.no body wanted to buy.Panics spread like wildfire and the tulip market collapsed totally.

1369179610

tpo6-L1  CN 校对

1369179610

top 6-L1       EN  II  (校对)

TPO 6 Lecture 1 Economics

Narrator
Listen to part of a lecture in an economics class.

Professor
Now when I mention the terms “boom and bust”, what is that going to mind?

Student
The dotcom crash of the ‘90s.

Professor
Ok. The boom in the late 1990s when all those new Internet companies sprung
up and then sold for huge amounts of money. Then the bust around
2000…2001 when many of those same Internet companies went out of
business.
Of course, booms aren’t always followed by busts. We’ve certainly seen times
when local economies expanded rapidly for a while and then went back to a
normal pace of growth. But, there’s a type of rapid expansion, what might be
called the hysterical or irrational boom that pretty much always leads to a bust.
See, people often create and intensify a boom when they get carried away by
some new industry that seems like it will make them lots of money fast. You’d
think that by the 90s, people would have learned from the past. If they did, well,
look at tulips.

Student
Tulips? You mean like the flower?

Professor
Exactly. For instance, do you have any idea where tulips are from? Originally I
mean.

Student
Well, the Netherlands, right?

Professor
That’s what most people think, but no. They are not native to the Netherlands,
or even Europe. Tulips actually hail from an area that Chinese call the Celestial
Mountains in Central Asia. A very remote mountainous region.
It was Turkish nomads who first discovered tulips and spread them slowly
westward. Now, around the 16th century, Europeans were traveling to Istanbul
and Turkey as merchants and diplomats. And the Turks often gave the
Europeans tulip bulbs as gifts which they would carry home with them. For the
Europeans, tulips were totally unheard of. Er…a great novelty. The first bulb to
show up in the Netherlands, the merchant who received them roasted and ate
them. He thought they were kind of onion.
It turns out that the Netherlands was an ideal country for growing tulips. It had
the right kind of sandy soil for one thing, but also, it was a wealthy nation with a
growing economy, willing to spend lots of money on new exotic things. Plus,
the Dutch had a history of gardening. Wealthy people would compete,
spending enormous amounts of money to buy the rarest flowers for their
gardens.
Soon tulips were beginning to show up in different colors as growers tried to
breed them specifically for colors which would make them even more valuable.
But they were never completely sure what they would get. Some of the most
priced tulips were white with purple stricks, or red with yellow stricks on the
paddles, even a dark purple tulip that was very much priced. What happened
then was a craze for these specialized tulips. We called that craze “tulip
mania”.
So, here we’ve got all the conditions for an irrational boom: a prospering
economy, so more people had more disposable income-money to spend on
luxuries, but they weren’t experienced at investing their new wealth. Then
along comes a thrilling commodity. Sure the first specimens were just played
right in tulips, but they could be bred into some extraordinary variations, like
that dark purple tulip. And finally, you have an unregulated market place, no
government constrains, where price could explode. And explode they did,
starting in the 1630s. There was always much more demand for tulips than
supply. Tulips didn’t bloom frequently like roses. Tulips bloomed once in the
early spring. And that was it for the year. Eventually, specially-bred
multi-colored tulips became so valuable, well, according to records, one tulip
bulb was worth 24 tons of wheat, or thousand pounds of cheese. One
particular tulip bulb was sold and exchanged for a small sheep. In other words,
tulips were literally worth their weight in gold.
As demand grew, people began selling promissory notes guaranteeing the
future delivery of priced tulip bulbs. The buyers of these pieces of paper would
resell the notes and mark up prices. These promissory notes kept changing
hands from buyer to buyer until the tulip was ready for delivery. But it was all
pure speculation because as I said, there was no way to know if the bulb was
really going to produce the variety, the color that was promised. But that didn’t
matter to the owner of the note. The owner only cared about having that piece
of paper so it could be traded later at a profit. And people were borrowing,
mortgaging their homes in many cases to obtain those bits of paper because
they were sure they’d find an easy way to make money.
So now, you’ve got all the ingredients for a huge bust. And bust it did, when
one cold February morning in 1637, a group of bulb traders got together and
discovered that suddenly there were no bidders. Nobody wanted to buy. Panic
spread like wild fire and the tulip market collapsed totally.




无老师的听力文本错误还是有的啊~~~~

1369179610

tpo6-L1   总结帖

boom and bust   繁荣与萧条交替循环


what is that going to mind?


dotcom 网络


sth. of the 90s     90年代的事


economical class


dot com crash


spring up


amounts of money
economies expanded rapidly for a while


rapid expansion


hysterical


Netherland


celestial mountains


nomads


streaks


prospering


craze tulip mania


thrilling
commodity


plain ordinary tulips


be bred into
marketplace
constrians
explore
multicolored



繁荣和衰退引入主题--tulip 的不合理繁荣带来的必然衰退


1.欧洲人（商人，外交官）从土耳其的伊斯坦布尔带回tulip


荷兰 很适合养殖tulip，人们富裕，有花园历史


郁金香繁荣
郁金香开始颜色多样化，但是养殖人不知道某个球茎会开什么颜色的花


虚假繁荣的条件：
繁荣的经济，没有投资经验的人们，吸引人的商品


具体过程：


颜色开始多样，但是具体球茎的颜色不清楚
市场价格无管制
稀有颜色的球茎需求上升
人们开始期票交易
某一天tulip不再有买主
市场崩盘


本文是典型的时间顺序文章。开头有一部分总结。（这种文章会考到很多细节，只要听懂就能做对。）

1369179610

tpo18-L3     CN  I

听一段欧洲历史的讲座。为了真正明白欧洲中世纪社会历史，你必须明白香料。这个听起来可能有点让人吃惊，甚至是让人奇怪。但是现在看来微不足道的小事，在当时可是非常大的事情。所以，首先我们看看香料究竟是什么，从理论上讲，香料是芳香植物的一部分，但不是叶或草药。香料可以来自树皮，像是桂皮，来自植物的根，像姜，或花蕾，像是丁香。在中世纪，欧洲人已经熟知很多香料，最重要的几种是胡椒，丁香，姜，玉米，和肉豆蔻。这些香料在几百年间很大程度上左右着欧洲人的生活方式，像是如何贸易，甚至是如何想象。所以为什么中世纪的魅力事物是香料呢？我们可以简略地归结为3点。一个是成本和稀有程度。第二个是奇异的味道和芳香。第三十谜一样的发源地和有点神奇的地位。现在，对于成本和稀有程度而言，香料不是在欧洲生产的，因此必须进口。香料只在东印度生长，所以显然在运输上的花费就是个天文数字了。所以香料即便是在最开始的时候也是匪夷所思的有价值。这里有一个例子。在公元408年，哥萨特军队征服了罗马，要求赔款。他要求5000磅的黄金还有其他东西，但是他还要了3000磅胡椒。可能这个能给你一个很好的概念--胡椒在当时有多么重要。到中世纪，香料是如此的名贵，以至于应用于外交，作为礼物由各国的首脑和使臣相互赠送。现在，对于味道而言，饮食在那个时候是非常平淡，相较今天而言。没有很多花样。特别是对于贵族而言，他们倾向于吃很多肉，他们总是寻找新的途径去准备它，寻找新的来源，新的口味，这就是为什么香料开始出现。现在就是提一下香料的一个最大的秘密的最好时机。一个经常提到的理由是香料用于掩盖腐烂的肉的味道。但是这其实不是真的。那些需要为腐烂的肉操心的人根本就买不起香料。如果你能买得起香料，你一定能买得起新鲜的肉。我们也有证据说很多中世纪的市场雇佣了一种警察，来保证人们不买卖腐烂的食物。如果你被抓住在做这个，你将要遭受各种罚款以及当众的羞辱性惩罚。所以真正真实的东西是这个：为了冬天有肉吃，人们用盐腌制肉，而不是香料。事实上，香料作为防腐剂也不是那么有效。然后整个冬天，他们将吃腌渍的肉，这些肉的味道真的是很难吃，甚至在不久之后会让人想吐。所以厨师开始寻找新方法去改善味道，香料就是这个问题的答案。这个又将我们带入了香料的神秘产地和神奇的地位。由于古罗马有盛极一时的香料交易，他们派遣船只到东方并返回。但是当5世纪罗马灭亡，中世纪开始的时候，直接的贸易就停止了。还有世纪操作性的旅行和地理知识也就此遗失。香料现在经由在生产和消费之间有很多中间商的贸易渠道。所以这些香料就染上了一层神秘的气氛。它们的原产地被异国的船只给蒙上了神秘的面纱。它们有着未知的处女地那样的魅力。神话随着幻想中的土地生长，有魔力的非常遥远的地方，是完全是用食物做成，并且堆满了香料。在这之后，香料本身也被视为是十分特殊或十分有魔力的，它们不仅用于吃，这个在香料神话充斥的古代的世界就已经是这样了。香料激发了人们的想象力。它们用于药材来去除病痛，还被加入香水中。它们在上千年的宗教仪式中被使用。它们们自己就有了生命，并且激发了整个中世纪的想象力。被15-16世纪的发现狂潮所激励，那时的著名的探险家哥伦布，麦哲伦，达伽马，还有很多欧洲人他们在船上不是去寻找新大陆，而是香料。你们都知道其中的某些旅行在历史上的意义。

1369179610

tpo 18-L2   EN  I

Listen to part of a lecture,in a European history class.In order to really study the social history of Middle Ages,you have to understand the role of spices.Now,this might sound a little surprising,even a little strange.But seems like a little thing now were back then rather a big thing.So,first,let's define what a spice is.Technically speaking,a spice is part of an aromatic plant that is not a leaf or herb.Spices can come from tree bark,like cinnamon,plant roots,like ginger,flower buds like cloves.And in the middle ages,Europeans were familiar with a lot of different spices,the most important being pepper,cloves ginger,cinnamon,maise,and nutmeg.These spices literally dominated the way Europeans lived for centuries,how they traded and even how they used their imaginations.So,why the medieval fascination was spices?We can boiled down to three general idea briefly.One was cost and rarity.Uh,two was exotic taste and fragrance,and third,mysterious origins and kind of mystical status.Now,for cost and rarity.Spices aren't native to Europe and they had to be imported.Spices only grew in the east indies.and of course transportation cost were astronomical.so spices were incredibly valuable,even from the very beginning.Here's an example.In 408AD,the Gothic general who conquered rome demanded payment.He want a 5000 pound gold among other things,but he also wanted 3000 pounds of pepper.Maybe that will give you an idea where the status of pepper stood at the time.By the middle ages,spices were regarded as so important and expensive they were used in the diplomas,as gifts by heads of state and ambassadors.Now for the taste.The diet then was relatively bland,compared to today,there wasn't much variety.Especially the aristocracy,who tended to eat a lot of meat,they were always looking for new way to prepare it.new sources,new tastes,and this is where spices came in.Now this is one of a good point to mention one of the biggest myths of spices.It's commonly said that in Medieval European,when the spices to cover up the taste of spoil meat but these isn't really true.Anyone who had to worry about the spoiled meat couldn't afford spices in the first place.If you could afford spices,you could definitely afford fresh meat.We also have evidence that various medieval markets employed a kind of police,to make sure that people didn't sell spoiled food.and if you were caught doing it,you will subject to various fines,humiliating public punishment.So what actually was true was this,in order to have meat for the winter,people would preserve it in salt,not a spice.Spices actually aren't very effective as preservatives.And throughout winter they would eat salted meat.but the taste of the stuff were really boring and depressing after a while.so the cooks started looking for new ways to improve the taste,the spices were the answer,which brings it to mysterious origins and mythical status.Now the ancient roman had a thriving spice trade and they sent their ships to the east and back.But when romans collapsed in the fifth century,and the middle ages began,um direct trades stopped.and so did that kind of hands-on knowledge of traveling geography.Spices now came by the way of trade routes.with lots of intermediates between the producers and consumers.So these spices took on an air of mystery.They are origins which shrouded and exotic travels.They had the allure of the unknown and wild places.Myths grew up with a fantasy land.magical faraway places made entirely of food and spices.Add to that,spices themselves has always been considered special or magical,not just for eating,and this was already true in the ancient world,where legends of spices were abundant.Spices inspired the Medieval imagination.They were used as medicines to ward off diseases and mixed into perfumes,incent.They were used in religious rituals in thousands of years,they took on a life of their own.And they inspired the medieval imagination.Spurred on the age of discovery in the late 15 and 16 centuries When famous explorers like Columbus Da Gama and Magellan lots of Europeans in their ships they weren't looking for a new world,they were looking for spices.And you know what historical repercussions some of those voyages had.

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TPO 18 Lecture 3 European History


In order to really study the social history of the Middle Ages, you have to understand the role of spices. Now, this might sound a little surprising, even a little strange. But what seem like little things now were back then actually rather big things. So first let’s define what a spice is. Technically speaking, a spice is part of an aromatic plant that is not a leaf or herb. Spices can come from tree bark like cinnamon, plant roots like ginger, flower buds like cloves. And in the Middle Ages. Europeans were familiar with lots of different spices, most important being pepper, cloves, ginger, cinnamon, maize and nutmeg. These spices literarily dominated the way Europeans lived for centuries, how they traded and even how they used their imaginations. So why this medieval fascination with spices? We can boil it down to there general ideas briefly. One was cost and rarity. Uh two was exotic taste and fragrance. And third, mysterious origins and kinds of mythical status. Now for cost and rarity, spices aren’t native to Europe and they had to be imported. Spices only grew in the East Indies and of course transportation costs were incredibly valuable even from the very beginning. Here is an example. In 408 AD, the Gothic General who captured Rome demanded payment. He wanted 5000 pounds of gold among other things but he also wanted 3000 pounds of pepper. Maybe that would give you an idea of exactly where pepper stood at the time. By the Middle Ages, spices were regarded as so important and expensive they were used in diplomacy, as gifts by heads of state and ambassadors. Now for the taste. The diet then was relatively bland, compared to today’s. There wasn’t much variety. Especially the aristocracy who tended to eat a lot of meat, they were always looking for new ways to prepare it, new sources, new tastes and this is where spices came in. Now, this is a good point to mention one of the biggest myths about spices. It’s commonly said that medieval Europeans wanted spices to cover up the taste of spoiled meat. But this isn’t really true. Anyone who had to worry about spoiled meat couldn’t afford spices in the first place. If you could afford spices, you could definitely afford fresh meat. We also have evidence that various medieval markets employed a kind of police to make sure that people did not sell spoiled food, and if you were caught doing it, you were subject to various fines, humiliating public punishments. So what actually was true was this: In order to have meat for the winter, people would preserve it in salt, not a spice. Spices actually aren’t very effective as preservatives. And throughout winter, they would eat salted meat, but the taste of the stuff could grow really boring and depressing after a while. So the cook started looking for new ways to improve the taste and spices were the answer, which brings us to mysterious origins and mythical status. Now the ancient Romans had a thriving spice trade and they sent their ships to the east and back. But when Rome collapsed in the fifth century and the Middle Ages began, direct trade stopped, and so did that kind of hands-on knowledge of travel and geography. Spices now came by way of the trade routes with lots of intermediaries between the producer and the consumer. So these spices took on an air of mystery. Their origins were shrouded in exotic travels. They had the allure of the unknown, of wild places. Myths grew up of fantasy lands, magical faraway places made entirely of food and spices. Add to that, spices themselves had always been considered special or magical not just for eating and this was already true in the ancient world where legends about spices were abundant. Spices inspired the medieval imagination. They were used as medicines to ward off diseases, and mixed into perfumes, incent. They were used in religious rituals for thousands of years. They took on a life of their own and they inspired the medieval imagination, spurred on the age of discovery in the 15th and 16th centuries. When famous explorers like Columbus and da Gama and Magellan left Europe in their ships, they weren’t looking for a new world.; they were looking for spices. And we know what important historical repercussions some of those voyages had.

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tpo18-L3     CN  II (校对)