------

1369179610

tpo18-L4   总结帖

blend in well with  和谐相称

Northern American frog

ice crystal
a bit of
draw 。。。away from
Drier  dryer  原来都对啊~

internal
livers
underneath the skin
up to known
sort of
altogether
thaw
reproduction
go through
antifreeze
Arctic Circle

1369179610

sss 为什么大象毛发稀疏

毛发帮助你保持温暖，对吧。但是毛发也可以让你感觉凉爽（比光皮肤）只要毛不是很厚。日志+1是这么说的。研究者研究的是大象，因为它们毛发稀疏。一只野兽很容易就温度过高，因为有时候温度可以达到120华氏。它们没有很多表面积来辐射热量，虽然它们已经是一个庞然大物了。这就是为什么要毛发。研究者设计了一个方程来模拟大象带毛发皮肤的功能。就像他们预期的那样，厚实的毛发可以滞留空气来保证躯体的温暖。但是低于某个密度，毛发就停止保温而是帮助身体散热，帮助大象赶走了20%的体热。特别是在无风的日子。他认为电脑室同样的方式工作的，帮助内部的热量散出。研究者猜测毛发的演化史为了帮助动物保持凉爽，因为100万年前，第一只哺乳动物生出毛发是在一个炎热的环境之中。毛发生长时代，实际上是。

1369179610

sss   大象毛发稀疏    EN I

1369179610

sss  大象为何毛发稀疏   EN II

1369179610

sss  大象为何毛发稀疏    CN  II   (校对)

1369179610

sss 总结帖我要吐了~~~




fahrenheit  

traps   滞留

wick heat off
especially
dissipate  驱散
interior--internal

sprouted  生长
times

1369179610

BL5-L6   CN I

听一段植物学课堂上的讨论。教授讲的是水栽法。虽然现在的水栽法可能让你相信这是一个最近的新观点，但过程可能源于古代。事实上，著名的巴比伦空中花园，可能是第一个用水栽法成功的。即hydroponically。早期的农业，在巴基斯坦，印度，以及其他中东地区就包括水栽。而且我们也有证据说埃及人在尼罗河沿岸种植庄稼。并且使没有土的。亚洲和南太平洋是早起水栽法花园的主要产地。并且在西半球，我们知道Aztecs，已经在马里兰的T湖边墨西哥的中央山谷发展了先进的水栽农业系统。因为当西班牙人到达的时候，他们在日志中描绘这是一个漂浮着的有树木和植物的岛屿，换句话说，水栽农业。


好了，嗯，这不是一个历史课，而是一堂植物学课，但是我觉得很重要的是，当我们谈论科学发现的时候，我们是懂得科学史如何进行的。有的时候我们会重新发现，并提炼已经使用过的很长时间的方法。水栽法就是这个情况。经过很多年，它被叫做营养液培养法，后来是化学培养法，水培养法，无土栽培，但是最终的名称是水栽法。并且这个通过使用不活跃的媒介——沙砾，泥炭，碎石或者是锯末，泡沫聚苯乙烯完成了现代无土种植植株的科学。当然了你还要加上营养液。很显然，肥沃的土壤含有利于植物生长的营养。但是当植物脱离土壤生长的时候，所有的营养必须以另一种方式提供。你认为为什么我们会下这么多额外的功夫去代替土壤呢？


我想，书上说过什么导致介质始终贫瘠的。。。


嗯哈。通过替代土壤，实际上可以让靠土壤传播的疾病和昆虫甚至杂草消失。


我以为是可以减少本来是用于除草和除虫的人力。


很好的想法。现在告诉我你知道的关于肥料和水源的知识。


哦，等一下。每株植物需要更少的肥料和水，因为（肥料和水）可以被重复利用。难道结果不会因为条件被高度控制而显得一致吗？


对极了，两个都是。但是很可能最重要的优点是在更有限的空间里培养更多的植物。你认为哪个地方这点会很重要呢？


哦，很可能是小的且隔离开的环境，或非常干旱的有非常有限水资源的气候的地方。


或者是土地贫瘠的地方。例如在发展中国家，那里作物生长依赖于天气情况。饥荒可能会发生。


或者那个地方有很密集的人口。


所以水栽法就限于发展中的地区。


我觉得不一定吧。即便是工业化很高度发达的国家，人口在增长，并且甚至总的培养英亩数由于城市的扩张在下降。


说的好。当农用地被卖掉用于发展，水栽法就变成了几乎是世界上所有的国家的切实可行的选择。


早些时候，我说过我们经常再探索古代的方法。但是我们也常常应用它们。通过使用从其它科学研究里得到的改良，在水栽法这个例子中，可能有两个现代发现需要水栽法的辅助。好的。首先，允许种植者放弃老式的混凝土层的塑料的发展，这个会花大代价的修建并且成问题，因为他们过滤出了营养液。但是塑料很便宜，还很轻，而且无菌。是一个很好的混凝土代替品。甚至许多温室本身就是用塑料板建立起来的。好的。另一个重要的进步是我们逐渐积累的植物营养学知识。当然了，就像我说的，好的土壤是包含着利于植物生长的养分的。但是当植物在没有土壤的情况下生长时，所有的营养将要用另一种方式提供。现在我们对在营养液中应包含什么有另一个更好的主意，以便去获得最好的结果。


所以，所有的所说的，让我们讨论一下实验室里设计的实验。这个溶液里含有硝酸钾，硫酸铵，硫酸镁，磷酸一钙，和硫酸钙。现在不要急着写下它们。你可以参考你们的实验操作手册里的配料清单，和合适植物生长所必须的比例。现在呢，看这个表格就可以了。你们的实验手册上的图大概就是这个样子。就像你们知道的，对于在土里生长的植物而言，根吸收水分和营养，但是它们也是用来固定植株的。这就是为什么我们的水栽植株没有直接放入水和营养液之中。他们用无菌聚氯乙烯，用金属丝网固定植株，这让我们可以将根部一直固定在底下的省着营养水合溶液的容器中。而且，因为氧气也是由根吸收，我们必须连接一个空气泵，将氧气混合在营养液中。记得，持续不断地的氧气源是这种水栽容器的重大问题之一。就像你看到的那样，空气泵就这样插在容器内。


好了，差不多到今天上午休息的时间了，所以我想你们过来水栽区一下，并检查那里的实验。我还想让你们拍一下这些溶液的照片，你们看见了什么？你们能得出什么结论？今天是你们第一天在你们的练习册中的图表里记录你们的观察。

1369179610

BL5-L6    EN  I

Listen to part of a discussion in a Botany class.The professor is talking about hydroponics.Although the recent hydroponics mainly due to believe that this relatively new idea the process probably originated in ancient times.In fact the famous Hanging Gardens in Babelon,may relatively ..the first successful plants in the water,that is hydroponically.Early agriculture in Packistan,and India as well as other areas in the Middle East,including water crops.We also have evidence of the Egyptian of growing plants along the Nile,and that was without soil.Asia and south pacific ..for the early hydroponic ..and in the western hemisphere,we know that the ..had developed in an advanced system of agriculture,along the Marshland of they cannot ...in the central valley of Mexico,because when the spanish arrives,they made drawings in their journals of floating islands of trees and vegetation,in other words,hydroponics agriculture.Ok,well,this isn't a history class.This is a botany class,but I think it's important when we talking about scientific discovery that we understand how science works.Sometimes when we rediscover and refine the methods we've been used for a very long time and that suits the case of hydroponics.Through the years It's been called the nutriculture,hemiculture,aquaculture,soilless culture,but the current term is hydroponics.And that encompasses the modern sciences of growing plants without soil,by using a inner gridient.such as sand,peak,gravel or even sawdust or ...of course you have to add the solution of nutrients.Clearly good soil has a nutrient necessary for plant growth.But when plants have grown without soil.all the nutrients have been devided into another way.So why do you think that we that we goes to all of the traditional efforts.to replace soil?While,I think the book mentions something about keeping the growing medium more sterile.Soil-borne diseases and pest and even weeds can be virtually eliminated.By using a soil alternatives.So I was thinking probably you wouldn't require much labor to get rid of the pests and weeds.Good thought.Now tell me what you know about ferterlizing and water.Oh,wait.Less ferterlizer and water are required per plant since they are constantly reused,and as a result,more uniform because of the highly controlled conditions?Right on both counts.But probably the most important advantage is the ability to cultivate a large number of plants in a limited space.Where would this be in put do you think?Well,small or isolated environments,or very aric climates with limited fresh water pronbably.or regions with poor soils for instance.and developing countries,for the weather conditions are dependable and famine like ..could happen.Or the area may have a dense population.So hydroponics is limited to developing region yet.I'm not sure about that.Even in highly industrialized nations populations are growing and isn't the total acre to cultivation ...extension in urban areas?well stated.As agriculture of land soil development.hydroponics is the common biological option for almost country in the world.Now earlier,I said the we are often rediscovering ancient methods in science.But we are also adapting it.By using improvements from other scientific research,in the case of the hydroponics,there are probably two modern discoveries,but it's supportive ..in hydroponics.Ok,first,the development of plastics,that a large grower to a..the early concrete beds,which was costly to instruct and problematic because we very leach into the nutrients solution.But plastics are cheap,they are light sterile,and ideal with into a concrete.and many of the greenhouses is themselves are even ...ok,the other important advancement the knowledge we accumulated the vast plant nutrition.of course like I said,good soil have all the nutrients for the plant growth.But when plants are grown without soil,all the nutrients must be provided in another way.And now we have a much better idea of what means to use to obtain a better result.so all of that said,let's talk about the lab experiment that we set up yet.This solution contains ...sulfate,..sulfate..postrate ..and calsium sulfate.You'll try to write down all of that now,you can look for to your lab work for ..substances,and proportions needed for ..plant growth.But now just look at the diagram.the drawing in your lab workbook should more or less looks like this one.As you know for plants grown in soil,the roots absorb water and nutrients.but they also serve to anchor the plants that's why the root in our hydroponic plants are placed directly in the water of nutrient solution.we used ..gravel.held in place by wire nash,to anchor the plant.and that allowed us to suspend the roots in the tank below,we'll never the tank contains the water nutrient solution.so the pause osygen also taken in by the roots.We had to ..air ...mix oxygen into the solution,remember a constant soil of oxygen is one of the major problems with hydroponics ..of the tank.and you can see the way of the punch attack into the tank.Ok,it's almost time for our break this morning,so I'd like you to come over to the hydroponics area and examine the experiment close up.I'd also like you to take a photo to look at the nutrient solution,what do you notice about this?Can you draw any conclusion?Today's day one for you to record the observation,on the charge of your workbook.

1369179610

BL5-L6    EN  II



Although the recent interest in hydroponics may lead you to believe that it's a relatively new idea,the process probably originated in ancient times.In fact,the famous Hanging Gardens of Babylon may well have been one of the first successful attempts to grow plants in water,that is,hydroponically.Early agriculture in Pakistan and India as well as other areas throughout the Middle East included water crops,and we also have evidence that the Egyptians were growing plants in water along the Nile...and that was without soil.Asia and the South Pacific were prime locations for early hydroponic gardens.And,in the Western Hemisphere,we know that the Aztecs had developed an advanced system of water agriculture along the marshlands of Lake Tenochititlan in the Central Valley of Mexico because,when the Spanish arrived,they made drawings in their journals of"floating islands of trees and vegetation"in other words,hydroponic agriculture.


Okay,well this isn't a history class.It's a botany class.But I think it is important when we are talking about scientific discoveries that we understand how science works.Sometimes we are rediscovering and refining methods that have been used for a very long time,and that's certainly the case of hydroponics.Through the years,it's been called nutriculture,chemiculture,aquiculture,soilless culture,but the current term is hydroponics,and that encompasses the modern science of growing plants without soil by using an inert medium such as sand,peak,gravel,or ...or even sawdust or styrofoam.Of course,you have to add a solution of nutrients.


Clearly,good soil has the nutrients necessary for plant growth but when plants are grown without soil,all the nutrients must be provided in another way.So,why would you think that we would go to all of this additional effort to replace soil?


Well,I think the book mentioned something about keeping the growing medium more sterile.
Umhum.Soil-borne diseases and pests and even weeds can be ...virtually eliminated...by using a soil alternative.
So I was thinking probably you wouldn't require as much labor,to get rid of the pests and weeds.
Good thought.Now tell me what you know about fertilizer and water.
Oh,right.Less fertilizer and water are required per plant since they are constantly reused,and aren't the results more uniform because of the highly controlled conditions?
Right on both counts.But probably the most important advantage is the ability to cultivate a larger number of plants in a limited space...Where would this be important do you think?
Well,small or isolated environments or very arid climates with limited fresh water supplies probably.
Or regions with poor soils,for instance,in developing countries where the weather conditions aren't dependable and ...and famine might ...could happen.
Or the area may have a dense population.
So hydroponics is limited to developing regions then.
I'm not sure about that.Even in highly industrialized nations,populations are growing and ....and isn't the total acreage in cultivation dropping to accommodate the expansion of urban areas?
Well stated.As agricultural island is sold for development,hydroponics has become a viable option for,well,for almost every country in the world.
Now earlier,I said that we're often rediscovering ancient methods in science,but we're also adapting them by using improvements from other scientific research.In the case of hydroponics,there are probably two modern discoveries that have supported progress in hydroponics.Okay,first,the development of plastics ...that allowed growers to abandon the old concrete beds,which were costly to construct and problematic because ...because they leached into the nutrient solution.But,plastic beds are cheap,they are light and sterile...an ideal replacement for concrete.And many of the greenhouses themselves are even built of plastic panels.Okay.The other important advancement is the knowledge we accumulated about plant nutrition.Of course,like I said,good soil has the nutrients necessary for plant growth,but when plants are grown without soil,all the nutrients must be provided in another way.And now we have a much better idea of what we need to use in the solution to obtain the best results.
So,...all of that said,let's talk about the lab experiment that we've set up here.The solution contains potassium nitrate,ammonium sulfate,magnesium sulfate,monocalcium phosphate,and calsium sulfate.Don't try to write down all of that now.You can refer to your lab workbook for the list of substances and the proportions needed for proper plant growth.
For now,just look at this diagram.The drawing in your lab workbook should look more or less like this one.As you know,for plants grown in soil,the roots absorb water and nutrients,but they also serve to anchor the plant.That's why the roots of our hydroponic plants aren't placed directly in the water and nutrient solution.So...because oxygen is also taken in by the roots,we had to attach an air pump to mix oxygen into the solution.Remember,a constant source of oxygen is one of the major problems with hydroponics tanks of this kind.And you can see the way that the pump is attached to the tank.
Okay,it's almost time for our break this morning,so I'd like you to come over to the hydroponics area and examine the experiment close up.I'd also like you to take a closer look at this specimen of nutrient solution.What do you notice about this?Can you draw any conclusions?Today is Day1 for you to record your observations on the chart in your workbook.

1369179610

BL5-L6      CN   II

hydroponics---from ancient times（第一段只有这里是出题点）
             首先古巴比伦，然后巴基斯坦，印度，埃及，中东，尝试过。
             亚洲和南太平洋是主要水栽花园产地，
             西半球墨西哥中央山谷--漂浮的岛屿


科学是如何工作的呢：重塑旧方法。例子：水栽法（到这里这些知识点是出题点）
                 名字演变，现在使用惰性中介和营养液来做水栽。


对话部分：
问1：为什么费周折研究水栽法？
。。。。
正确结论：缩小养殖空间。
问2：哪里需要养殖空间缩小？
。。。。
土地贫瘠的地方，水源缺乏的地方，人口拥挤的地方，但不仅仅局限于此，发达国家也需要。




教授接着独自陈述：我们不仅改善水栽法还应用它。
                例子：1.塑料苗床
                      2.知晓营养液成分。（看来很难的地方，也不是考点）


水栽法的具体做法：成分在你的书里。
                根需要被固定
                空气要连续输入


最后一段：布置学习任务