------

1369179610

BL5-L6    总结帖

the recent interest in hydroponics may lead you to believe that...


...of Babylon
the first attempt to do...
throughout


have evidence that
be prime locations for
marshland
an inert medium
styrofoam
why would you think that we would go to all of this additional effort to replace soil?
a soil alternative\
fertilizer
arid
famine
acreage 英亩数
accommodate 容纳，适应
viable切实可行的
leach 过滤


an ideal replacement for
panel
potassium nitrate 硝酸钾
ammonium sulfate 硫酸铵
phosphate 磷酸盐
monocalcium
magnesium 镁
workbook
attach to 连上，依附
be attached to
the chart in your workbook



听力材料应注意的是大意，话题的转换，注意连接词（）尤其是因果关系，谁是因，谁是果，谁是中心，谁是说明中心，这个非常重要。34.

gege112

听力大神~~~我也想弄一个听写日志~~~就算不为考托福，以后上学也是要用的！！受启发了~~~~

1369179610

gege112,你今天就弄吧，我想有个同伴，一起听写~~

1369179610

tpo 6-L2     CN I

好了，今天我有一个很有趣的物种要和你们讨论。他是一个非常珍惜的树种，叫ea，但是夜树这个名字更为人们所熟知。它们是最近这几年才被发现的。它保持隐藏了很长时间是因为它们真的非常稀少。总共只有大约200棵。它们长在山里，在澳大利亚的西维尔市的林区。所以只有总共200棵植株。另一件非常有趣的事情是夜树代表的是一种非常古老的一亿年前的树种，我们找到了它们的化石，但是我们现在找到了活着的相似的树木。所以它是原始树种，你可能会说是活化石。它是早期的遗迹，并且它幸存下来了，并没有发生多大改变。它很可能是现在澳大利亚耳朵其他树木的先祖。为了让你们明白我们在谈论的是什么，这里有一个这种树的树叶和花的照片。我不知道你是否能清楚地看到它的花，那些小的一簇簇的坐落在叶基部的就是。好了，自从我们发现它，我们一直在试图找到第一个问题为什么它这么稀少，另一个问题，它怎么繁殖，嗯，可能这两个问题实际上是相关的，嗯，我不清楚，但是我可以想象，例如种子的扩散就是一个非常关键的因素。我的意思是说，你知道，如果种子没有办法传播到更宽阔的地方，那么这种树就没办法占领新的领地。他们无法扩展他们生存的领域。对！事实上这是一个非常好的答案。嗯，当然你可能想没有太多的地方供这个树去扩散，因为，就栖息地而言，要求非常特殊。但是，在这个例子里面不是这样的。适合生长的栖息地是比现在这些夜树生长的地区要大得多的。现在，这个树是开花的树，我给你们看过了。它是结果子的，就像植物一样，果子在坚硬的果壳之中，果壳需要打开，或者是裂开一个小缝好让里面的种子吸水。如果夜树保持，如果他们的果壳保持不破裂，那么种子就不会发芽。事实上，种子保持发芽的能力的时间并不长，大约就两年吧。所以它是一个非常小的机会去让种子发芽。所以种子的果壳必须在种子失去发芽能力之前就裂开。。。。所以这么多限制之下没有很多种子最终是真正发芽的。所以这是一个可能的解释说明为什么这种树没能迅速扩散。它不能解释为什么它变得这么稀少，但是说明了为什么它不增加。好了这个案例就说明了夜树不是很擅长扩张的。但是，似乎，我们也不是很确定，它好像很擅长保持自己的种群数量，嗯，我们有一些指标表示在之前的几百年中，这种树没有减少。所以它保持的非常稳定，它不是开始有很庞大的种群，但是由于某个原因在几百年之中数量逐渐减少。他不是必然的种群。。。。。。好了，所以它是不能扩展，但是它能保持住自己的风格。它是稀少的，但是它不会消失。好了我们要问的下一个问题是，未来它们存活的几率是多少。让我们看看。

1369179610

tpo 6-L2   EN I

Listen to part of a lecture in a biology class.Ok,I have an interesting plant species to discuss with you today.Uh,it's a species of trees that is very rare tree that grows in Australia.EH,but it's better known as Night kap oak.Now,it is discovered very recently just a few years ago,um,it remains hidden so long because it is so rare.There are only about uh,two hundred of the remain systems.They grow in a rainforest in a mountain range range in North part of the South Welst a State in Australia.So just two hundred trees in all.Now another interesting things about the Night Kap oak is that it is it represents uh,a very old type kind of tree that grew hundreds of million years ago.Umm,we found fossils that old that there are a remarkable resemblance to the tree.So it's a primitive tree,a living fossil you might say,it's relic from earlier times and it has survived all these years without so much change.and it is probably a kind of tree from which other trees from Australia today evolved.Just to give you an idea about what we are talking about,here's a picture of the leaves of the trees and its flowers.I don't know how well you can see the flowers,there are those clusters sitting at the base of the leaves,ok,what do we try to find out about the trees since we discovered it?Humm,well,how,why is it so rare is the first questions,um,how is it ,um how does it reproduce is another question.umm,maybe those two questions are actually related,Jim?Um,I don't know,but I can imagine that for instance the seed dispersal might be a factor I mean if the you know if the seeds cannot disperse in a wider area then you know the tree may not colonize new areas.They can't spread from the area where they are growing.Right,that's that's actually a very good answer.Uh,of course you might think there might not be many areas for the trees to spread into because um.it is very specialized in terms of the habitat.But that's not really the case here.Um,the suitable habitat the actual rainforest is much larger than the few hectares where the Night kap oak grows.Now this tree is a flowering tree,I showed you.Um,it produces a fruits much like a plant,on the inside side there is a seed with a hard shell.If the night kap oak ...if their seeds remain locked inside the shell,they will not germinate.Actually,the seeds,They don't retain the power of germinate very long may be two years.So it's actually quite a short window of opportunity for the seeds to germinate.so the shell somehow has to be broken down before the um the germination ability expired.And then there is a kind of rat that like to feed on this seed as well.so didn't all these limitations,not many seeds that the tree will actually germinate.so this is a possible explanation for why the tree is not spread.it doesn't necessarily explain how it became so rare but it explains why it doesn't increase.ok so it seems to be the case that the species uh,the night cap oak is not very good at spreading.However,it seems though that we can't be sure that it's very good at persisting its population.umm,we there are some indications to suggest that the population of the night cap oak has not declined over the last you know many hundreds of years.So it's still quite stable it's a remnant of some huge populations that it's dwindled in the last few hundreds of years for some reason.it's not necessarily an species in retreat.Ok,so it can't spread very well but it's good at maintaining themselves.It's rare,but it's not disappearing.Ok,the next thing we might gonna ask about the plant like that is what chances does it have to survive in the future.Let's look at that.

1369179610

tpo 6 -L2         EN  II  校对


TPO 6 Lecture 2 Biology

Narrator
Listen to part of a lecture in a biology class.

Professor
Ok, I have an interesting plant species to discuss with you today. Um…it’s a
species of a very rare tree that grows in Australia, Eidothea hardeniana, but it’s
better known as the Nightcap Oak.
Now, it was discovered only very recently, just a few years ago. Um… it
remained hidden for so long because it’s so rare. There are only about 200 of
them in existence. They grow in a rain forest, in a mountain rage…range in the
north part of New South Wales which is a…er… state in Australia. So just 200
individual trees in all.
Now another interesting thing about the Nightcap Oak is that it is…it
represents…er…a very old type…er…kind of tree that grew a hundred million
years ago. Um, we found fossils that old that bear remarkable resemblance to
the tree. So, it’s a primitive tree. A…a living fossil you might say. It’s relic from
earlier times and it has survived all these years without much change. And
it…it’s probably a kind of tree from which other trees that grow in Australia
today evolved.
Just to give you an idea of what we are talking about. Here’s a picture of the
leaves of the tree and its flowers. I don’t know how well you can see the
flowers. They’re those little clusters sitting at the base of the leaves.
Okay, what have we tried to find out about the tree since we’ve discovered it?
Hum…or how…why is…is it so rare? That’s one of the first questions. Um…
how is it…um…how does it reproduce? This’s another question. Um, maybe
those two questions are actually related. Jim?

Student
Hum …I don’t know. But I can imagine that…for instance, seed disposal might
be a factor. I mean if the…er…you know, if the seeds cannot really disperse in
the wild area, then, you know, the tree may not colonize new areas. It can’t
spread from the area where it’s growing.

Professor
Right. That’s…that’s actually a very good answer. Um, of course, you might
think there might not be any areas where the tree could spread into,
er…because…um…well, it’s very specialized in terms of the habitat. But, that’s
not really the case here. Um…the suitable habitat, that is, the actual rainforest
is much larger than the few hectares where the Nightcap Oak grows.
Now this tree is a flowering tree as I showed you. Um…um…it produces a fruit,
much like a plum. On the inci…inside there’s a seed with a hard shell. It…it
appears that the shell has to crack open or break down somewhat to allow the
seed to soak up water. You know, if the Nightcap Oak remains…if their seeds
remain locked inside their shell, they will not germinate. Actually, the
seeds…er…they don’t retain the power to germinate for very long, maybe two
years. So there’s actually quite a short window of opportunity for the seed to
germinate. So the shell somehow has to be broken down before
this…um…germination ability expires. And…and then there’s a kind of rat that
likes to feed on the seeds as well. So, given all these limitations, not many
seeds that the tree produces will actually germinate. So this is a possible
explanation for why the tree does not spread. It doesn’t necessarily explain
how it became so rare, but it explains why it doesn’t increase.
OK, so it seems to be the case that the species, this Nightcap Oak is not very
good at spreading. However, it seems, though we can’t be sure, that it’s very
good at persisting as a population. Um…we…there’s some indications to
suggest that the population of the Nightcap Oak has not declined over the last
er…you know, many hundreds of years. So it’s stayed quite stable. It’s not a
remnant of some huge population that is dwindled in last few hundred years for
some reason. It’s not necessarily a species in retreat.
Ok, so it cannot spread very well, but it’s good at maintaining itself. It’s rare,
but it’s not disappearing.
Ok, the next thing we might want to ask about the plant like that is what
chances does it have to survive into the future. Let’s look at that.

1369179610

tpo 6-L2     CN  II

主题：  nightcap oak


1.很稀少，难发现
2.活化石
一个照片（花和叶）---到这里这个物种介绍完毕

我们要研究的2个联系密切的问题（整堂课主要讨论这两个问题）
1.为甚么这么少
2.如何繁衍

学生：因为种子无法扩散
老师：不是栖息地的局限，而是种子很少真的发芽（有硬壳，发芽有时限+老鼠吃）

这种树很善于保持种群数量

下一个问题，这类的物种如何在将来继续存活，存活的几率是多少。


概念+两个方面（特殊之处）+引出下文     提纲挈领是回答多选题的关键。12

1369179610

tpo 6-L2     总结帖  

bear remarkable resemblance to



crack open

germinate

a quite short window of opportunity for the seed

persist

some indications to suggest that ...


词汇量有待扩大。

1369179610

单词  


botany    植物学      
botanist    植物学家      
Botanical (botanic)    植物的      
plant    植物      
Aquatic plant    水生植物      
Parasite plant    寄生植物      
root    根      
canopy    树冠，顶篷      
Foliage (leaf)    树叶      
leaflet    小叶      
rosette    丛生      
stem    茎      
stalk    杆      
leafstalk    叶柄      
Shoot (sprout)    嫩芽，抽枝      
flower    花      
bud    花蕾      
petal    花瓣      
Peel (skin)    果皮      
shell    果壳（硬）      
husk    果壳（干）      
trunk    树干      
branch    树枝      
bough    大或粗的树枝      
twig    小树枝      
bark    树皮      
jungle    丛林      
lawn    草坪      
meadow    草地，牧场      
prairie    大草原      
Shrub (bush)    灌木      
cluster    一簇（灌木）      
fern    蕨类植物      
herb    草      
photosynthesis    光合作用      
symbiosis    共生      
symbiotic    共生的      
Wither (shrivel, fade)    凋谢      
pollen    花粉      
pollinate    授粉      
pollination    授粉      
cell    细胞      
tissue    组织      
organ    器官      
system    系统      
seeds    种子      
everlasting    永久的      
orchid    兰花      
crossbreed    杂交      
sequoia    红杉      
Root pressure    根压      
cohesion-tension    凝聚张力      
bore    腔，膛      
column    花柱      
immunity    免疫      
organism    生物，有机物      
necrosis    坏死      
barren    贫瘠      
futile    无用的      
Carbohydrate (starch)    碳水化合物      
glucose    葡萄糖      
starch    淀粉      
fat    脂肪      
protein    蛋白质      
vitamin    维他命      
calorie    卡路里      
malnourished    营养不良      
nutrition    营养

1369179610

BL1-L8     CN I

听一个环境科学类讲座。氢是最新的，我要说，一个在一长串的替代石油的清单中最有前途的替代品。一些可能的代替品包括电池，甲醇，天然气，你们可以接着说很多。但是，氢燃料电池相较其他一些选项而言有几个优势。首先，它们真的很安静并且不污染大气。除此之外，氢是宇宙中最丰富的元素。它可以从各种来源中生产出来，包括氨，甚至是水。所以它是可再生的。几乎没有供应限制。


好啊。现在，燃料电池是从根本上背离了传统的内燃发动机。甚至从电池电源功能来看也是相当根本的改变。像电池一样，燃料电池在电动机上运行。然而，电池电力来源于外部，只是使用的的时候储存在电池里，而燃料电池通过一个化学过程，利用氢气和空气中的氧气创造他们自己的电力。你听懂了吗？看，用一个化学反应，而不是通过燃烧产生能量在，燃料电池可以把约40 - 60 %的氢能源转换成电能。相同比率的内燃机运行效率大约是燃料电池的一半，嗯，很明显，燃料电池技术有可能带来能源产业革命。


因此，燃料电池有可能产生电力。使几乎任何一种靠化石燃料工作的机械或设备运行。但最重要的，嗯，让我们说，目标，燃料电池技术的目标，是采用燃料电池动力车辆的问世。在国际上，商业化燃料电池汽车竞争激烈。我猜全球所有主要汽车制造商都有用燃料电池的概念车，其中一些的速度高达每小时九十英里。更令人印象深刻的是每罐储存容量。你可以相信吗，这些汽车在再次蓄能前可跑220英里。但那些车是数十年前设计的，那么噱头是什么呢？


介绍燃料电池技术存在的问题有两点。第一，行业都有投资数百万，甚至数十亿美元的提炼技术。这里是真正的成本——基础设施，呃，以便替汽车加油。我的意思是，基础设施如氢站加油车和服务像是知道如何修理这种车的维修工人。我想你现在应该明白了。而消费者还要接受和使用以燃料电池为动力的产品，所以，我们需要教育计划以便告知公众燃料电池的安全和方便。如果要实现燃料电池产品的成功过渡也可以，但不幸的是我们缺大笔资金。这就是我所说的。石油价格高时，有更多的资金有兴趣进行基本的搜索和发展，以及更多的公众关注燃料电池。而石油价格降低时，资金枯竭，人们又重新使用化石燃料产品。这已经持续超过三十年。


一些政府资助较新的倡议并为建立奖励燃料电池汽车。这其中的最成功的计划也许是，至少在我看来，嗯，STEP程序，这是交通可持续能源计划的缩写。STEP是一个示范项目，由澳大利亚西部政府主办，现在在这个项目中，日常运输路线上汽油驱动的汽车已被替换燃料电池。我认为英国石油是氢燃料的供应商，能源在珀斯南部的奎纳纳的一个炼油厂生产。所以我们需要仔细观看。另一个合作研究正在努力由欧洲联盟和美国进行。科学家和工程师正在开发的燃料电池，它将是一个有效的工程并对商业市场很有吸引力。现在在约2000年签订的协议里，如果没有记错的话，这是2003年，但无论如何，该联合项目包括了写作的规范和标准，设计加油设施，改进燃料电池模型，以及燃料电池车的演示。在欧洲，私营部门将联合努力与在公共部门的政府机构，创造一个在欧洲引进燃料电池的长期计划，世界银行将提供资金促进在中国，埃及，墨西哥，和印度的燃料电池巴士公共交通的发展和制造。在这些地区，我们开始看到一些真正有趣的项目。所以，呃，很显然，燃料电池技术是一项国际成果。


好的，目前，日本在解决修改的基础设施的问题上领先。一些以立方米计算配给氢气的加油站已经到位，并在计划成立更多。但即使全国系统完成，如何以及在何处生产氢气和如何运输的问题还有待解决。大多数国家都认为，运输车队比燃料电池更好，因为很明显燃料电池仅可在数量有限的中心地区蓄能。其他福利是运输车队为维修人员和司机提供更多培训机会。消费者的教育这块，似乎没有一个国家已经取得了进展，可以成为我们其余的国家的效仿模式。但也许，示范项目结束后一些汽车模型将提供给公众，那时更多的人将关注公共信息程序。