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tpo-lecture3 EN II

Listen to part of a lecture in an Archeology class.Ok,we' ve been talking about early agriculture in the near east,so let' s concentrate on one site,and see what we can learn from it.Let' s look at Catahuyuke um,I' d like write that down.Catahuyuke,that's about as close as we get,in English.It' s Turkish,really,the sites in modern day Turkey,and who knows what the original inhabitants called it.Anyway,Catahuyuke wasn't the first agriculture settlement in the near east,but it was pretty early.settled about 9000 years ago,in the neolithic period.And umm,the settlement,the town really,lasted about a thousand years,and grew to a size of about eight or ten thousand people.That certainly makes it one of the largest towns in the world at that time.One of the things that makes the settlement of this size impressive,is the time period.It's the Neolithic,remember,the late Stone Age,So the people that lived there,had only stone tools,no medals.So everything they accomplished,like building this town,they did with just stone,plus wood,bricks,that sort of things.But you got to remember that it wasn't just any stone they had,they had obsidian.and,umm,obsidian is a black,volcanic,well,almost like glass.It flakes very nicely into really sharp points.The sharpest tools of the entire stone age was made of obsidian.And uh,the people of Catahuyuke,got theirs from further inland,from central Turkey,traded for it,probably.Anyway,what I want to focus on is the way the town was built.The houses are all rectangular,one storey made of sun dried bricks.But what's really interesting is there are no spaces between them,no streets in other words.and so,generally,no doors on the houses either.People walked around on the roofs,and entered the house through a hatchway on the roof,down a wooden letter.You can still see the diagonal marks of the ladders in the plaster on the inside walls.once you were in the house,there would be one main room,and a couple of small rooms for storage.The main room had a hearth,for cooking and for heat.It would' ve been pretty cold during the winters.And,it also looks like they made their tools near the fire.There tends to be a lot of obsidian flakes and chips  in the hearth ashes,but no chimneys.The smoke just went out the same hatchway the people used for going in and out themselves.So there would' ve been an open fair inside the house with only one hole on the roof to let the smoke out.You and I would have found it a bit too smoky in there.You can see on the walls,which they plastered and decorated with the paintings.they ended up with a black soot on them.And so did people' s lungs. The bones found in the graves,show a layer of soot on the inside of the ribs.And that's another unusual feature of Catahuyuke,the burial sites.The graves have all been found under the houses,right under the floors.And it maybe this burial custom that explains why the houses were packing so tightly without streets.I mean you might think it's for protection or something,But there's been no evidence found yet of any violent attack that would indicate that kind of danger.and maybe they want to live as near as possible to their ancestors 'graves and be buried near them themselves.But it makes a good point.Based on excavations,we can know the layout of the houses and the location of the graves,but we' re only guessing when we try to say why they did it that way.That's the way it is with archeology.you are dealing with the physical remains the people left behind.We have no sure access to what they thought and how they felt about things,I mean it's interesting to speculate.And the physical artifacts can give us clues,but there's a lot we can't really know,so for instance,their art.They painted on the plaster walls,and uh,usually they painted hunting scenes,with wild animals in them.Now they did hunt,and they also raised cereal crops and kept sheep.But we don't know why so many of the paintings are hunting scenes.Was it suppose to religious or magical significance?That's the kind of thing we can only guess at,Based on clues.And hopefully further excavation of Catahuyuke will yield more clues,But we'll probably never know for sure.

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tpo-lecture3 中文II

听一段考古学课堂讲座。好的，我们已经讨论了近东的早期农业。所以我们关注一个遗址，并看看我们能从它那里学到什么。我们看一下cartahoyuk，嗯，我想最好把它写下来。cartahoyuk，那是我们尽力获得的英文（遗址名称）。它实际上是土耳其，这个遗址位于现代土耳其，谁知道原住民怎么叫它。不管怎么样，cartahoyuk，不是近东第一个农业遗址，但是它非常早，约9000年前新石器时代被建立。并且，嗯…这个遗址，实际上是这个郡县，一直存在了约1000年，并且其人口成长至8000到10000人。那当然使得它成为当时世界上最大的城镇。一个使这种规模的城镇很突出的原因是--时代。它是新石器时代，还记得吗？石器时代的晚期。所以生活在那里的人们使用石质工具，没有金属。所以他们所完成的每一件事，像是建造这个县城，他们只是用石头。外加木头，砖头之类的那些东西。但是你必须记得那不是任意的一种石头。他们用黑曜石。嗯，黑曜石是黑色的，火山岩，就是，挺像玻璃的。它可做成非常棒的薄片，有很尖利的尖。整个石器时代，最锋利的工具就是用黑曜石做的。嗯，cartahoyuk的人们从更远的内陆，即土耳其中部，拿到他们的工具，很可能是交易换来的。不管怎么样，我想关注的是这个城镇是怎样建立的。这些房子都是长方形的，一层，用太阳晒干的砖头建成的。但是实际上非常有趣的是房子之间没有空隙，换句话说是没有街道，因此通常也没有门。人们在屋顶上来回走，并且通过天窗进入房间，从一个木制的梯子上下来。你仍然可以看见里面墙上梯子留下的对角线痕迹。当进入房子时，你将会看见一个主要的房间和几个用于储物的小房间。主要的房间有一个壁炉，用于烹饪和取暖。（因为）冬天会非常的冷。并且好像他们也会在火旁边制作工具，在壁炉地面的灰烬中经常有黑曜石薄片或石条，但是没有烟囱。烟从人们经常出入的天窗中冒出。所以房间里一定曾有用唯一的房顶的洞让烟出去的明火。我们会发现那里有点烟尘太大了。你可以看见墙上，那面他们涂上灰泥并用画装饰的墙。它们最终被蒙上了一层黑色的煤灰，人们的肺部也是如此。墓穴里的骨头显示，在肋骨里面有一层煤灰。另一个cartahoyuk的与众不同的特点是埋葬的地点。墓穴均在房子里被找到，就在地板下面。也许正是埋葬的习俗解释了为什么房子和房子之间挨得那么紧密。我是说你没准会觉得那是为了保护或其他什么原因，但是，没有找到任何会造成安全威胁的暴力袭击的证据。可能是他们想尽可能的跟祖先的坟墓近距离的生活，并且他们自己也被葬在那里。但是这很说明问题。根据挖掘的情况，我们可以知道他们的房子的结构和墓穴的地点，但是我们只是在猜测，当我们试图解释他们为什么这么做。这就是考古学的方式。你可以处理人们留下来的物理遗迹。我们无法确定知道他们想什么，和他们如何看待事物。我是说，猜测很有意思。物理的人工物品给我们线索，但是有很多我们无法真正知晓，例如他们的艺术（作品）。他们把它画在墙上，通常是画捕猎的场面，里面有野兽。他们的确捕猎，（不过）他们还种植谷物和养羊，但是我们不知道为什么有这么多捕猎的场面，会不会是它们是有宗教或魔幻意义的？这些是我们只能根据线索猜测的东西。并且对cartahoyuk进一步的挖掘会产生更多线索，但是我们也很可能永远也无法确定。

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tpo-lecture3 总结帖



agricultural settlement

grow to a size of about 8000 people

at that time
sttlement of this size
metal(s)
hatchway on the roof
down a wooden ladder
diagonal
hearths 壁炉地面
fireplace壁炉
an open fire 明火
plaster 涂灰泥
a layer of black soot 一层黑色的煤烟


found 创办，成立
founded 有基础的，创办，成立
example：
The Romans founded a great city.
The arguments are founded on facts


find 发现
found 发现的过去分词
example：
I found it！


on the inside of the ribs 肋骨
the burial sites
raise cereal crops
guess at v. 猜想
base on  v.基于
Be supposed to do 应当，应该
Have significance 形容词词组--有意义的
Be packed in 安放，包装

1369179610

旧托福-G：人类社会语言学-01-人类学I_r2     中文I

听两个考古专业的学生的讨论，他们在准备一个课堂演讲。W：我读到当不能再靠捕猎和采集维持生计的时候，史前人类开始建设村落开始农耕。原因是人口的增长使得他们被驱逐出最好的捕猎和采集地区。很可能是他们发现将种子扔在土里，它们可以生长。所以。。最好的地区。他们开始建设村落，并通过种植种子解决饥饿问题。M：几年前，这个观点是对的。（但是后来）考古学家找到了反对这个理论的证据。你的观点：农耕富饶的土地种植种子，人们将不再受饥饿威胁。显然优秀的捕猎采集者在种植庄稼之前就已经在村落中生活了，他们建设村落只是想拥有更加稳定的食物供给。W：什么？你是说当人们仍然在通过捕猎和采集野生食物去吃的时候，就已经开始建立村落了？考古学家是怎么得出这个结论的？M：哦，其中的一个方法，也是较新较精确的一种是去测量小东西的年代。。。你知道，早先考古学家不能鉴定那么小的东西的年代，。。。W:所以是用心的技术区鉴定样品，他们发现谷物比收集来的食物年代更老吗？M：不，正好相反。他们发现它们更年轻。所以这意味着谷物的驯化很可能在人们生活在村落很长时间之后才开始的。

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G:人类社会语言学01-人类学I_R2     EN I

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G: 人类社会语言学01-人类学I_r2   EN II

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G: 人类社会语言学01-人类学I_r2   中文 II

旧托福-G：人类社会语言学-01-人类学I_r2     中文I

听两个考古专业的学生的讨论，他们在准备一个课堂演讲。W：我读到当不能再靠捕猎和采集维持生计的时候，史前人类开始建设村落开始农耕。原因是人口的增长使得一些人被驱逐出最好的捕猎和采集区。很可能他们发现将种子扔在土里，它们可以生长。所以史前人类不得不搬迁到不太富饶的地区。他们在固定的村落定居，并通过种植种子避免饥饿。M：几年前，这个观点是对的。（但是后来）考古学家找到了反对这个理论的证据。新的观点是农耕在富饶的土地上得以发展，并且开始它的人并不受饥饿威胁。显然优秀的捕猎采集者在种植庄稼之前就已经在村落中生活很长时间了，他们建设村落只是想拥有更加稳定的食物供给。W：什么？你是说当人们仍然在通过捕猎和采集野生食物去吃的时候，就已经开始建立村落了？考古学家是怎么得出这个结论的？M：哦，其中的一个方法，也是较新较精确的一种是去测量小东西的年代或者是像玉米小麦这样的谷物。你知道，早先考古学家不能鉴定那么小的东西的年代，所以他们不得不鉴定周围的木炭去得到一个估计值。W:所以用新的技术去鉴定样品，他们发现谷物的年代比他们之前想的更老吗？M：不，正好相反。他们发现它们更年轻。所以这意味着谷物的驯化很可能在人们生活在村落很长时间之后才发生的。

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G: 人类社会语言学01-人类学I_r2  总结帖

move to less productive area

settle in   安顿下来
pwople who started it weren't been threatened by starvation.
hunters and gathers  
prehistoric villages

food supply

浅吟天

哇 lz真的好厉害！顶一个

1369179610

谢谢 浅吟天，期待和你一样厉害啊~