【每日逻辑练习第二季】【1-14】

fox0923

糊糊，道路这道题的问题是：Which of the following, if true, would cast the most doubt on the effectiveness of the authority's plan to finance the proposed improvements by increasing bridge tolls?
我觉得它weaken不是weaken结论，而是weaken这个政策，结论在一定程度上也在weaken这个政策。

-- by 会员 balapupu (2011/12/5 10:35:11)

我又看了一遍，感觉和噗噗的意见一致啊，所以我就说找不到结论的作用。

-- by 会员 zz42050524 (2011/12/5 11:37:10)

我错了~~我没好好看问题以为是weaken就直接回答了。
如果要是这样的话，那么C,D感觉都很相像。后来我就翻了Ron的解释，然后他是这么说的：
if you have a hard number (such as your 1%) that is CLEARLY INSIGNIFICANT, then you should NOT pick that answer.

here's an analogy:
let's say that you need $100 to get your car out of a towing lot.

would you rather have $80, or "a decent amount of money"?
well, you'd rather have "a decent amount of money", since $80 is clearly not enough.

would you rather have $120, or "a decent amount of money"?
well, you'd rather have $120, since that is enough.

that's how it works.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
in any case, it's pretty clear that (d) has a bigger effect than does (c) in this case, for the following TWO reasons:

(1) even if token hoarding does occur, it is extremely unlikely that the effects of token hoarding will amount to 20% OF ALL TOLLS PAID FOR THE NEXT 5 YEARS.
that's a lot of tokens.

(2) perhaps more importantly:
IF TOKENS ARE HOARDED, then all that is lost is the DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE OLD AND NEW FARES. this is just a % of the fare, perhaps even a small %.
on the other hand,
IF COMMUTERS SWITCH ROUTES, then THE ENTIRE FARE IS LOST.

if you combine these 2 factors, then there's no question that (d) has a bigger effect than does (c).
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我再重新分析一遍好了，就是说新的计划是为了来increase road ridership by charging more toll fees on highways along the route, 然后就是说这个方案是无效的，因为没有driver会愿意去支付从中拿不到利益的钱的。然后(C) Between the time a proposed toll increase is announced and the time the increase is actually put into effect, many commuters buy more tokens than usual to postpone the effects of the increase.
C说许多commuters购买更多的tokens来延长新方案toll fee的增长。虽说这个选项是在说明这个方案的不可行性，但是并没有直接指出这些commuters在延长这个方案toll fee增长以后会不会继续付这些钱。所以这个方案有可能还是可以实施的。
(D) When tolls were last increased on the two bridges in question, almost 20 percent of the regular commuter traffic switched to a slightly longer alternative route that has since been improved.
然后就是D，D说有20%的commuters将会从现在的road switch to alternative route,而这个route又是以前被improved的，那么如果有这么多人去另外的route就不会有人付toll fee了。这样的话，就相对于C更加weaken conclusion了。
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感觉是这个样子，open to discuss~~

zz42050524

1. 我承认我看错了问题：文中的plan的目标是通过improvement达到 increase ridership，而问题只是问effectiveness of fiance the improvement，关键在于能不能弄到money，。。。我很稀里糊涂的只看到D了。
2，RON的例子很长的话说一个事情，就是一个程度问题。不过例子我真的没看懂，解释意思是D的结果应该比C的结果更惨，他个人的理解是要达到20%减少数额的token，那要多少啊。
3.我最后的理解：与其说程度，不如从ｃｏｎｃｉｓｅ和ｅｆｆｅｃｔｉｖｅｎｅｓｓ上说。
Ｃ整个答案充满了不准确性，首先说ｍａｎｙ这个词，上来就要注意了，可大可小，无法定量，然后说ｍｏｒｅ　ｔｈａｎ　ｕｓｕａｌ，是多少，如果都买了５年的，不就方案就没意义了，也是一个很大程度的ｗｅａｋｅｎ了，这样的答案不到万不得已还是不要选。
Ｄ则是一个准备的不带有可能程度的答案，要好的多。

leewonting

73
背景：The number of airplanes equipped with a new anti-collision device has increased steadily during the past two years. During the same period, it has become increasingly common for key information about an airplane’s altitude and speed to disappear suddenly from the controller’s screen
条件：The device operates at the same frequency as air traffic controller
结论：Therefore, the device is responsible for the sudden disappearance of the information
推测：another machine bothers the controller or the controller is something wrong with
选D,排除了device干扰的可能


74
背景：A polygraph test can be judged inconclusive, with no reflection on the examinee.
条件：It means that the test has failed to show whether the examinee was truthful or untruthful. Nevertheless, employers will refuse to hire any one because of an inconclusive polygraph test result.
结论：what can be drawn from the text?
推测：可以从招聘人或者应聘人角度出发
选C


75
背景：Male bowerbirds construct elaborately decorated nests or bowers.
条件：Different local populations of the same species build bower that exhibit different building and decorative styles.
结论：Researchers conclude that the bowerbirds’ building styles are a culturally acquired rather than a genetically transmitted, trait.
推测：有举出例子即使相同的品种的鸟，但是因为习惯关系，bower是不一样的。
选B


76
背景：Tristate Transportation Authority wants to make some improvements to the main commuter rail line and increases the ridership.
条件：raising the automobile tolls on the two highway bridges along the route the rail line serves
结论：The plan won’t succeed because it’s unfair to force drivers to absorb the entire cost of something from which they receive no benefit
推测：有没其他办法既能不给钱又能够通行
选D，走另一条路


77
背景：Crops can be traded on the future market before they are harvested.
条件：This morning meteorologists are predicting much-deeded rain for the corn-growing region starting tomorrow.
结论：Prices of the corn will fall sharply today.
推测：如果丰收，那么价格会比较便宜，如果减产了，价格就能比较贵的。只是水分够了，其他的影响因素没有提及。
选D，有一种疾病要蔓延

Rena张

1.
Time: 48''
Premise: the number of a new device is increase, while at the same time the key information disappearance increase.
Conclusion: the new device is responsible for the sudden disappearance of key information.  
Type: weaken
Prephrase: some other factors such as the interference of electronic devices.
Choice: D
2. 29''   D C (这题做过还是选错了~~)
3. 22''   B  也做过~
4. 1'38''   C D
5. 37''   D

FB小贝

1. The number of airplanes equipped with a new
anticollision device has increased steadily during the
past two years. During the same period, it has become
increasingly common for key information about an
airplane’s altitude and speed to disappear suddenly
from air traffic controllers’ screens. The new
anticollision device, which operates at the same
frequency as air traffic radar, is therefore responsible
for the sudden disappearance of key information.
Which one of the following, if true, most seriously
weakens the argument?
Premise: the number of airplanes equipped with the device has increased steadily during the past 2 years.
It has become increasingly common for key information about an airplane’s altitude and speed to disappear suddenly from air traffic controllers’ screens.
The device operates at the same frequency as air traffic radar
Conclusion: it is responsible for the disappearance.
WEAKEN: another reason

(A) The new anticollision device has already
prevented a considerable number of mid-air
collisions.
irrelevant
(B) It was not until the new anticollision device
was introduced that key information first
began disappearing suddenly from
controllers’ screens.
Support
(C) The new anticollision device is scheduled to be
moved to a different frequency within the
next two to three months.
irrelevant
(D) Key information began disappearing from
controllers’ screens three months before the
new anticollision device was first tested.
Another reason,correct
(E) The sudden disappearance of key information
from controllers’ screens has occurred only at
relatively large airports.
irrelevant

dwindwin1106

(1) P:druring the past 2 years, the number of airplanes equipped with a new A device has increased.
P:at the same period, key information to disappear suddenly from screens increases
C:the new A is responsible for the sudden disappearance of key information.
Weaken:同时发生不代表有因果关系，其他原因引起？
Answer: D
A. Irrelevant ------ A device的功能与文章无关
B. Strengthen ------ 直到A device出现disappear的事件才发生，某种程度说明了是由于A device才会引起disappear
C. Irrelevant ------ frequency与文章无关；或者某种程度strengthen了结论，因为结论提到了A device与radar频率一样，改频率，间接说明是由于A device引起了disappear
D. Correct ------ 在A device出现前就有了disappear，说明是由于其他原因引起了disappear，而不是A device
E. Irrelevant ------ 与文章无关

(2) F:when a PG test is judged inconclusive, there is no reflection on the examinee. Such a judgment means the test has failed to show whether the examines was truthful of not
F:employers will sometimes refuse to hire a job applicant because of an inconclusive PG test result.
Must be true
Answer: C
A. Irrelevant
B. irrelevant
C. correct
D. Irrelevant
E. Irrelevant

(3) P:male b birds construct decorated nests or bowers
P:different local populations of b birds of the same species build bowers that exhibit different styles
C:b birds’ building styles are a culturally acquired ,rather than a genetically transmitted trait.
Strengthen: 不是其他原因造成了style的不同？
Answer: B
A. Irrelevant
B. Correct ------ b birds的筑巢本领有一个发展过程，从而说明是后天习得而不是天生具有的
C. Irrelevant
D. irrelevant
E. irrelevant

(4) P:according to TT Authority, making certain improvements to the main commuter rail line would increase ridership
P:plan to finance improvements by raising automobile tolls on the two highway bridges along the route the rail line serves
C:plan should be rejected because it would unfairly force drivers to absorb the entire cost of something from which they receive no benefit
Strengthen(加强结论，证明plan无效):费用提高后，途径highway bridges的车辆减少
Answer: D
A. irrelevant
B. Irrelevant
C. Irrelevant
D. correct
E. irrelevant

(5) P:if a corn harvest if predicted, prices of corn futures rise
P: if a bountiful harvest if predicted, prices of corn futures fall
P:much-needed rain for the corn-growing is predicted starting tomorrow
C:since adequate moisture is essential for the current crop’s survival, prices of corn futures will fall sharply today.
Weaken: rain只是原因之一，其他原因使得收成不好？
Answer: D
A. irrelevant
B. Irrelevant
C. Irrelevant
D. Correct
E. irrelevant

spencerX

【精练】
P: The number of airplanes equipped with a new anticollision device has increased during the past two years.
P: At the same time, airplanes always lose key information.
C: device cause the disappearance of key information
Pre: another reason; cause occur, effect doesn’t occur; effect occur, cause doesn’t occur.
A.    Out of scope. Although the new device has already prevented a considerable number of mid-air collisions, we cannot infer that this new device is not the reason why there is disappearance of key information.
B.    Opposite. This answer choice actually supports the answer because it proves that when the cause appears, the effect appears too.
C.    Irrelevant.
D.    Correct. This answer shows that when there is the effect, the cause doesn’t occur.
E.    Irrelevant. We can conclude nothing from this answer choice about the argument.


【PREP 训练】
53. Fact: A polygraph( inconclusive)--- no reflection on the examinee.
Such a judgment--- test has failed to show whether the examinee was truthful or untruthful. Nevertheless, employers will sometimes refuse to hire a job applicant because of an inconclusive polygraph test result.
A.    Irrelevant
B.    Although we know from the passage that employers will sometime use inconclusive result as a reason not to hire some employees, we cannot say that they should not use the polygraph test, and if the test is conclusive, there are some merits to use the test.
C.    Correct.
D.    This is a Shell Game. The passage told us that sometime the polygraph cannot show whether examinee was truthful or untruthful, it doesn’t mean the test mistake the result.
E.    Irrelevant.

54.
B: Male bowerbirds construct elaborately decorated nests, or bowers.
P: Different local populations of bowerbirds of the same species build bowers that exhibit different building and decorative styles, researchers have concluded that the
C: Bowerbirds' building styles are a culturally acquired, rather than a genetically transmitted, trait
Pre: There are evidence to support the claim.
A.    Opposite answer.
B.    Correct
C.    Irrelevant
D.    Irrelevant
E.    Irrelevant

55.
B：According to the Tristate Transportation Authority, making certain improvements to the main commuter rail line would increase ridership dramatically. The authority plans to finance these improvements over the course of five years by raising automobile tolls on the two highway bridges along the route the rail line serves.
P：It would unfairly force drivers to absorb the entire cost of something from which they receive no benefit.
C: The authority's plan for securing the necessary funds should be rejected
A.    Irrelevant
B.    Irrelevant
C.    Irrelevant
D.    Correct. If this answer choice is true, then authorities cannot earn as much money as they expected, so the effectiveness of its plan is skeptical.
E.    Irrelevant

56.
B:Crops can be traded on the futures market before they are harvested.
P: A poor corn harvest is predicted→ prices of corn futures rise
A bountiful corn harvest is predicted→prices of corn futures fall.
P: much-needed rain for the corn-growing region starting tomorrow.
C：Since adequate moisture is essential for the current crop's survival, prices of corn futures will fall sharply today.
Pre：There are another factor can reduce the harvest of corn.
A.    Opposite
B.    Irrelevant
C.    Opposite
D.    Correct
E.    Irrelevant

baseboss

1.Airplant add anticollision device is the responsible for the key

information about airplant atitude and speed disappear in the

control screen.Due to device use the same frequency as rader.

presume:
according to the same operation frequency to judge the conclusion

is un-sufficient.

A) The new anticollision device has already
prevented a considerable number of mid-air
collisions.
-->irrelevant
(B) It was not until the new anticollision device
was introduced that key information first
began disappearing suddenly from
controllers’ screens.
-->support
(C) The new anticollision device is scheduled to be
moved to a different frequency within the
next two to three months.
-->irrelevant
(D) Key information began disappearing from
controllers’ screens three months before the
new anticollision device was first tested.
-->weaken
(E) The sudden disappearance of key information
from controllers’ screens has occurred only at
relatively large airports.
-->irrelevant

2 Polygraph test inconclusive means failed to judge truthful or untruthful.Nevertheless,employer sometimes will not hire a job applicant.
presume
employer think polygraph inconclusive means the guy is untruthful.
C

3Bowerbird learn how to build and decorate its net by acquired.
Due to the same specie of bowerbird has different build and decorate their net.
presume:
The same bowerbird build the different style of net after changing the net place.
E

4 Ask the highway user to pay for the train line improvement cost is unfair.
presume:
Car driver will take the train to work,the improvement effective will lower than current level.
B  effectiveness   A pass or not , not only effectiveness.
B

5 poor-->price rise vs bountiful-->price down.
adequate moisture -->good for crops-->bountiful-->price down
presume:
much-need rain means not adequate moisture -->too much -->crops died-->poor-->price rise.
A  排除 B E , c support , A and D ,D will not lead to predict poor harvest due to can not judge the final result base on much-need rain and disease devastate

A

Threesu

P: the new anticollision equipment and problems increases consistently
C: the equipment is responsible for the problem

(A) irrelevant
(B) support
(C) The new anticollision device is scheduled to be
moved to a different frequency within the
next two to three months.
(D) weaken
(E) The sudden disappearance of key information
from controllers’ screens has occurred only at
relatively large airports.

B: when a polygraph test is showing nothing, it means that it failed to test whether the examinee is truthful or not.
P: some bosses refuse to hire some employees because of this.

(A) Most examinees with inconclusive polygraph test results are in fact untruthful.
(B) Polygraph tests should not be used by employers in the consideration of job applicants.
(C) An inconclusive polygraph test result is sometimes unfairly held against the examinee.
(D) A polygraph test indicating that an examinee is untruthful can sometimes be mistaken.
(E) Some employers have refused to consider the results of polygraph tests when evaluating job applican
B太直白了，C直接attack argument

P: the building styles of the same species are different
C: the building styles come from culture rather than genetic transmitted

(A) There are more common characteristics than there are differences among the bowerbuilding styles of the local bowerbird population that has been studied most extensively.
(B) Young male bowerbirds are inept at bowerbuilding and apparently spend years watching their elders before becoming accomplished in the local bower style.
(C) The bowers of one species of bowerbird lack the towers and ornamentation characteristic of the bowers of most other species of bowerbird.
(D) Bowerbirds are found only in New Guinea and Australia, where local populations of the birds apparently seldom have contact with one another.
(E) It is well known that the song dialects of some songbirds are learned rather than transmitted genetically.

B: the financial fund needed for commuter rail line would be raised by increasing automobiles tolls on the two high ways.
C: it’s is unfair

(A) Before the authority increases tolls on any of the area bridges, it is required by law to hold public hearings at which objections to the proposed increase can be raised.
(B) irrelevant
(C) Between the time a proposed toll increase is announced and the time the increase is actually put into effect, many commuters buy more tokens than usual to postpone the effects of the increase.
(D) When tolls were last increased on the two bridges in question, almost 20 percent of the regular commuter traffic switched to a slightly longer alternative route that has since been improved.
(E) The chairman of the authority is a member of the Tristate Automobile Club that has registered strong opposition to the proposed toll increase.

二楼往下掉

1.
（1）34s weaken
（2）逻辑链
Background：
The number of airplanes equipped with a new anticollision device has increased steadily during the past two years.
Primes：
During the same period, it has become increasingly common for key information about an airplane’s altitude and speed to disappear suddenly from air traffic controllers’ screens.
Conclusion：
The new anticollision device, which operates at the same frequency as air traffic radar, is therefore responsible for the sudden disappearance of key information.
（3）同时发生，不为因果——不装备anticollision，结果发现也会出这种突然消失的状况
（4）A：文章讨论的是anti这个东西对disappear这件事的责任，不管它在减少collision这事上干的多好，loser
B：更加明确就是anti的责任，loser
C：有措施，没结果，不能说明问题，loser
D：同预测，说明在anti之前就已经出现disappear的现象了，contender
E：跟disappear在哪发生没关系，loser
所以，选D

2.
（1）25s  must be true
（2）逻辑链
Facts：
<1> a polygraph test is judged inconclusive, this is no reflection on the examinee——the test has failed to show whether the examinee was truthful or untruthful
<2> employers will sometimes refuse to hire a job applicant because of an inconclusive polygraph test result
（4）A：文中明确说test的结果不准确，loser
B：文中说这个test不准确，但是有很多employer依然会根据test结果来招聘，所以文章认同这个test不应该用于招聘，contender
C：由于很多employer会依据test来招聘，但是这个test不准确，所以对很多测试者不公平，contender
D：不是test说明的，而是由于结果不准确，loser
E：shell game，文中说的是很多employer会拒绝录取test表明有问题的，而不是说employer拒绝使用test，loser
所以，C中说的是对测试者不公平，但是体现不公平的是在招聘的时候，所以选B
我选的B，又错了。。。好像错了好几回了。。。求解答！！！

3.
（1）30s support
（2）逻辑链
Background：
Male bowerbirds construct elaborately decorated nests, or bowers.
Primes：
Different local populations of bowerbirds of the same species build bowers that exhibit different building and decorative styles
Conclusion：
The bowerbirds' building styles are a culturally acquired, rather than a genetically transmitted, trait.
（3）举例，把鸟关起来他们就不会筑巢了
（4）A：文中没有比较相同的多还是不同的多，loser
B：小鸟会在年轻的时候花大量时间观察岁数大的怎么筑巢，contender
C：某一种跟其他种类的区别，没有提到筑巢的问题，loser
D：这种鸟只在两个地方有，然后互相之间没有交流，但是不妨碍他们可以在自己的地方互相学习，loser
E：跟唱歌的声音没关系，loser
所以，选B

4.
（1）1’
（2）逻辑链
Background：
<1>According to the Tristate Transportation Authority, making certain improvements to the main commuter rail line would increase ridership dramatically.
<2>The authority plans to finance these improvements over the course of five years by raising automobile tolls on the two highway bridges along the route the rail line serves.
Primes：
It would unfairly force drivers to absorb the entire cost of something from which they receive no benefit.
Conclusion：
The authority's plan for securing the necessary funds should be rejected.
（3）其实是有好处的，例如交通分流，保证交通安全
（4）A：说明这事有好处，loser
B：额外花钱，但是不影响效果，loser
C：通勤者会对效果有预期，导致购买更多的token，没有发现效果不好的证据，loser
D：如果项目出问题，会有20%的人会转移到路程更远额路线，如果不成功会有不小的坏处，contender
E：权威观点，loser
所以，选D

5.
（1）45s weaken
（2）逻辑链
Background：
<1>Crops can be traded on the futures market before they are harvested.  If a poor corn harvest is predicted, prices of corn futures rise; if a bountiful corn harvest is predicted, prices of corn futures fall.
<2>this morning meteorologists are predicting much-needed rain for the corn-growing region starting tomorrow.
Primes：
Adequate moisture is essential for the current crop's survival
Conclusion：
Prices of corn futures will fall sharply today
（3）会有其他很多会让crops长得不好的因素没有被考虑
（4）A：没有单一变量，所以不能证明critical pollination也会导致poor harvest，loser
B：没有相关比较，loser
C：雨蔓延会使得价格下降，support，loser
D：会有disease蔓延，会导致减产，会导致价格上升，contender
E：没有提到做生意的人，loser
所以，选D