【每日逻辑练习第二季】【1-14】

fox0923

bala最近要赶着考试应该比较忙，我帮忙发一下~~大家在加油考试的间歇也要多注意休息阿~~


【精练】
1. The number of airplanes equipped with a new
anticollision device has increased steadily during the
past two years. During the same period, it has become
increasingly common for key information about an
airplane’s altitude and speed to disappear suddenly
from air traffic controllers’ screens. The new
anticollision device, which operates at the same
frequency as air traffic radar, is therefore responsible
for the sudden disappearance of key information.
Which one of the following, if true, most seriously
weakens the argument?
(A) The new anticollision device has already
prevented a considerable number of mid-air
collisions.
(B) It was not until the new anticollision device
was introduced that key information first
began disappearing suddenly from
controllers’ screens.
(C) The new anticollision device is scheduled to be
moved to a different frequency within the
next two to three months.
(D) Key information began disappearing from
controllers’ screens three months before the
new anticollision device was first tested.
(E) The sudden disappearance of key information
from controllers’ screens has occurred only at
relatively large airports.


【PREP 训练】


53.    (34461-!-item-!-188;#058&007571)


When a polygraph test is judged inconclusive, this is no reflection on the examinee.  Rather, such a judgment means that the test has failed to show whether the examinee was truthful or untruthful.  Nevertheless, employers will sometimes refuse to hire a job applicant because of an inconclusive polygraph test result.


Which of the following conclusions can most properly be drawn from the information above?


(A) Most examinees with inconclusive polygraph test results are in fact untruthful.
(B) Polygraph tests should not be used by employers in the consideration of job applicants.
(C) An inconclusive polygraph test result is sometimes unfairly held against the examinee.
(D) A polygraph test indicating that an examinee is untruthful can sometimes be mistaken.
(E) Some employers have refused to consider the results of polygraph tests when evaluating job applicants.


54.    (34509-!-item-!-188;#058&007572)


Male bowerbirds construct elaborately decorated nests, or bowers.  Basing their judgment on the fact that different local populations of bowerbirds of the same species build bowers that exhibit different building and decorative styles, researchers have concluded that the bowerbirds' building styles are a culturally acquired, rather than a genetically transmitted, trait.


Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen the conclusion drawn by the researchers?


(A) There are more common characteristics than there are differences among the bowerbuilding styles of the local bowerbird population that has been studied most extensively.
(B) Young male bowerbirds are inept at bowerbuilding and apparently spend years watching their elders before becoming accomplished in the local bower style.
(C) The bowers of one species of bowerbird lack the towers and ornamentation characteristic of the bowers of most other species of bowerbird.
(D) Bowerbirds are found only in New Guinea and Australia, where local populations of the birds apparently seldom have contact with one another.
(E) It is well known that the song dialects of some songbirds are learned rather than transmitted genetically.


55.    (34557-!-item-!-188;#058&007575)


According to the Tristate Transportation Authority, making certain improvements to the main commuter rail line would increase ridership dramatically.  The authority plans to finance these improvements over the course of five years by raising automobile tolls on the two highway bridges along the route the rail line serves.  Although the proposed improvements are indeed needed, the authority's plan for securing the necessary funds should be rejected because it would unfairly force drivers to absorb the entire cost of something from which they receive no benefit.


Which of the following, if true, would cast the most doubt on the effectiveness of the authority's plan to finance the proposed improvements by increasing bridge tolls?


(A) Before the authority increases tolls on any of the area bridges, it is required by law to hold public hearings at which objections to the proposed increase can be raised.
(B) Whenever bridge tolls are increased, the authority must pay a private contractor to adjust the automated toll-collecting machines.
(C) Between the time a proposed toll increase is announced and the time the increase is actually put into effect, many commuters buy more tokens than usual to postpone the effects of the increase.
(D) When tolls were last increased on the two bridges in question, almost 20 percent of the regular commuter traffic switched to a slightly longer alternative route that has since been improved.
(E) The chairman of the authority is a member of the Tristate Automobile Club that has registered strong opposition to the proposed toll increase.


56.    (34605-!-item-!-188;#058&007579)


Crops can be traded on the futures market before they are harvested.  If a poor corn harvest is predicted, prices of corn futures rise; if a bountiful corn harvest is predicted, prices of corn futures fall.  This morning meteorologists are predicting much-needed rain for the corn-growing region starting tomorrow.  Therefore, since adequate moisture is essential for the current crop's survival, prices of corn futures will fall sharply today.


Which of the following, if true, most weakens the argument above?


(A) Corn that does not receive adequate moisture during its critical pollination stage will not produce a bountiful harvest.
(B) Futures prices for corn have been fluctuating more dramatically this season than last season.
(C) The rain that meteorologists predicted for tomorrow is expected to extend well beyond the corn-growing region.
(D) Agriculture experts announced today that a disease that has devastated some of the corn crop will spread widely before the end of the growing season.
(E) Most people who trade in corn futures rarely take physical possession of the corn they trade.

fox0923

精练Analysis：
Question #1. Weaken-CE. December 2000 LSAT, Section 1, #25. The correct answer choice is (D)
The stimulus commits the classic error of assuming that because two events occur simultaneously that one
must cause the other. The phrase used to indicate the causality is “responsible for.”
D = anticollision device
SD = sudden disappearance of key information
C E
D SD
The question stem asks you to weaken the argument, and according to the “How to Attack a Causal
Conclusion” section you should be on the lookout for one of several primary methods of attacking the
argument.
Answer choice (A): This answer presents another effect of the cause, but this additional effect does not
weaken the argument. To analogize this answer to the argument, imagine a scenario where a speaker
concludes that playing football makes a person more prone to sustaining a leg injury. Would suggesting
that playing football makes a person more prone to a head injury (another effect) undermine the first
statement? No.
Answer choice (B): This is an Opposite answer that supports the conclusion. By showing that the key
information did not disappear prior to the appearance of the anticollision device, the argument is
strengthened because the likelihood that the device is at fault is increased.
Answer choice (C): This information has no effect on determining if the device causes the information to
disappear from the screen because it references an event that has yet to occur.
Answer choice (D): This is the correct answer, and this answer falls into the third category for weakening
a causal argument: “Show that although the effect exists, the cause did not occur.” In this instance, the
effect of information disappearing from the screen occurred prior to the creation of the supposed causal
agent, the anticollision device.
Answer choice (E): This answer choice has no impact on the argument. We cannot make a judgment
based on the size of the airport because the argument did not mention airport size or anything directly
related to airport size.


Prep key：CBDD

fox0923

为了可以帮助大家更好的理解cause-effect reasoning，我就把这部分的review也一起贴上来给大家看看~~

Causal Reasoning Review
Causality occurs when one event is said to make another occur. The cause is the
event that makes the other occur; the effect is the event that follows from the
cause.
Most causal conclusions are flawed because there can be alternate explanations
for the stated relationship: some other cause could account for the effect; some
third event could have caused both the stated cause and effect; the situation may
in fact be reversed; the events may be related but not causally; or the entire
occurrence could be the result of chance.
Many people confuse causal reasoning with conditional reasoning. Although
they can appear similar, the two are entirely separate. Here are several key
differences:
1. The chronology of the two events can differ.
In cause and effect statements there is an implied temporal relationship:
the cause must happen first and the effect must happen at some time
after the cause.In sufficient and necessary statements there is no implied
temporal relationship: the sufficient condition can happen before, at the
same time, or after the necessary condition.
2. The connection between the events is different.
In cause and effect statements the events related in a direct way: “She
swerved to avoid hitting the dog and that caused her to hit the tree.” The
cause physically makes the effect happen. In conditional statements the
sufficient and necessary conditions are often related directly, but they do
not have to be: “Before the war can end, I must eat this ice cream cone.”
The sufficient condition does not make the necessary condition happen,
it just indicates that it must occur.
3. The language used to introduce the statements is different.
Because of item number 2, the words that introduce each type of
relationship are very different. Causal indicators are active, almost
powerful words, whereas most conditional indicators do not possess
those traits.
Causal statements can be used in the premise or conclusion of an argument. If
the causal statement is the conclusion, then the reasoning is flawed. If the causal
statement is the premise, then the argument may be flawed, but not because of
the causal statement.

There are two scenarios that tend to lead to causal conclusions in Logical
Reasoning questions:
1. One event occurs before another
2. Two (or more) events occur at the same time
When an LSAT speaker concludes that occurrence caused another, that speaker
also assumes that the stated cause is the only possible cause of the effect and
that consequently the stated cause will always produce the effect.
In Weaken questions, attacking a cause and effect relationship almost always
consists of performing one of the following tasks:
A. Find an alternate cause for the stated effect
B. Show that even when the cause occurs, the effect does not occur
C. Show that although the effect occurs, the cause did not occur
D. Show that the stated relationship is in fact reversed
E. Show a statistical problem exists with the data used to make the causal
statement

balapupu

糊糊~~~你太贴心了~~我错了~~~才想起来的说。。。。

fox0923

糊糊~~~你太贴心了~~我错了~~~才想起来的说。。。。

-- by 会员 balapupu (2011/12/3 12:30:53)

没事儿，你先忙你的，我也是今天没做bible有点心痒痒，啊哈~~
bala抓紧忙考试吧~~

fox0923

精练----------------37s-------------------weaken

B: The airplanes recently added anti collision device.
P: Since the anti collision device can operate the same frequency of key information as same as radar.
C: Therefore, the disappearance of airplanes which lost key info must due to the problem of anti collision device.
Prephrase: Other reasons cause the problem of disappearance of key info.
Analysis:
(A) The new anticollision device has already
prevented a considerable number of mid-air
collisions.------------------------------------------------prevention of number of mid-air collisions is irrelevant issue.
(B) It was not until the new anticollision device
was introduced that key information first
began disappearing suddenly from
controllers’ screens.-----------------------------------support the conclusion.
(C) The new anticollision device is scheduled to be
moved to a different frequency within the
next two to three months.----------------------------what happened in the next few months does not matter what is happening now.
(D) Key information began disappearing from
controllers’ screens three months before the
new anticollision device was first tested.----------contender. Disappearance has happened before the use of new device means that there might be other reasons.
(E) The sudden disappearance of key information
from controllers’ screens has occurred only at
relatively large airports.-------------------------------The random sample is irrelevant.

xeyyxzty

1.background information:The number of airplanes equipped with a new anticollision device has increased steadily during the past two years. During the same period, it has become increasingly common for key information about an airplane’s altitude and speed to disappear suddenly from air traffic controllers’ screens. premise: The new anticollision device operates at the same frequency as air traffic radar
conclusion:The new anticollision device is therefore responsible for the sudden disappearance of key information.
???
(A) The new anticollision device has already prevented a considerable number of mid-air collisions.
--irrelevant
(B) It was not until the new anticollision device was introduced that key information first began disappearing suddenly from controllers’ screens.
--support
(C) The new anticollision device is scheduled to be moved to a different frequency within the next two to three months.
--irrelevant
(D) Key information began disappearing from controllers’ screens three months before the new anticollision device was first tested.
--weaken--right
(E) The sudden disappearance of key information from controllers’ screens has occurred only at relatively large airports.
--irrelevant
2. background information:When a polygraph test is judged inconclusive, this is no reflection on the examinee. Rather, such a judgment means that the test has failed to show whether the examinee was truthful or untruthful.  
premise:employers will sometimes refuse to hire a job applicant because of an inconclusive polygraph test result.
conclusion:???
unfair to examinees with inconclusive polygraph
(A) Most examinees with inconclusive polygraph test results are in fact untruthful.
(B) Polygraph tests should not be used by employers in the consideration of job applicants.
(C) An inconclusive polygraph test result is sometimes unfairly held against the examinee.
--right
(D) A polygraph test indicating that an examinee is untruthful can sometimes be mistaken.
(E) Some employers have refused to consider the results of polygraph tests when evaluating job applicants.
3. background information:Male bowerbirds construct elaborately decorated nests, or bowers.
premise: different local populations of bowerbirds of the same species build bowers that exhibit different building and decorative styles
conclusion:researchers have concluded that the bowerbirds' building styles are a culturally acquired, rather than a genetically transmitted, trait.
想不出来...
(A) There are more common characteristics than there are differences among the bowerbuilding styles of the local bowerbird population that has been studied most extensively.
--weaken
(B) Young male bowerbirds are inept at bowerbuilding and apparently spend years watching their elders before becoming accomplished in the local bower style.
--support--right
(C) The bowers of one species of bowerbird lack the towers and ornamentation characteristic of the bowers of most other species of bowerbird.
--???irrelevant?
(D) Bowerbirds are found only in New Guinea and Australia, where local populations of the birds apparently seldom have contact with one another.
--slightly strength?
(E) It is well known that the song dialects of some songbirds are learned rather than transmitted genetically.

--irrelevant
4. background information:According to the Tristate Transportation Authority, making certain improvements to the main commuter rail line would increase ridership dramatically.  The authority plans to finance these improvements over the course of five years by raising automobile tolls on the two highway bridges along the route the rail line serves. premise: it would unfairly force drivers to absorb the entire cost of something from which they receive no benefit.
conclusion:the authority's plan for securing the necessary funds should be rejected
concession: the proposed improvements are indeed needed
格外的猜不出来......
(A) Before the authority increases tolls on any of the area bridges, it is required by law to hold public hearings at which objections to the proposed increase can be raised.
--irrelevant, or slightly weaken
(B) Whenever bridge tolls are increased, the authority must pay a private contractor to adjust the automated toll-collecting machines.
--irrelevant
(C) Between the time a proposed toll increase is announced and the time the increase is actually put into effect, many commuters buy more tokens than usual to postpone the effects of the increase.
--weaken--right
(D) When tolls were last increased on the two bridges in question, almost 20 percent of the regular commuter traffic switched to a slightly longer alternative route that has since been improved.
--???看不懂--right
(E) The chairman of the authority is a member of the Tristate Automobile Club that has registered strong opposition to the proposed toll increase.
--irrelevant--the question is about the effectiveness of the plan
5.  
background information:Crops can be traded on the futures market before they are harvested.  If a poor corn harvest is predicted, prices of corn futures rise; if a bountiful corn harvest is predicted, prices of corn futures fall.
premise:This morning meteorologists are predicting much-needed rain for the corn-growing region starting tomorrow. + adequate moisture is essential for the current crop's survival

conclusion:prices of corn futures will fall sharply today
are markets so sensitive?
(A) Corn that does not receive adequate moisture during its critical pollination stage will not produce a bountiful harvest.
--irrelevant
(B) Futures prices for corn have been fluctuating more dramatically this season than last season.
--irrelevant
(C) The rain that meteorologists predicted for tomorrow is expected to extend well beyond the corn-growing region.
--irrelevant
(D) Agriculture experts announced today that a disease that has devastated some of the corn crop will spread widely before the end of the growing season.
--the price will rise--weaken--right
(E) Most people who trade in corn futures rarely take physical possession of the corn they trade.

--irrelevant

qiuhua01234567

zhan

小狮子要发奋

DCBED，prep第三个错了，老实说我第三题题目木有看懂

winghyy

精炼题
50s-weaken
The number of airplanes with new anti-collision devises has increased. Meanwhile, key information about the airplane's speed and altitude often dissapears from the screen.Therefore, the new anti-collision devise cause the sudden disappearance of key information.
Prephase: another cause lead to the sudden disappearance of key info.
选D
(A) The new anticollision device has already prevented a considerable number of mid-air collisions.
——out of scope (not mention disappearance of info)
(B) It was not until the new anticollision device was introduced that key information firstbegan disappearing suddenly from controllers’ screens.——support
(C) The new anticollision device is scheduled to be moved to a different frequency within the next two to three months.——out of scope (next 2 to 3 months)
(D) Key information began disappearing from controllers’ screens three months before the
new anticollision device was first tested.——weaken, attack the causal relationship between new devices and the disappearance of key info.
“Show that although the effect exists, the cause did not occur.”
(E) The sudden disappearance of key information from controllers’ screens has occurred only at relatively large airports. ——irelevant.