【每日逻辑练习第二季】【1-1】

饼饼无所畏惧

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etetcry

隐藏怎么看？

etetcry

发表于 2011-11-19 20:34:16
在我们CR小分队的共同努力和老大的鼎力支持下，每日逻辑练习终于完成了改进工作，我们都小激动了一翻。正...

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宋痂岛__

精选1：
事实-推论
逻辑链：过去三年，1 out 25案件 than 其他警局里的侦探（事实）--------Carel是incompetent 侦探（结论）
削弱：思路：找到Carel和警局侦探的不同点（这些数据所统计的情况不同；比如他们享受的资源和条件不同----不能这样类比得出结论）
A.Carel很优秀，处理的都是棘手案件，所以处理一件含金量就非常高了，该数据不能类比------充分削弱
B.之前是个警署里的respect officer，与区别无关
C.加强，两者享受资源一样，carel处理案件弱，能力不足
D.E无关
其实逻辑链疏通后，只需要去找答案就好，其他的看一个排除一个 心里要有方向！！

2.逻辑链：事实-----推论
F物质在自然界中的mineral shurgite也能找到+实验室所需条件复杂（事实）--------科学家应该去利用自然的资源（推论）
削弱：两个方向：1.）实验室的条件被改善了，可以获取2.）自然界中的资源同样很难获取
A.确认mineral里有f物质就需要研究-------符合方向2），说明自然界中的也是需要研究的----Correct
B.无关 C.加强 D.间接  E.无关

3.逻辑链：事实-推论
program 能有效降低old的fall cost for falling oldly（事实）------方案的cost高 被否定（结论）
削弱：肯定方案
A

4.逻辑链：事实--推论
vole秋冬 big group，其他时间small group（事实）--------young vole的季节运动的变化性导致（推论）
加强：因为外界环境的季节变化，导致它们的运动有所变化
思路：无他因（控制变量）、举例季节环境某个因素的变化（直接说明）、调查数据等等
选E.蛇的运动变化-----vole的季节变化 符合思路2

5.逻辑链：事实---推论
尽管健康，但是dophin喂养的不如wild好
问解释：思路：找wild和喂养beach的差别
选E正确

逻辑题最主要的是要把握结论 削弱、支持、等等都必须和结论相关 找到结论后其他的都是前提

第一天打卡

rachelY

1. Although fullerenes--spherical molecules made entirely of carbon--were first found in the laboratory, they have since been found in nature, formed in fissures of the rare mineral shungite. Since laboratory synthesis of fullerenes requires distinctive conditions of temperature and pressure, this discovery should give geologists a test case for evaluating hypotheses about the state of the Earth's crust at the time these naturally occurring fullerenes were formed.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously undermines the argument?（思考了较久，开始没读懂结论和前面之间的联系）
--PREP07 CR1 NO.1
B:尽管F这个东西在实验室第一次被发现，但F后来也在自然中稀有的矿石s的裂缝里被发现了
P: 因为实验室F的形成是需要特殊的温度、压力条件
C：所以这个发现应该能为地质学家推测当F自然形成时地球外壳的状态的假设提供了测验案例
削弱

也就是说，类比实验室中要形成F的条件，应该能评推测出地球从前自然形成F时的状态。
类比能否成立？
也就是说实验室的F和自然界形成的F性质类似吗？
为了削弱，要证明这两者性质不同
A)Confirming that the shungite genuinely contained fullerenes took careful experimentation.确定shungite真的包含f需要仔细的实验，无关
(B) Some fullerenes have also been found on the remains of a small meteorite that collided with a spacecraft.除了矿石还在别的地方被发现，不能代表两者性质不同
(C) The mineral shungite itself contains large amounts of carbon, from which the fullerenes apparently formed.自然界的F也包含了大量的碳，增强，错
(D) The naturally occurring fullerenes are arranged in a previously unknown crystalline structure.自然界的F是以一种先前不知道的晶体结构排列而成。说明两者结构不同，根据化学，应该性质也不同。对
(E) Shungite itself is formed only under distinctive conditions.讲S的形成，和F无关

2. Economist:  On average, the emergency treatment for an elderly person for injuries resulting from a fall costs $11,000.  A new therapeutic program can significantly reduce an elderly person's chances of falling.  Though obviously desirable for many reasons, this treatment program will cost $12,500 and thus cannot be justified.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously undermines the conclusion of the argument?
--PREP07 CR1 NO.2
B:平均老年人摔倒的紧急治疗费是11000元。
P：现在一个新的治疗项目能显著减少老年人摔倒机率。
C：尽管这个项目有很多优点，但因为它要花费12500元，所以不合乎情理。
削弱
两种方案比较，结论侧重于：虽然方案2很诱人，但它比方案1贵啊，所以认为它不合情理
思路1 ：贬1，方案1的价格不属实（答案）
思路2：夸2，方案2物有所值，优点足足大于贵的那么一点钱

(A) Among elderly people who had followed the program for only a few months, the number of serious falls reported was higher than it was for people who had followed the program for its recommended minimum length of one year.摔倒次数和参加这个项目的老年人有没有严格按项目执行任务，无关
(B) Falls resulting in serious injuries are less common among elderly people living in nursing homes than they are among elderly people who live alone at home.由护士监护的老年人比单独住家里的老年人摔倒次数少，无关
(C) A frequent result of injuries sustained in falls is long-term pain, medication for which is not counted among the average per-person costs of emergency treatment for elderly people's injuries from such falls.频繁的治疗会导致长期的病痛，并且平时的减缓疼痛的药物治疗费没有被计算到平均价格里→从而说明方案1价格可能还比B要高，并且还伴随更多疼痛。否定A，侧面证明B，对
(D) The new therapeutic program focuses on therapies other than medication, since overmedication can cause disorientation and hence increase the likelihood that an elderly person will have a serious fall.新的治疗项目致力于治疗而不是舒缓，因为过度舒缓会造成紊乱，从而导致更严重的摔伤。结论的侧重点是在比较两个的价格，并且也不一定方案1就过度舒缓了
(E) A significant portion of the cost of the new therapeutic program is represented by regular visits by health care professionals, the costs of which tend to increase more rapidly than do those of other elements of the program.后半句在说新项目的不好，错

3. The prairie vole, a small North American grassland rodent, breeds year-round, and a group of voles living together consists primarily of an extended family, often including two or more litters.  Voles commonly live in large groups from late autumn through winter; from spring through early autumn, however, most voles live in far smaller groups.  The seasonal variation in group size can probably be explained by a seasonal variation in mortality among young voles.
Which of the following, if true, provides the strongest support for the explanation offered?
--PREP07 CR1 NO.3
B: V这种动物从晚秋到冬天群居。但是，在春天到早秋，它们一般小集体居住。
C：季节变化导致年轻的V的死亡可以解释在不同季节内它们群居size的不同。
解释现象：为什么春天到早秋群居V的数量很少？
原因：因为很多小V都死掉了
为什么会在春天到早秋，小V死掉？ 2个扣题点
加强

(A) It is in the spring and early summer that prairie vole communities generally contain the highest proportion of young voles.春天和初夏年前V的数量最多，削弱
(B) Prairie vole populations vary dramatically in size from year to year.每年数量的变化，无关
(C) The prairie vole subsists primarily on broad-leaved plants that are abundant only in spring.V主要以BL这种植物维持生存，而这种植物只在春天丰富。 削弱
(D) Winters in the prairie voles' habitat are often harsh, with temperatures that drop well below freezing.冬天居住地条件恶劣，气温非常低。削弱
(E) Snakes, a major predator of young prairie voles, are active only from spring through early autumn.蛇，年轻V的主要捕食者，只在春天到早秋非常active。加强，对


4. A popular beach has long had a dolphin feeding program in which fish are given to dolphins several times a day; many dolphins get as much as half of their food each day there. Although dolphins that first benefit from the program as adults are healthy and long-lived, their offspring have a lower life expectancy than offspring of dolphins that feed exclusively in the wild.
Which of the following, if true, most helps to explain the lower life expectancy of offspring of dolphins feeding at the beach compared to other young dolphins?
--PREP07 CR1 NO.4
B：有一个海滩长久以来有一个海豚喂养项目。许多海豚每天在那儿吃了一天一半的食量
P：尽管许多参加这个项目的成年海豚都很健康长寿，但它们后代的寿命比野生喂养的海豚后代要短。
解释原因
为什么方案1后代寿命短？
从后代角度/从海豚家长角度

(A) Sharks that prey on dolphins are less common in the open seas off the beach than in many other areas of the open seas where dolphins congregate.和后代无关
(B) Many of the adult dolphins that feed at the beach are females that nurse their offspring there.无关
(C) The fish given to the dolphins at the beach are the same types of fish that dolphins typically catch in the wild.削弱，错
(D) Many dolphins that feed at the beach with their offspring come to the beach only a few times a month.削弱，错
(E) Adult dolphins that feed at the beach spend much less time teaching their offspring how to catch fish in the wild than do other adult dolphins.参加项目的海豚在教育后代如何在野外捕鱼比野生海豚花了较少的时间。正确

ba1a糖儿

一
BI:He has solved a smaller percentage of the cases assigned to him in the last 3 years
P:The number of cases he solved was only 1 out of 25—than any other detective on the police force.
c： Carl is clearly an incompetent detective.
案件少-》差警探
预测：1.案件少但是都是大case，花费时间长。重大的case只会交给厉害的警探（P不能推出C）
2.他临近退休/刚刚上任，分派给他的案件就很少（P事出有因）
答案：A针对预测1.
B 他从前是police和他现在没能力不冲突。无关选项
C 这是大背景，所有的case也许都会用到computer，也是无关
D 1/30的案子并不能说明问题。也许他过去更差，现在高了一点，但还是差。
E 可能是个strengthen。如果大家都升职了C没有，说明他确实incompetent
二
BI:fullerenes--spherical molecules made entirely of carbon--were first found in the laboratory, but they have since been found in nature, formed in fissures of the rare mineral shungite.
P:Since laboratory synthesis of fullerenes requires distinctive conditions of temperature and pressure
C:evaluating hypotheses about the state of the Earth's crust at the time these naturally occurring fullerenes were formed.
实验室需要不同的温度和压力——》需要evaluate crust
预测：1.环境和lab的有本质的差别（选项必须包括两个对比对象）
2.p推不出C（因为其他什么原因）？？？
答案 D （B别的星球一样也没有关系，地球有就可以探测）
A 就算confirm也要很多实验，这和探测地球crust没有冲突
B 可能是答案，因为在更多星球发现了，所以在地球发现不能说明问题，通过地球的crust也不能说明问题  
C 是加强，因为有这一类特殊物质，探测地球的crust才有帮助
D 可能是答案 是一种从前没有过的结构，因此探测地球的crust也弹不出来。
E 重复原文背景信息
三
P new therapeutic program can significantly reduce an elderly person's chances of falling.
C cost $12,500 and thus cannot be justified.
BI   On average, the emergency treatment for an elderly person for injuries resulting from a fall costs $11,000.
↓fall风险——》￥更多
预测：1.就算办了program，还是会fall
2.fall后治疗可以有效防止老人跌倒，但是program使得老年人跌倒的rate↑
A 只说了program，没提到价格啥的。无关
B 只提到fall，不能否定结论——对alone的老年人来说还是很好的
C 是strengthen 更说明了program的好处
D 也是strengthen说了program的好处
E是答案 ￥和治疗并没有关系，
四
P a seasonal variation in mortality among young voles.
C The seasonal variation in group size
BI The prairie vole, a small North American grassland rodent, breeds year-round, and a group of voles living together consists primarily of an extended family, often including two or more litters.  Voles commonly live in large groups from late autumn through winter; from spring through early autumn, however, most voles live in far smaller groups.
young voloes在不同季节的死亡率——》group size 的不同
预测：1.冬季和春节的其他不一样的原因对group size没有影响（排除他因影响）
2.进一步解释逻辑链（死亡率和group size的关系）
A 只说了young没提到死亡率
B 背景信息
C 他因 削弱
D 天气harsh，也许young不怕天气呢？
E 2 答案~进一步解释，且group size越大，对他们月保护
五
P many dolphins get as much as half of their food each day there
C their offspring have a lower life expectancy than offspring of dolphins that feed exclusively in the wild.
BI A popular beach has long had a dolphin feeding program in which fish are given to dolphins several times a day;
人类喂鱼——》子孙dolphin寿命小于 野外正常捕食
预测1.两类小海豚有了本质区别，而这种bad influence是人类为食造成的（没法独立捕食，去了其他地方，饿死了）
2. dolphin小的没法吃到人类的事物
A 大鲨鱼也可能吃大海豚，不能解释
B 在这nurse，小海豚可以吃到更多
C 排除他因（不是人类的鱼有问题）但是没法解释
D 来的少但是可以继续活
E正确，只有少数时间在海滩吃，多数时间没有技能就死翘翘了
订正：第三题分析错了
不是二者的对比==一开始看错了题目
P   this treatment program will cost $12,500
C and thus cannot be justified.(一定要注意看转折词！！！！！thus后面的才是结果，不要搞错了逻辑链上的角色）
BI On average, the emergency treatment for an elderly person for injuries resulting from a fall costs $11,000.
推测：可能会话更多钱，即C

michelle宵子

1、Premise： C solved a smaller percentage of the cases (1/25) than any other detective Conclusion： Carl is clearly an incompetent detective.
预判：the case that C solved is more difficult than other detective’s case
A. 因为C有能力，案例都特别难，别人解不出的。 与预判方向相同!
B. 无关。成为detective之前的事和是否是incompetent detective无关
C. C警局的侦探有很好的资源。加强了C破不了案是因为能力不足
D.C之前是别的城市的侦探，四年里破案率1/30. 加强incompetent
E.C服务的警局里的经管五年之内雇佣或提拔的。 无关，officer和C的能力无关

2、BGI: fullerenes –molecules--were found in the laboratory, they have since been found in nature，formed in fissures of the rare mineral shungite
P---laboratory synthesis of fullerenes requires distinctive conditions of temperature and pressure
C---this discovery should give geologists a test case for evaluating hypotheses about the state of the Earth's crust at the time these naturally occurring fullerenes were formed.
实验室合成f好难，所以天然f的发现可以推测出天然f的形成条件。
预判：discovery is about pure fullerenes, laboratory fullerenes is synthesis, the condition synthesis f needs =/ the condition naturally occurring f needs.
A/ 确认天然f存在需要仔细实验。 无关，无法削弱，逻辑链是实验室合成物f和天然f的形成条件。
B/ 一些f在撞击飞船的小陨石上被发现。 无关，没有提到f是否天然，形成条件
C/ s有很多炭，f在炭里形成。  背景信息，无关
D/天然f在未知的晶体结构中。 -----天然f的结构人们无法得知，也就无法和实验室合成f比较。无法推出天然f的形成条件。
E/ s自己的形成条件。 与逻辑链的推倒无关。


3、51s
BGI: emergency treatment for an elderly person for injuries resulting from a fall costs $11,000. A new therapeutic program can significantly reduce an elderly person's chances of falling.
P: treatment program will cost $12,500
C: treatment program CANNOT be justified
预判：the cost of 12500 is less than whole cost of treatment of falling, there are other cost hasn’t been counted in the 11000
A.参加项目时间少的比参加时间长的老人坠落事故多。  无关，没有提到金额
B.住在nursing homes的老人坠落受伤比带在家里的老人少。 无关对比
C.Fall是长期疼痛，药物治疗没有算进average per-person costs of emergency treatment.  11000没有包含药物治疗，加上长期的药物治疗费用后总费用不知道。 预判方向相同， 总给用大于12500，此计划是可行的。削弱
D.项目关注在therapies 不是药物治疗，因为过度服药导致….
项目关注点没有提到cost。
E.新项目一大部分的cost是visits，这部分cost还会增加。
项目cost还会增加，更不能通过了。


4、 BGI: v breeds year-round, a group of voles living together consists of an extended family. Voles live in large groups from late autumn through winter; voles live in far smaller groups from spring through early autumn.
P:  
C: seasonal variation in group size can probably be explained by a seasonal variation in mortality among young voles.
现象：秋冬大家族，春到秋小家族。
结论：年轻v的死亡率----导致家族size变化
加强预判：
除了mortality among young v没有别的原因、
Young v在组内占比很大 且 Young v在秋冬、春秋的数量的确变化
A/ young v在春夏占比最大。 没有提到死亡率
b/ 每年v数量变化老大了。    跟结论的死亡率无关
c/ v 吃的叶子只有在春季很丰富。 削弱，那春季应该v更多啊。
d/ 冬天太冷生存艰难。 和原文相反，那应该冬天size小啊，无法加强！
e/ 蛇吃young v，只在春到早秋活动。 正确，所以春秋的young v都被吃了，死亡率高。


5、BG：dolphin feeding program in which fish are given to dolphins several times a day，many dolphins get as much as half of their food each day there
矛盾: adults d that benefit from the program are healthy and long-lived，their offspring have a lower life expectancy than offspring of dolphins that feed exclusively in the wild.
喂鱼的成年海豚健康，但是他们的孩子寿命比在野外找东西吃的海豚的孩子寿命短。
预判：解释被喂鱼的海豚和野生海豚的不同
A.无关，鲨鱼在off beach反而少，那offspring应该寿命长。无法解释
B.女海豚，没有解释offspring的不同
C.吃的鱼种类一样。无法解释
D.说明feed的海豚和野生海豚差别不大，没法解释
E.两种adult dolphins的不同，从而说明offspring的不同。

gmat冲刺

精炼：
A
1.计时31s
2. Premise：
He has solved a smaller  percentage of the cases assigned to him in the last 3 years than any other detective on the police office
Conclusion:
Carl is clearly an incompetent detective.
3.猜测：the cases assigned to Carl are all difficult
4.选项分析
A.正确，填补了gap，能力不仅和解决案件的数量有关，还和案件难度有关
B.Carl之前做什么和做侦探的能力无关
C.给侦探提供很好的资源和Carl是否是一个好侦探无关
D.加强了论证
E.其他officers晋升和Carl能力无关，Carl是detective

逻辑链:
1、D
36s
Premise：
Fullerenes were first found in the laboratory, and it can be found in nature.
Conclusion:
Scientists can hypotheses the state of the Earth's crust at the time these naturally occurring fullerenes were formed
猜测：It's possible other ways to form fullerenes in the nature
2、C
24s
Premise:
The cost of the emergency treatment for an elderly person for injuries is about $11000; a new therapeutic program can significantly reduce an elderly person's chances of falling, but this program will cost $12500
Conclusion:
The program can not be justified
猜测：There are other fees if an elderly person falls.
3、E
38s
Premise:
voles live in large groups from late autumn through but live in far smaller groups from spring through early autumn
Conclusion:
The season variation in group size can probably be explained by a  seasonal variation in mortality among young voles
猜测：maybe there are other factors that lead to the variation of group size such as predators, food and so on
4、E
29s
Premise:
Many dolphin get as much as half of their food each day in the program, and dolphins that get first benefit from the program as adults are healthy and long-lived
Conclusion:
their offspring have a lower life expectancy than offspring of dolphins that feed exclusively in the wild
猜测：their offspring may lack necessary ability to prey in the wild because when they are young, they don't have to practice to prey

echo-LUO

1.
P:  He hassolved a smaller percentage of the cases assigned tohim in the last 3 years—only 1 out of 25—than any other detective on the police force.
C: Carl is clearly an incompetent detective.
推测：事件很难
A

2.
B：Although fullerenes--spherical molecules made entirely of carbon--were first found in the laboratory, they have since been found in nature, formed in fissures of the rare mineral shungite.  
P: Since laboratory synthesis of fullerenes requires distinctive conditions of temperature and pressure
C：this discovery should give geologists a test case for evaluating hypotheses about the state of the Earth's crust at the time these naturally occurring fullerenes were formed.
推测：fullerenes和crust没有必然联系；
         现在的科学技术无法完成；
         自然形成的和实验形成的不是同一种
D

3.
B: On average, the emergency treatment for an elderly person for injuries resulting from a fall costs $11,000. A new therapeutic program can significantly reduce an elderly person's chances of falling.  
P: Though obviously desirable for many reasons, this treatment program will cost $12,500
C: cannot be justified.
推测：可能摔倒多次；
          刷一次之后的附加成本
C

4.
B: The prairie vole, a small North American grassland rodent, breeds year-round, and a group of voles living together consists primarily of an extended family, often including two or more litters.  
P: Voles commonly live in large groups from late autumn through winter; from spring through early autumn, however, most voles live in far smaller groups.
C: The seasonal variation in group size can probably be explained by a seasonal variation in mortality among young voles.
推测：天敌出没时间
E

5.
B:A popular beach has long had a dolphin feeding program in which fish are given to dolphins several times a day; many dolphins get as much as half of their food each day there.
P:
C:Although dolphins that first benefit from the program as adults are healthy and long-lived, their offspring have a lower life expectancy than offspring of dolphins that feed exclusively in the wild.
推测：失去觅食能力
E

正确率：5/5

亲爱的97

2) 逻辑链Situation：
Premise:
三年来C只解决了很少的案件（1/25），比这个警局的别的侦探破案率都少
Conclusion:
C是一个没能力的侦探
3) 推测(Prephrase: mentally formulate your answer to the question stem)：
分配给他的案件都很难
分配给他的案件总数比别人都要多
4) 选项分析：选A
___________________________________________________________________
2) 逻辑链Situation：
Background Information:
F一开始在工厂被发现，但是现在在大自然中也找到它了
Premise:
因为人工合成要求特定的温度和压力
Conclusion:
F在大自然中的发现可以证明在F形成时期地壳的状态是啥样的
说明：类比推理（人工合成条件和大自然合成条件相同）
3) 推测(Prephrase: mentally formulate your answer to the question stem)：
人工合成与大自然形成的区别
4) 选项分析：选D
___________________________________________________________________
2) 逻辑链Situation：
Background Information:
平均一个老人跌倒后急救费用是11000；有一个新的工程会大大减少老人的跌倒几率
Premise:
新的工程将花费12500（比急救贵）
Conclusion:
所以新工程不能被认为是有用的（没那么多人会采用新工程）
说明：因果推理
3) 推测(Prephrase: mentally formulate your answer to the question stem)：
新工程较少跌倒几率带来的好处超过差价
钱的事不是老人选择治疗方式的考虑因素
4) 选项分析：选C（11000计算得不全面，有些花费没算进去）
___________________________________________________________________
2) 逻辑链Situation：
Background Information:
V这种生物一年四季都会繁殖；一家都住在一起，有两三个窝
Premise:
秋冬住在一起的数量更多，春夏住在一起的数量更少
Conclusion:
group size的季节性变化是由幼崽V的死亡率季节性变化导致的
说明：果因推理
3) 推测(Prephrase: mentally formulate your answer to the question stem)：
V寿命比较短，半年就死了
幼崽死亡率也会呈现出季节性变化
4) 选项分析：选E（会导致幼崽死亡率变化）
___________________________________________________________________
2) 逻辑链Situation：
premise:
一个人很多的海滩有个每天喂海豚好几次的工程，很多海豚通过这个项目得到了他们每天需要的一半食物
Conclusion:
成年海豚可以健康、活的更长，但他们的后代的平均寿命比野生的更短
3) 推测(Prephrase: mentally formulate your answer to the question stem)：
野生海豚捕食能力强
4) 选项分析：选E