【每日逻辑练习第二季】【1-1】

一只小伙子

ding顶顶顶顶。。。可是我为什么看不到第一二题的选项啊啊啊啊啊啊啊啊

313883233

finish!....

DeliciaAn

1.

1）计时：18”

2）逻辑链：

Premise

He has solved a smaller percentage of the cases assigned to him in the last 3 years—only 1 out of 25—than any other detective on the police force.

Conclusion

Carl is clearly an incompetentdetective.

3）推测：

问weaken.

有别的原因导致了Carl has solved a smaller percentage而不是incompetent。比如：Carl处理的案件比别人都难度大，耗时长。

4）选项分析：

A) Because the police chief regards Carl as the
most capable detective, she assigns him only
the most difficult cases, ones that others have
failed to solve.   提供了他因->difficult cases

B) Before he became a detective, Carl was a
neighborhood police officer and was highly
respected by the residents of the
neighborhood he patrolled.   提供了之前的信息。Carl做的事情＋情况was respected,和Carl small percentage+incomepetent detective无关。

(C) Detectives on the police force on which Carl
serves are provided with extensive resources,
including the use of a large computer
database, to help them solve crimes.  给出了the police force provides resources,这与Carl的competent无关，虽然可能与Carl的解决案件量少有点关系，但是是潜在加强。

D) Carl was previously a detective in a police
department in another city, and in the 4 years
he spent there, he solved only 1 out of 30
crimes.     陈述了个和premise几乎同等内容的信息。没有做到信息的weaken.

(E) Many of the officers in the police department in
which Carl serves were hired or promoted
within the last 5 years.     提供了其他officers的信息，但这里与Carl和其他officer进行比较的内容没有提供相关信息。

选A

2.

1）计时：28”

2）逻辑链：

Premise

they have since been found in nature,formed in fissures of the rare mineral shungite.

Since laboratory synthesis of fullerenesrequires distinctive conditions of temperature and pressure,

Counter-Premise

Although fullerenes--spherical moleculesmade entirely of carbon--were first found in the laboratory

Conclusion

this discovery should give geologists atest case for evaluating hypotheses about the state of the Earth's crust at thetime these naturally occurring fullerenes were formed.

3）推测：

问undermine，削弱。

不能比较： 如果fullerene的formation跟crust的状态一点不相关怎么办。比如，fullerene本身就是合成在火山里的，此时这个特例用于分析the state of the Earth’s crust 就欠妥了。

不能提供任何的价值：比如说在fullerenes形成的时候，已经有特别明确而又充分的证据证明了the state of the Earth’s crust

4）选项分析：
(A) Confirming that the shungite genuinely contained fullerenes tookcareful experimentation.

这给出了第一个premise的信息重复，不能undermine.
(B) Some fullerenes have also been found on the remains of a smallmeteorite that collided with a spacecraft.

fullerene还可能来自于a small meteorite.

来自于太空，并不代表可以地球上就没有gullerene. 达不到要解释的效果。
(C) The mineral shungite itself contains large amounts of carbon, fromwhich the fullerenes apparently formed.

介绍了shungite里面有carbon，可以使得fullerence形成。但是对结论提到用于解释thestate of the Earth’s crust没有帮助。无关。
(D) The naturally occurring fullerenes are arranged in a previouslyunknown crystalline structure.

提供了natural fullerene的信息。说来自于unknown crystalline structure.可以起到削弱作用，因为都unnown了，所以对于结论中寻求thestate of..是没有帮助的。
(E) Shungite itself is formed only under distinctive conditions.

提供了Shungite信息。对结论无帮助，无关。

选D

3.

1）计时：22”

2）逻辑链：

Premise

On average, the emergency treatment foran elderly person for injuries resulting from a fall costs $11,000.

A new therapeutic program cansignificantly reduce an elderly person's chances of falling.

this treatment program will cost $12,500

Counter-Premise

Though obviously desirable formany reasons,

Conclusion

(this treatment) thus cannot bejustified.

3）推测：

问的是undermine.

他因存在，cost不是唯一衡量this treatment能否被justified的唯一原因。如果有其他的可能性，如降低老年人摔倒可能性，这也许也是人们所追求的。

4）选项分析：

(A) Among elderly people who hadfollowed the program for only a few months, the number of serious fallsreported was higher than it was for people who had followed the program for itsrecommended minimum length of one year.

将几个月的摔倒情况与1年摔倒情况比较，与结论无关。
(B) Falls resulting in serious injuriesare less common among elderly people living in nursing homes than they areamong elderly people who live alone at home.

将nursing homes摔倒情况与live athome摔倒情况比较，与结论无关。
(C) A frequent result of injuriessustained in falls is long-term pain, medication for which is not counted amongthe average per-person costs of emergency treatment for elderly people'sinjuries from such falls.

带来他因解释，emergency treatment 的cost在未来可能会更多。undermine了
(D) The new therapeutic program focuseson therapies other than medication, since overmedication can causedisorientation and hence increase the likelihood that an elderly person willhave a serious fall.

说了theapeutic program的主要内容，但是对于结论不使用此方法没有任何影响。
(E) A significant portion of the cost ofthe new therapeutic program is represented by regular visits by health careprofessionals, the costs of which tend to increase more rapidly than do thoseof other elements of the program.

这是加强。

选项C

4.

1）计时：36”

2）逻辑链：

Premise

The prairie vole, a small North Americangrassland rodent, breeds year-round, and a group of voles living togetherconsists primarily of an extended family, often including two or morelitters.

Voles commonly live in large groups fromlate autumn through winter;

Counter-Premise

from spring through early autumn,  however,most voles live in far smaller groups.

Conclusion

The seasonal variation in groupsize can probably be explained by a seasonal variation in mortality among youngvoles.

3）推测：

问加强。这里面给了从晚秋到冬天，vole住在大的groups里面。从春天到早秋，vole住小的groups里面。结论是季节死亡率的变化可以用来解释，vole为什么在不一样季节里住在不一样的groups里面。选项一定是要给出死亡率和季节的关系的。

4）选项分析：

(A) It is in the spring and early summerthat prairie vole communities generally contain the highest proportion of youngvoles.

生的多不多和死的多不多关系不大。虽然说生多了，死亡的概率不变的情况下，数目会增多，但这里面提及的是proportion,所以也和数目没有关系了。
(B) Prairie vole populations varydramatically in size from year to year.

比较的范围不一样。该选项指出的是year to year这和seasonto season是不同的。
(C) The prairie vole subsists primarilyon broad-leaved plants that are abundant only in spring.

给出了vole在春天吃阔叶。但跟group没啥关系。
(D) Winters in the prairie voles'habitat are often harsh, with temperatures that drop well below freezing.

只是说了冬天很harsh，也同死亡＋group没关。（因为harsh不代表就会死，harsh不代表就要in big orsmall group）
(E) Snakes, a major predator of youngprairie voles, are active only from spring through early autumn.

蛇出没….. 对应了时间，predator对应了死亡，时间对应了group的变化，snakes的对象是young prairie voles主体上和结论主体对应。答案完美。

选项 E

5.

1）计时：29”

2）逻辑链：

Premise

A popular beach has long had a dolphinfeeding program in which fish are given to dolphins several times a day; manydolphins get as much as half of their food each day there.

Counter-Premise

Although dolphins that first benefitfrom the program as adults are healthy and long-lived,

Conclusion

their offspring have a lower lifeexpectancy than offspring of dolphins that feed exclusively in the wild.

3）推测：

help to explain。选项应该能紧密的补出来program的dolphins的后代同wild后代的healthy+long-lived的区别。能解释喂养和后代不longevity的关系。

4）选项分析：
(A) Sharks that prey on dolphins are less common in theopen seas off the beach than in many other areas of the open seas wheredolphins congregate.

说了shark出没的地方，可能会解释出来死亡的问题，但没有揭示出与后代的关系。
(B) Many of the adult dolphins that feed at the beach arefemales that nurse their offspring there.

female dolphin nurse offspring无关，解释不出来life expectancy的高低问题。
(C) The fish given to the dolphins at the beach are thesame types of fish that dolphins typically catch in the wild.

看起来像是一个assumption的说法。与找helpexplain的关系教小。
(D) Many dolphins that feed at the beach with theiroffspring come to the beach only a few times a month.

给出了个dolphin来beach的频率，对于解释结论无关。
(E) Adult dolphins that feed at the beach spend much lesstime teaching their offspring how to catch fish in the wild than do other adultdolphins.

解释了两种不一样的dolphin的parenting问题。解决了gap

选项E

DeliciaAn

一只小伙子 发表于 2014-11-14 00:50
ding顶顶顶顶。。。可是我为什么看不到第一二题的选项啊啊啊啊啊啊啊啊

选中了，就显示了。楼主把选项变成了白色字体了。或者你选中空当区，复制粘贴到word里，再选中黑色字体就可以了。

elenaknight

1. 计时看问题和题干，一般在45s内。
2. 先不看选项、不看题干按自己的理解写出逻辑链。
3. 合理推测正确选项的可能方向
4. 看选项，选出正确答案
5. 校对答案，对错误选项给出错误原因和类型的解释，对正确选项分析其与题干逻辑链的关系。
1.【精练】
1.premise: He has solved a smaller percentage of the cases assigned to him in the last 3 years—only 1 out of 25—than any other detective on the police force.
conclusion:Carl is clearly an incompetent detective.
这是一个因果推理。由于解决的case少所以他不称职。只要反驳果就行了。比如他的每个case都很难，所以他并不是不称职。
(A) Because the police chief regards Carl as the
most capable detective, she assigns him only
the most difficult cases, ones that others have
failed to solve.--correct. support the conclusion that he is a competent detective.
(B) Before he became a detective, Carl was a
neighborhood police officer and was highly
respected by the residents of the
neighborhood he patrolled.--nothing is related to the conclusion.because it is before he became a detective.
(C) Detectives on the police force on which Carl
serves are provided with extensive resources,
including the use of a large computer
database, to help them solve crimes.--it can't show whether Carl himself is a good detective or not.
(D) Carl was previously a detective in a police
department in another city, and in the 4 years
he spent there, he solved only 1 out of 30
crimes.--still mention he solved less cases ,not really relevant.it is little rephrase the premise
(E) Many of the officers in the police department in
which Carl serves were hired or promoted
within the last 5 years.--it is not relevant to Carl's ability.




2.
background:Although fullerenes--spherical molecules made entirely of carbon--were first found in the laboratory, they have since been found in nature, formed in fissures of the rare mineral shungite.  
premise:Since laboratory synthesis of fullerenes requires distinctive conditions of temperature and pressure,
conclusion :this discovery should give geologists a test case for evaluating hypotheses about the state of the Earth's crust at the time these naturally occurring fullerenes were formed.
只要是生物的题我就挂了。
这题是类比关系。由在lab中提取F要的温度类比在earth's crust里面F也需要这样的温度。其实是两种F的比较。 题目没太读懂。
类比的题中有两个cq,要不是说Lab 和earth's crust 中的F是不同的，要不说第三种也可以得到F，但这种F不需要这么高的温度。

Which of the following, if true, most seriously undermines the argument?

(A) Confirming that the shungite genuinely contained fullerenes took careful experimentation. --didn't mention the comparision at all.
(B) Some fullerenes have also been found on the remains of a small meteorite that collided with a spacecraft.--there is a third F,but there is no difference.(只提到F但是没有提到F的性质是不行的）
(C) The mineral shungite itself contains large amounts of carbon, from which the fullerenes apparently formed.--完全是前提的重复
(D) The naturally occurring fullerenes are arranged in a previously unknown crystalline structure.--mentioned the natual F ,we can save it first .if the two Fs have different characteristics, then the temperature of course are different.
(E) Shungite itself is formed only under distinctive conditions.--no mention of any F.

3.
premise: Economist:  On average, the emergency treatment for an elderly person for injuries resulting from a fall costs $11,000.  A new therapeutic program can significantly reduce an elderly person's chances of falling.  Though obviously desirable for many reasons,
conclusion: this treatment program will cost $12,500 and thus cannot be justified.
因为钱数问题所以不能用new program.因果关系。只要找出虽然表面cost 高但Emergency treatment 比New program 有一方面的cost更高就行了。或者这个新的program的cost 可以降低。

Which of the following, if true, most seriously undermines the conclusion of the argument?

(A) Among elderly people who had followed the program for only a few months, the number of serious falls reported was higher than it was for people who had followed the program for its recommended minimum length of one year.--this program is useful is mentioned in the premise already, but it still can't adjustify the money problem.
(B) Falls resulting in serious injuries are less common among elderly people living in nursing homes than they are among elderly people who live alone at home.--no relevant with nursing home
(C) A frequent result of injuries sustained in falls is long-term pain, medication for which is not counted among the average per-person costs of emergency treatment for elderly people's injuries from such falls.--correct
(D) The new therapeutic program focuses on therapies other than medication, since overmedication can cause disorientation and hence increase the likelihood that an elderly person will have a serious fall.--describe the advantages of the new program, we know that program is good, but it doesn't mention money problem.
(E) A significant portion of the cost of the new therapeutic program is represented by regular visits by health care professionals, the costs of which tend to increase more rapidly than do those of other elements of the program.--where does the cost come from doesn't solve the problem.


4.
premise:The prairie vole, a small North American grassland rodent, breeds year-round, and a group of voles living together consists primarily of an extended family, often including two or more litters.  Voles commonly live in large groups from late autumn through winter; from spring through early autumn, however, most voles live in far smaller groups.  
conclusion:The seasonal variation in group size can probably be explained by a seasonal variation in mortality among young voles.
现象解释型。只要说明果没有其他原因或者加强因果关系就可以。
Which of the following, if true, provides the strongest support for the explanation offered?

(A) It is in the spring and early summer that prairie vole communities generally contain the highest proportion of young voles.--削弱。vole在夏天应该少。
(B) Prairie vole populations vary dramatically in size from year to year.--not relevant
(C) The prairie vole subsists primarily on broad-leaved plants that are abundant only in spring.--not mention the reason for the observation to happen.
(D) Winters in the prairie voles' habitat are often harsh, with temperatures that drop well below freezing.----it explain a little bit other reasons, it is a little weaken.
(E) Snakes, a major predator of young prairie voles, are active only from spring through early autumn.--加强因果联系。


5.
A popular beach has long had a dolphin feeding program in which fish are given to dolphins several times a day; many dolphins get as much as half of their food each day there.
Although dolphins that first benefit from the program as adults are healthy and long-lived,
conclusion:their offspring have a lower life expectancy than offspring of dolphins that feed exclusively in the wild.

不知道逻辑链是怎样的。不可能是其他的只有可能是因果或者果因。应该是果因。只是只给了现象，然后让你给原因。
找出第一和第二代dolphin的不同点。
Which of the following, if true, most helps to explain the lower life expectancy of offspring of dolphins feeding at the beach compared to other young dolphins?

(A) Sharks that prey on dolphins are less common in the open seas off the beach than in many other areas of the open seas where dolphins congregate.--then why the first generation can live a happy life?
(B) Many of the adult dolphins that feed at the beach are females that nurse their offspring there.--no mention about the second generation.
(C) The fish given to the dolphins at the beach are the same types of fish that dolphins typically catch in the wild.----can't explain.
(D) Many dolphins that feed at the beach with their offspring come to the beach only a few times a month.--why themselve are healthy?
(E) Adult dolphins that feed at the beach spend much less time teaching their offspring how to catch fish in the wild than do other adult dolphins.-- so they can eat well but their babies dont know how to eat.

一只小伙子

DeliciaAn 发表于 2015-2-8 17:45
选中了，就显示了。楼主把选项变成了白色字体了。或者你选中空当区，复制粘贴到word里，再选中黑色字体就 ...

谢谢你，你真好！是我太笨啦哈哈！运气好，我的G已经过7啦嘿嘿~

DeliciaAn

一只小伙子 发表于 2015-4-5 23:31
谢谢你，你真好！是我太笨啦哈哈！运气好，我的G已经过7啦嘿嘿~

好棒！！！！恭喜恭喜！

wangyix4

多谢楼主嘎嘎嘎

spencerchan

30’’
P: Carl solved less cases than other policers
C: Carl is an incompetent detective
推断：solved less cases =/ incompetent, which means Carl is better than other policers in       other fields
A correct
B irrelative
C neither weaken nor strength
D strengthen
E irrelative

55’’
P: F, which needs distinctive growth conditions in lab, found in nature.
C: F can help researchers to determine the state of the Earth’s crust at the time when F formed.
推断：the condition required is not same
E 乱选的，感觉全是无关选项啊啊啊！！

20’’
P: treatment cost=11000, treatment program cost=12500
C: cannot  be justified
推断：there are still the possibility that elderly person will be treated and reviewed several times.
C correct
ABDE irrelative

38’’
P: autumn—winter large group; spring —autumn small group
C: it is caused by seasonal variation in mortality among young voles
推断：正解会用一个现象来支持结论
A correct
B year to year.. the range is not right
C irrelative to mortality
D irrelative
E predator is not relative to the conclusion

35’’
P: a dolphin feeding program
C: adults dolphins get benefits from this program, but offspring have a lower life
推测：the program has some flaws, the answer may represent a flaw
E correct  
A irrelative
B cannot explain why adult dolphins is ok, but their offspring get some problems.
C weaken
D irrelative

第二题不懂啊，感觉get不到点，第一次跟小分队～～要坚持

naranjayo

1.20s
2. premise:  Carl solved a smaller percentage of the cases assigned to
him in the last 3 years than any other detective on the police force.
conclusion:Carl is clearly an incompetent detective.
3. Maybe Carl is smart and most cases assigned to him is difficult
4. A correct
B. irrelevant
C. irrelevant
D. strengthen
E. irrelevant

1. 1:13
2. background: fullerenes were first found in the laboratory. they have  formed in fissures of the rare mineral shungite.  
premise: Laboratory synthesis of fullerenes requires distinctive conditions of temperature and pressure
conclusion:this discovery should give geologists a test case for evaluating hypotheses about the state of the Earth's crust at the time these naturally occurring fullerenes were formed.
3. After fullerenes have been formed, the circumstances near may changed and thus the original conditions cannot be identified.
4.A irrelevant
B irrelevant
C. maybe strengthen, it may indicate that the mineral shungite is the original place where the formation of fullerenes happened
D. irrelevant
E. correct


1. 23s
2. premise: On average, the emergency treatment for an elderly person for injuries resulting from a fall costs $11,000.
A new therapeutic program can significantly reduce an elderly person's chances of falling.
This treatment program will cost $12,500
conclusion:
this treatment cannot be justified.
3. Under the emergency treatment, patients may have to stay in hospital for a long time. It may need an expensive follow-up cost.
4. A strengthen
B irrelevant
C correct
D irrelevant
E strengthen


1. 51s
2. premises:Voles commonly live in large groups from late autumn through winter; from spring through early autumn, however, most voles live in far smaller groups.  
conclusion:The seasonal variation in group size can probably be explained by a seasonal variation in mortality among young voles.
3. This is a strengthen question. So maybe there is something fetal for young voles from spring to autumn
4. A. cannot explain the conclusion. Maybe even weaken, then the population should be larger in spring
B. irrelevant
C. maybe weaken
D. weaken
E. correct


1. 27s
2. just a set of information: A popular beach has long had a dolphin feeding program in which fish are given to dolphins several times a day; many dolphins get as much as half of their food each day there.  Dolphins that first benefit from the program as adults are healthy and long-lived.
their offspring have a lower life expectancy than offspring of dolphins that feed exclusively in the wild.
3. the question may be a solve-praradox type. The correct answer should explain both why adult dolphins are not affected and why offsprings are affected. Maybe their offsprings rely on feeding program too much and lose ability to prey.
4. A. cannot explain why adult dolphins are not affected
B. cannot explain why offsprings are affected
C. cannot explain why offsprings are affected
D. cannot explain why offsprings are affected
E. correct